Motherboard

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Motherboard for an Acer desktop personal computer, showing the typical components and interfaces that are found on a motherboard. This model was made by Foxconn in 2007, and follows the ATXlayout (known as the "form factor") usually employed for desktop computers. It is designed to work with AMD's Athlon 64 processor

A motherboard of a Vaio E series laptop (right) A motherboard(sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, planar board or logic board,[1] or colloquially, a mobo) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) found in computersand other expandable systems. It holds many of the crucial electronic components of the system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard contains significant sub-systems such as the processor. Motherboardspecifically refers to a PCB with expansion capability - the board is the "mother" of all components attached to it, which often include sound cards, video cards, network cards, hard drivesor other forms of persistent storage, TV tuner cards, cards providing extra USB or Firewire slots, and a variety of other custom components. (The term mainboard is applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in televisions, washing machines and other embedded systems.)

Contents

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1 History 2 Design
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2.1 CPU sockets 2.2 Integrated peripherals 2.3 Peripheral card slots 2.4 Temperature and reliability 2.5 Form factor

3 Bootstrapping using the BIOS 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

History[edit]
Prior to the advent of the microprocessor, a computer was usually built of multiple printed circuit boards in a card-cage case with components connected by a backplane, a set of interconnected sockets. In very old designs the wires were discrete connectionsbetween card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The Central Processing Unit, memory and peripheralswere housed on individual printed circuit boards which plugged into the backplate. During the late 1980s and 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard. In the late 1980s, personal computer motherboards began to include single ICs (called Super I/O chips) capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals: keyboard, mouse, floppy disk drive, serial ports, and parallel ports. By the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards supported a full range of audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any expansion cards at all; higher-end systems for 3D gaming and computer graphicstypically retained only the graphics card as a separate component. The most popular computers such as the Apple II and IBM PChad published schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid reverse-engineeringand third-party replacement motherboards. Usually intended for building new computers compatible with the exemplars, many motherboards offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the manufacturer's original equipment.

Design[edit]

The Octek Jaguar V motherboard from 1993.[2]This board has few onboard peripherals, as evidenced by the 6 slots provided for ISAcards and the lack of other built-in external interface connectors

The motherboard of a Samsung Galaxy SII; almost all functions of the device are integrated into a very small board A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate. Unlike a backplane, it also contains the central processing unitand hosts other subsystems and devices. A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor, main memory, and other essential components connected to the motherboard. Other components such as external storage, controllers for video display and sound, and peripheraldevices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables, in modern computers it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself. An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting chipset, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard. Modern motherboards include, at a minimum:

sockets (or slots) in which one or more microprocessorsmay be installed. In the case of CPUs in BGApackages, such as the VIA C3, the CPU is directly soldered to the motherboard.[citation needed] Slots into which the system's main memory is to be installed (typically in the form of DIMM modules containing DRAM chips) A chipsetwhich forms an interface between the CPU's front-side bus, main memory, and peripheral buses

Non-volatile memory chips (usually Flash ROMin modern motherboards) containing the system's firmware or BIOS A clock generatorwhich produces the system clock signalto synchronize the various components Slots for expansion cards(these interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset) Power connectors, which receive electrical power from the computer power supplyand distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards. As of 2007, some graphics cards (e.g. GeForce 8 and Radeon R600) require more power than the motherboard can provide, and thus dedicated connectors have been introduced to attach them directly to the power supply.[3] Most disk drivesalso connect to the power supply via dedicated connectors.[citation needed]

Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonly used input devices, such as PS/2 connectors for a mouse and keyboard. Early personal computerssuch as the Apple II or IBM PCincluded only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard. Occasionally video interface hardware was also integrated into the motherboard; for example, on the Apple II and rarely on IBM-compatible computers such as the IBM PC Jr. Additional peripherals such as disk controllers and serial ports were provided as expansion cards. Given the high thermal design powerof high-speed computer CPUs and components, modern motherboards nearly always include heat sinks and mounting points for fans to dissipate excess heat.

CPU sockets[edit]
A CPU socketor slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a microprocessor). It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin counts. A CPU socket provides many functions, including a physical structure to support the CPU, support for a heat sink, facilitating replacement (as well as reducing cost), and most importantly, forming an electrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB. CPU sockets on the motherboard can most often be found in most desktop and server computers(laptops typically use surface mount CPUs), particularly those based on the Intel x86architecture. A CPU socket type and motherboard chipset must support the CPU series and speed.

Integrated peripherals[edit]

Block diagram of a modern motherboard, which supports many on-board peripheral functions as well as several expansion slots With the steadily declining costs and size of integrated circuits, it is now possible to include support for many peripheralson the motherboard. By combining many functions on one PCB, the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in small form factor and budget computers. For example, the ECS RS485M-M,[4]a typical modern budget motherboard for computers based on AMD processors, has on-board support for a very large range of peripherals:

Disk controllers for a floppy disk drive, up to 2 PATA drives, and up to 6 SATA drives (including RAID 0/1 support) integrated graphics controller supporting 2D and 3D graphics, with VGA and TV output integrated sound card supporting 8-channel (7.1) audio and S/PDIF output Fast Ethernet network controller for 10/100 Mbit networking USB 2.0 controller supporting up to 12 USB ports IrDA controller for infrared data communication (e.g. with an IrDA-enabled cellular phone or printer) Temperature, voltage, and fan-speed sensors that allow softwareto monitor the health of computer components

Expansion cards to support all of these functions would have cost hundreds of dollars even a decade ago; however, as of April 2007such highly integrated motherboards are available for as little as $30 in the US.

Peripheral card slots[edit]

A typical motherboard of 2012 will have a different number of connections depending on its standard. A standard ATX motherboard will typically have two or three PCI-E 16x connection for a graphics card, one or two legacy PCI slots for various expansion cards, and one or two PCI-E 1x (which has superseded PCI). A standard EATXmotherboard will have two to four PCIExpress 16x connection for graphics cards, and a varying number of PCI and PCI-E 1x slots. It can sometimes also have a PCI-E 4x slot. (This varies between brands and models.) Some motherboards have two or more PCI-E 16x slots, to allow more than 2 monitors without special hardware, or use a special graphics technology called SLI (for Nvidia) and Crossfire (for ATI). These allow 2 to 4 graphics cards to be linked together, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computing tasks, such as gaming, video editing, et cetera.

Temperature and reliability[edit]

A microATX motherboard with some faulty capacitors Main article: Computer cooling Motherboards are generally air cooled with heat sinksoften mounted on larger chips, such as the Northbridge, in modern motherboards. Insufficient or improper cooling can cause damage to the internal components of the computer, or cause it to crash. Passive cooling, or a single fan mounted on the power supply, was sufficient for many desktop computer CPUs until the late 1990s; since then, most have required CPU fansmounted on their heat sinks, due to rising clock speeds and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional case fansas well. Newer motherboards have integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures, and controllable fan connectors which the BIOS or operating system can use to regulate fan speed. Some computers (which typically have high-performance microprocessors, large amounts of RAM, and high-performance video cards) use a watercooling system instead of many fans. Some small form factor computers and home theater PCsdesigned for quiet and energyefficient operation boast fan-less designs. This typically requires the use of a low-power CPU, as well as careful layout of the motherboard and other components to allow for heat sink placement.

A 2003 study found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to I/O read/write errors, can be attributed not to software or peripheral hardware but to aging capacitorson PC motherboards.[5]Ultimately this was shown to be the result of a faulty electrolyte formulation,[6] an issue termed capacitor plague. Motherboards use electrolytic capacitorsto filter the DCpower distributed around the board. These capacitors age at a temperature-dependent rate, as their water based electrolytesslowly evaporate. This can lead to loss of capacitance and subsequent motherboard malfunctions due to voltage instabilities. While most capacitors are rated for 2000 hours of operation at 105 C (221 F),[7] their expected design life roughly doubles for every 10 C (50 F) below this. At 45 C (113 F)a lifetime of 15 years can be expected. This appears reasonable for a computer motherboard. However, many manufacturers have delivered substandard capacitors,[8]which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures easily exacerbate this problem. It is possible, but time-consuming, to find and replace failed capacitors on personal computer motherboards.

Form factor[edit]
Main article: Comparison of computer form factors Motherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes called computer form factor, some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers. However, the motherboards used in IBM-compatible systems are designed to fit various case sizes. As of 2007, most desktop computermotherboards use the ATX standard form factor even those found in Macintosh and Suncomputers, which have not been built from commodity components. A case's motherboard and PSU form factor must all match, though some smaller form factor motherboards of the same family will fit larger cases. For example, an ATX case will usually accommodate a microATXmotherboard. Laptopcomputers generally use highly integrated, miniaturized and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the replacement of the entire motherboard, which is usually more expensive than a desktop motherboard due to the large number of integrated components.

Bootstrapping using the BIOS[edit]

Motherboards contain some non-volatile memoryto initialize the system and load some startup software, usually an operating system, from some external peripheral device. Microcomputers such as the Apple II and IBM PC used ROMchips mounted in sockets on the motherboard. At power-up, the central processor would load its program counterwith the address of the boot ROM and start executing instructions from the ROM. These instructions initialized and tested the system hardware, displayed system information on the screen, performed RAM checks, and then loaded an initial program from an external or peripheral device (disk drive). If none was available, then the computer would perform tasks from other memory stores or display an error message, depending on the model and design of the computer and the ROM version. (For example, both the Apple II and the original IBM PC

had Microsoft Cassette BASIC in ROM and would start that if no program could be loaded from disk.) Most modern motherboard designs use a BIOS, stored in an EEPROMchip soldered to or socketed on the motherboard, to bootstrap an operating system. (Non-operating system boot programs are still supported on modern IBM PC-descended machines, but nowadays it is assumed that the boot program will be a complex operating system such as MS Windows NT or GNU/Linux.) When power is first applied to the motherboard, the BIOS firmware tests and configures memory, circuitry, and peripherals. This Power-On Self Test(POST) may include testing some of the following things:

Video adapter Cards inserted into slots, such as conventional PCI Floppy drive Temperatures, voltages, and fan speeds for hardware monitoring CMOS used to store BIOS setup configuration keyboard and mouse network controller Optical drives: CD-ROM or DVD-ROM SCSI hard drive IDE, EIDE, or SATA hard disk Security devices, such as a fingerprint readeror the state of a latch switch to detect intrusion USB devices, such as a memory storage device

On recent motherboards, the BIOS may also patch the central processor microcode if the BIOS detects that the installed CPU is one for which errata have been published.

See also[edit]

Accelerated Graphics Port Computer case screws Daughterboard List of computer hardware manufacturers Overclocking Single-board computer Switched-mode power supply applications

Memory Reference Code- the part of the BIOSwhich handles memory timings on Intel motherboards

References[edit]
1. ^ Paul Miller. "Apple sneaks new logic board into whining MacBook Pros" (2006). Engadget. Retrieved 2008-10-23. 2. ^ "Golden Oldies: 1993 mainboards". Retrieved 2007-06-27. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ^ http://www.techpowerup.com/articles/overclocking/psu/116 ^ "RS485M-M (V1.0)". Retrieved 2007-06-27. ^ c't Magazine, vol. 21, pp. 216-221. 2003. ^ Yu-Tzu Chiu, Samuel K. Moore "Faults & Failures: Leaking Capacitors Muck up Motherboards" (2003-02-19) IEEE Spectrum accessed 2008-03-10 ^ Capacitor lifetime formula ^ Carey Holzman The healthy PC: preventive care and home remedies for your computer McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003 ISBN 0-07-222923-3 page 174

External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Computer motherboards

Motherboardsat the Open Directory Project List of motherboard manufacturers and links to BIOS updates What is a motherboard? The Making of a Motherboard: ECS Factory Tour The Making of a Motherboard: Gigabyte Factory Tour Front Panel I/O Connectivity Design Guide - v1.3 (pdf file) Become an expert in Motherboard repair [hide]

v t e

Basic computer components

Input devices

Keyboard

Image scanner Microphone Pointing device

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Graphics tablet Joystick Light pen Mouse Pointing stick Touchpad Touchscreen Trackball

Webcam
o

Softcam

Monitor Printer Speakers Plotter Optical disc drive

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Output devices

Removable data storage

CD-RW DVD+RW

Disk pack Floppy disk Memory card USB flash drive Central processing unit (CPU) Hard disk / Solid-state drive Motherboard Network interface controller Power supply Random-access memory (RAM) Sound card Video card Ethernet FireWire (IEEE 1394) Parallel port Serial port Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Computer case

Data ports

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