B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY/JUNE 2013.

Fourth Semester Mechanical Engineering ME 2255 ELECTRONICS ANDMICROPROCESSORS Question Paper Code : 21566 1. Distinguish between P-type and N-type semiconductors N type semiconductor A small amount of pentavalent impurity (arsenic, bismuth,phosphorus,antimony) is added to a pure semiconductor. The donor impurity atom donates one free electron in n type material .the free electrons are majority carriers while holes are minority carriers. P type semiconductor A small amount of trivalent impurity (gallium,boron,indium) is added to a pure semiconductor. The holes are majority carriers while electrons are minority carriers.
2. Define Voltage regulation. The amount of dc voltage changes between the no load and load condition is described by the factor called voltage regulation voltage regulation=(no voltage 3.

full voltage)/ full voltage

In a Common-Base configuration, current gain of a transistor is 0.965. If the emitter current is 10 mA, what is the value of base current? Ic=Ie=9.65mA Ib=Ie-Ic=10-9.65=0.35mA

4. Draw the circuit symbol of TRIAC

5. Why NAND and NOR gates is called as universal gates? NAND AND NOR gates are called universal gates , because with a combination NAND and NOR gates alone, it's possible to create other logic gates like AND, OR, XOR etc and can design any logic circuit. 6. Write a short note on counters.

A counter is a register capable of counting the number of clock pulses arriving at its clock input .there are two types of counters Asynchronous and synchronous counters 7. Give the instruction formats for 8085 microprocessor

One byte instruction Two byte instruction Three byte instruction

format: format: format:

opcode opcode opcode operand operand operand

8. What are the steps involved in programming?

a. Write the assembly language program b. Assemble the assembly language program c. Link the program d. Test the program 9. What is meant by I/O data transfer? The transfer of data between input devices and microprocessor ,and microprocessor and display devices is called I/O data transfer
10. What is the use of ALE signal?

ALE- address latch enable AD0 to AD7 are multiplexed and lower half of address is available only during T1 of machine cycle .This lower half of address is also necessary during T2 and T3 of machine cycle to access specific location in memory or i/o port .The latching of lower half of an address bus is done by using external latch and ALE signal from 8085 . PART B

11. (a) Explain in detail about Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors with neat diagram.

Intrinsic semiconductor: A sample of semiconductor ints purest form is called an intrinsic semiconductor (4) Extrinsic semiconductor: A small amount of impurity is added to the intrinsic semiconductor to increase its current conduction capability .Thus it becomes impure (4) or extrinisic semiconductor

N type semiconductor:A small amount of pentavalent impurity (arsenic, bismuth, phosphorus, antimony) is added to a pure semiconductor. The donor (4) impurity atom donates one free electron in n type material .the free electrons are majority carrier while holes are minority carriers.

P type semiconductor:

A small amount of trivalent impurity(gallium,

(4)

boron, indium ) is added to a pure semiconductor. The holes are majority carriers while electrons are minority carriers.
Or (b) Explain the construction and V-I characteristics of PN junction diode and Zener diode. V-I characteristics of PN junction diode

(8) For a p-n junction the current I is related to the voltage V by the equation

I= (
VI Characteristics of idle diode

- 1)

VI Characteristics of germanium diode

V-I characteristics of zener diode

(8) The diodes which are designed for adequate power dissipation capabilities to operate in the breakdown region may be employed as voltage reference or constant voltage devices Such diodes are known as avalanche ,breakdown or zener diodes

12. (a) Explain various characteristics of BJT in Common Collector configuration with neat diagram. The load resistance is in the emitter lead rather than the collector circuit

Common collector configuration for npn and pnp Input characteristics It is the graph of input current I b (base current) versus input voltage base voltage ) at constant Vce Output characteristics

(6) (5)

vc (collector
(5)

It is the curve between emitter current Ie and collector voltage Vce at constant base current Ib

Input characteristics

output characteristics

(Or)
(b) Explain the working of SCR with the help of its two transistor equivalent circuits. Draw its forward and reverse characteristics. Silicon contolled rectifier is an unidirectional device .it has feature to switch on and off ,which is controlled by the additional input called gate and biasing condition Explanation based on the two transistor model Working of transistor (6)

Forward characteristics & Reverse characteristics

(10)

13. (a) Design and implement the half adder and full adder using logic gates. Half adder (8)

Half adder is a combinational arithmetic circuit that adds two numbers and produces a sum bit (S) and carry bit (C) as the output Full adder (8)

Full adder is a logic circuit that adds two input operand bits plus a Carry in bit and outputs a Carry out bit and a sum (Or) (b) Explain working principle of D/A and A/D converters. D/A convertor (8) The process of converting a value represented in digital code into a voltage or current proportional to the digital value Types of D/A convertor :Multiplying digital to analog convertor ,Ladder type digital to analog convertor A/D convertors (8) The process of converting analog voltage to a digtal form suitable for processing by a digital system

Types of A/D convertor :Counter type A/D convertor ,Dual slope type Successive approximation type 14.(a) Explain the architecture of 8085 microprocessor with a neat functional block diagram. Give the salient features of 8085 microprocessor. Achitecure of 8085 with diagram and explanation (12)

Salient features of 8085 microprocessor (4)

(Or) (b) Write an 8085 assembly language program to add and subtract two 16-bitnumbers. Addition of two 16 bit number (8)

LHLD 4000H XCHG LHLD 4002H MOV A, E ADD L MOV L, A MOV A, D ADC H MOV H, A SHLD 4004H HLT

Subtraction of two 16 bit number (8)

: Get first I6-bit number in HL : Save first I6-bit number in DE : Get second I6-bit number in HL : Get lower byte of the first number : Add lower byte of the second number : Store result in L register : Get higher byte of the first number : Add higher byte of the second number with CARRY : Store result in H register : Store I6-bit result in memory locations 4004H and 4005H. : Terminate program

LHLD 4000H XCHG LHLD 4002H MOV A, E SUB L MOV L, A MOV A, D SBB H MOV H, A SHLD 4004H HLT

: Get first 16-bit number in HL : Save first 16-bit number in DE : Get second 16-bit number in HL : Get lower byte of the first number : Subtract lower byte of the second number : Store the result in L register : Get higher byte of the first number : Subtract higher byte of second number with borrow : Store l6-bit result in memory locations 4004H and 4005H. : Store l6-bit result in memory locations 4004H and 4005H. : Terminate program execution.

15. (a) Explain in detail about the Input and Output Interfacing techniques of 8085 microprocessor. Input /output devices can be interfaced with the microprocessor in two ways (4) I/O mapped I/O Memory mapped I/O

I/O device selection : (2) Decode the address bus Generate device select signal Activate the interfacing device Pseudo code to explain Interfacing 8 /16 bit input port Interfacing 8 /16 bit output port (Or) (b) Draw and explain in detail about stepper motor interface. Diagram explaining the hardware involved in stepper motor (3) Full and half Excitation sequence (3) (5) (5)

Pseudo code for stepper motor control

(10)