compounds alsoaffectthe postnatilgrowth andmaturationof children,leadingto cognitivedefects andmentalretardation.

The environment affects normal develoDment

The environrnent controls rnany aspectsof normal animal de velopment. The l:wae of cersin madneinvertebrates, for exanple, do notmetamorphose into adula until thev encounter a uhich plrnrj.aninral on rosenledosn. wirh \ 'pecific.urlace derelopment rsolieninfluenced by rnrenction. iLhorheror" ganisns. For example, tle smallwaterfleaDrrr",rwill change ,r. rrorph',loglb\ d.ubl,ngthe .ize of rhe ..helma on Je top of its headafter encountering a predatoryfly hna (fi$rre 19.22). Finallv,rhen mice or zebrafish arereared under gelmFeecondiuons. rhe,rgrL. arede\oidofbacreria $rL nonnatt\ colonize the gnt. Ar I result, there are defectsin intestinal differentirtionandfi'ncdon in both species. A particularly clear example of environmentrl ef&cs on dcvelopment is temperature-dependenr se\ determinatioD (TSD) In manl' reptiles,dre temperatureoftie soil in which the eggsincubatederemines the sexof the hatchlinEs.In somesoecie,.on< ,er domnare. rr inrermcdiate rempeiarure...he;a" only the oppositesexdevelopsat ternperatures at either e(reme of dle nanrral thermal range. In other species, one end of the natural themal range usually producesall rnales,dre otier end of G, =ngeproduce.rll iemrle\. andinremediare temperarures are usuallvgender-neutal. One possible hazard ofTSD is that an increisein Elob:l temperarure\ ma1erentualll ske$ sexrrLio.in p"puta"ild rion, of n,mJl,. <adinsro rneir demi<. Some rc.e;r;her. hile venspeculated that the extinctionofdinosaur could be attributable to tle effects ofglobal temperature changes on sex determination andsexmriosin dinosaurs.

Jigure19.22

jI'ORPIJOLOGICAL PREDATOR-INDUCED CHANCES iN THE 1I'ATER FI-FADrPIi\r,4. Thesescanning electronnioo8nphs shos d1edifference between the horphologl of Dar,,- after encountering a predatory fly tarq (]eft side)andthe nom.l (right side).Dapr,,2 reproduces bodvshape asNally, and these tvr individuals aregenetic clones ofoneanother. Thus, the enuronmentcd acton . serof genes to inducerhe 'rgld fomation of a,o lrf?ror body shapcs.

Endocrinedisrupterscanperturb
development
The large family of endocrine hormones inctudesthe androgensandestrogns tharcontrolsertal differentiation andtunctlon in animals.Endogenou endocrine activiry is essentialfor the normal der-elopment and homeostasis of a1lcomptexaniInrl,. For e\rmple. hormone, rriBger meramorpho"rs rn borlr Fog' and llie,.andifcell,,n chepiurrr) glandrn:r produce human growth horrnone mahrnction during childhood, dwrrfisn or gigantism will rcsult. Although:rnumberofendocrinedisorders havea genetic basis, recent studies h3r. shoun that man1. environmental chemicals interferewith endocrire signaling. An endocrinedisrupting chemical (EDC) is an], exogenouscompound that interferes with the pmducrion,transpon,or receptorbinding ot endogenous homones, Perhaps the best[nown endocrinedisnrpteris diethylstilbestrol(DES),shich v'm prescribed to millions of r.omen in rheI-nrted Srarer from tqlS ro ta-t ro pr(\(,r(IU\ Jrnage\ Jnd prererm binh,. The rhildr(n of $omen $ho root DfS while pregnant exhibited an increased incidence ofabnormalities in differentiation of their reproductive organs, and DES daughtersare at aDincreasedrisL of a rare Lind of vagiral and 392 tu"tIIIs"""t,",i biatasr

Fnvironmental l- DL, arederiredrromdfee man >ources: irdustrial ivastes, agioitural practices,and the eftluent of municipd sewage-Eeatnent planrs.Industrial EDCSinclude dioxins, heary metals,ard polychlollnatedbiphenyls@CBs).Dioxins suppressirnnune s,.stemfrmction in hunans for long periods aftcr erposure.PCBs,dioxins,andheary meta.ls impair spatialmemory learning,rnd other cogritive processes in pdmatesand roden6. Agricultuml EDCSincludethe pesticides atrazineandDDT The histonc dedine in bald eaglepopulationsin Noni America was conelated wifi high levels of DDT in adulsi femalesrith highlerelr ot DD I la'degg\$iL-h exnemely weak.hett. uhich brokeer,il). The suh,(quenr bann,ng oi DD f u5e in $e t rur<d Sutesis droughtto be the major reason for the reboundingotbald . eaglepopllations ilom the vergeof extincrion. A recentrise hasbeenreportedin Lheincidenceof morpho-i logical defecain the urinary andreproductivesa:ucnresof humanI males,which include abnomally placedurethral openingsand ' undescended testes. A global declinein spern count and qualitv , andircreasedinfenilit- hasalsobeenreponedin men.,ql oi*ese problens are eMcerbated in areas with high EDC production. A2005 studyin Srrrtr rnagazine sho$edthat brief exposure of pregnant rats to two different EDCs -one a fungjcide andthe othera pesticide-caused decreased spermnurnbir and viabiliq and an increased incidence of infertiliq in adult nale offspnngofthesenothers. Moreor.er, the reduced matefertilitt i'as passqd on to nearly everymale in tuture generations(ex amined Fr ro Fa).Thus, this startling set ofexperiments sho*.ed that the effects of EDCS can reach beyond affected irdiriduals to affect multiple generationsof offspring.
Both pl@t rnd dihd d4lopndt i! dfllcted hy avio@ot i.Au6er. Ss detetuimrio! h ftprilB is confotLd by terlP.dttrc. H1Jtlh dey1op6dt try b rtr ctd by envil!,mdt l polut nts that ntni. th. cfrect3 of nercid l

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