To know piping design basics by going through the following points: Design of pressure components. Pipe Span calculations.

Design of pipe supports & hangers. Stiffness & flexibility. Expansion & stresses. Line expansion & flexibility. Supports & anchorage of piping.

Design of pressure piping Many decisions need be made in the design phase to achieve this successful operation, including:Required process fluid quantity Optimum pressure-temperature Piping material selection Insulation selection (tracing) Stress & nozzle load determination Pipe support standard The codes provide minimal assistance with any of these decisions as the codes are not design manuals.

Design of pressure components Pipe Structure static design, not Layout design.

Limitations: Code, Pressure, Temperature, How long is theplant lifetime, What is the plant reliability, etc.. Piping designed according to B31.3 has less lifetime thanB31.1 due to lower F.S.

Reliability of piping under B31.1 should be higher thanB31.3 Given that the code is a product of pressure technology, one of the concerns is the pressuretemperature ratings of the components. Design of pressure components Each system be it vessel or piping has some base pressure-temperature rating. This is essentially the pressure temperature rating of the weakest member of the system. This can be translated that no minor component (valve,flange, etc) shall be the weakest link. The key components of the design conditions are the design pressure and the design temperature. Design pressure is defined as the most severe sustained pressure which results in the greatest component thickness and the highest component pressure rating. Design temperature is defined as the sustained pipe metaltemperature representing the most severe conditions of coincident pressure and temperature.

Design of pressure components Thus we can try to simplify our stresses into two main categories; Pressure stress is the circumferential stress (primary stress) or hoop stress, which is known to be not self limiting. Temperature stress is the shear or bending stress (Secondary stress), known to be self limiting. In addition VIBRATION, has to be addressed as low cycle high stress named as thermal expansion cycles,

Design of pressure componentsWall Thickness Calculation The code assists the designer in determining adequate pipewall thickness for a given material and design conditions asfollows:Calculate the pressure design thickness t -

Add the mechanical corrosion and erosion allowances c to obtain the thicknesstm=t+c- Add mill tolerance (MT) to tm, then select the nextcommercially available wall thickness.- Provided t<D/6, if not high pressure piping equationsapply.

Design of pressure components Code Equation: tm = PDo /2(SEq + PY) + A = t + A where : P = Internal design pressure Do = pipe outside diameter S = the pipe material allowable stress, S is for thelisted pipe material at hot temperature E = quality factor Y = stress-temperature compensating factor.

Design of pressure components The E FACTOR is a allowable stress penalty based on the method of manufacture of the pipe. It is based on thequality of the weld in seam-welded pipe and will have avalue ranging from E = 0.6 for FURNACE BUTTWELDED (FBW) to E = 1.0 for SEAMLESS PIPE,(SMLS). This FACTOR is a carry-over from the old dayswhere pipe was manufactured using rivets. TheE FACTORfor seam-welded pipe can be improved:increasing this factor from 0.8 to 1.0. TheY FACTORis included to account for effects of creepconsidering the non-linear reduction in ALLOWABLESTRESS at design temperatures above 482 C (900 F).

Design of pressure components Wall thickness problem : P = 4135 KPa (41.35Bar)D = 219.1 mm (8.625 in)S = 130 MPa at 260C (18,900 psi at 500 F), from TABLE A-iE = 0.85 (TABLE A-lB for A53 pipe)Y = 0.4 (TABLE 304.1.1) Convert MPa allowable stress to kPa for consistency of units, then : t = 4135*219.1/2(13000*0.85+0.4*4135)Metric units: t = 4.0 mmthen t m

plus mill under run tolerance is : t m = 4.0 + 1.6 + 1.0 (The 1.0 mm value is 12.5% mill under run tolerance of 8.2 mm nominalwall pipe expected to be purchase).t m = 6.6 mm Design of pressure components U.S. customary units : t =8.625*600/2(18900*0.85+0.4*600)t =0.159 inch t m = 0.159 + 0.063 + 0.040t m = 0.262 in . (The 0.04 inch value is 12.5% mill under run tolerance of 0.322 inch nominal wall expected to be purchase).The next commercially available pipe wall is SCHEDULE40, with a nominal wall of 8.2 mm (0.322 in.).This is the wall to use for these stated conditions.

Design of pressure componentsTest Pressure The hydrostatic test pressure at any point in the systemshould be not less than 1.5 times the design pressure.For Temp. above 650F (343C), the min. test pressure P T isgiven by;P T = 1.5(S T /S)(Design Pressure)S T = allowable stress at 650F,S = allowable stress at design temperature