SMK RANTAU

PHYSICS Paper 2
Topical Test WAVE Class : Time : Marks :

This question paper consists of three sections: Section A, Section B and Section C. Kertas soalan ini mengandungi tiga bahagian: Bahagian A, Bahagian B dan Bahagian C. Section A Bahagian A [60 marks] [60 markah] Answer all questions in this section. Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini. 1. Diagram below shows one of the uses of electromagnetic waves in everyday life. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu daripada kegunaan gelombang elektromagnet dalam kehidupan harian kita.

DIAGRAM / RAJAH (a)(i) What is an electromagnetic wave? Apakah suatu gelombang elektromagnet? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark/1 markah] (ii) Name the type of electromagnetic wave used for communication between the Earth and the satellite. Berikan nama jenis gelombang elektromagnet yang digunakan untuk komunikasi antara Bumi dan satelit. __________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark/1 markah] (b (i) Name three types of electromagnetic radiation produced by the sun. ) Berikan nama tiga jenis gelombang elektromagnet yang dihasilkan oleh Matahari. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ [3 marks/3 markah]
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(ii) A worker who is working in the hot sun may suffer a certain illeffect from the radiation of the sun. Name the type of radiation from the sun that can cause damage to his skin. Seorang pekerja yang bekerja di bawah matahari panas mungkin mengalami suatu kesan buruk dari sinaran Matahari. Berikan nama sinaran Matahari yang menyebabkan kesan buruk kepada kulit pekerja itu. __________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark/1 markah] (iii What kind of damage can the radiation produce on the workers skin? ) Apakah jenis kecederaan akan dihasilkan pada kulit pekerja? __________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark/1 markah] (c)Diagram below represents part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Rajah di bawah mewakili sebahagian spektrum elektromagnet.

DIAGRAM / RAJAH (i) Name the type of electromagnetic waves represented by each region labelled P, Q and R. Berikan nama jenis gelombang elektromagnet diwakili oleh setiap kawasan yang berlabel P, Q dan R. P: _________________________________________________________________________________ _ Q _________________________________________________________________________________ : _ R:_________________________________________________________________________________ _ [3 marks/3 markah] (ii)State one difference and one similarity between radio waves and gamma rays. Nyatakan satu perbezaan dan satu persamaan di antara suatu gelombang radio dan sinar gama. Difference / Perbezaan: __________________________________________________________________________________ Similarity / Persamaan: __________________________________________________________________________________ [2 marks/2 markah] (d A radio wave of high frequency is transmitted from the Earth to the Moon. The time interval between ) transmission and reception of the reflected wave from the Moon is 2.6 seconds. What is the distance between the Earth and the Moon? (Speed of light waves = 3.0 108 m s1)
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Suatu gelombang radio berfrekuensi tinggi dipancarkan dari Bumi ke Bulan. Sela masa di antara pancaran dan penerimaan gelombang pantulan dari Bulan ialah 2.6 saat. Apakah jarak di antara Bumi dan Bulan? (Laju gelombang cahaya = 3.0 108 m s1)

[2 marks/2 markah] 2. Diagram below shows water waves approaching the mouth of a harbour. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan gelombang air menghampiri pelabuhan.

Diagram / Rajah (a) Complete Diagram above to show the wave pattern in the harbour. Ignore reflections from the walls of the harbour. Lengkapkan Rajah di atas untuk menunjukkan bentuk gelombang di pelabuhan. Abaikan pantulan daripada dinding pelabuhan. [2 marks/2 markah] (b) What is the wave phenomenon involved? Apakan fenomena gelombang yang terlibat? _____________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark/1 markah] (c) i. If the frequency of the incident waves decreases, what will happen to the wavelength of the waves? Sekiranya frekuensi gelombang tuju berkurangan, apakah yang akan berlaku kepada panjang gelombang-gelombang tersebut? __________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark/1 markah] ii. How would this change affect your answer in (a)? Bagaimanakah perubahan ini akan mempengaruhi jawapan anda di (a)? __________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark/1 markah] 3. Diagram A shows the waveform of a water wave before it passes from a region of deep water to a region of
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shallow water, AB. Diagram B shows the wavefronts of the same water wave before it enters the region of shallow water, AB. Rajah A menunjukkan bentuk gelombang suatu gelombang air sebelum melalui suatu kawasan dalam ke kawasan air cetek AB. Rajah B menunjukkan muka gelombang bagi gelombang air yang sama sebelum melalui kawasan air cetek AB.

DIAGRAM A / RAJAH A

DIAGRAM B / RAJAH B

(a) (i) A water wave is a type of transverse wave. Explain the meaning of a transverse wave. Suatu gelombang air adalah sejenis gelombang melintang. Terangkan erti gelombang melintang. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark/1 markah] (ii) Write the name of another type of wave. Give one example of this type of wave. Tuliskan nama jenis gelombang yang lain. Berikan satu contoh bagi jenis gelombang itu. __________________________________________________________________________________ [2 marks/2 markah] (b) (i) Based on Diagrams A and B, state the value of the wavelength of the water wave in the region of deep water. Berdasarkan Rajah A dan B, nyatakan nilai bagi jarak gelombang bagi gelombang air dalam kawasan air dalam.

[1 mark/1 markah] (ii) If the frequency of the water wave in the deep water is 5.0 Hz, what is the speed of the water wave in this region? Jika frekuensi gelombang air dalam kawasan air dalam ialah 5.0 Hz, apakah laju gelombang air dalam kawasan ini?

[2 marks/2 markah] (c) Sketch the wavefronts of the water wave in the region of shallow water, AB, in Diagram B. Lakarkan bentuk gelombang bagi gelombang air dalam kawasan air cetek AB dalam Rajah B. [2 marks/2 markah] (d) State the wave phenomenon which occurs when a water wave travels through the region, AB.
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Nyatakan fenomena gelombang yang berlaku apabila suatu gelombang air bergerak melalui kawasan AB. _____________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark/1 markah] (e) State the changes in the three wave characteristics shown below when a water wave travels from the ocean to the beach. Tick ( ) the correct one. Nyatakan perubahan dalam tiga ciri gelombang ditunjukkan di bawah apabila gelombang air bergerak dari laut ke pantai. Tandakan ( ) pada jawapan betul.

[3 marks/3 markah] 4. Diagram below shows the seashore. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan suatu pantai.

DIAGRAM / RAJAH (a) (i) What happens to the sea waves as they hit the barrier wall? Apakah berlaku kepada gelombang air laut apabila ia menghentam ke atas dinding penghalang? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark/1 markah] (ii) Draw in Diagram above, the wave pattern after the waves hit the barrier wall. Lukis dalam Rajah di atas, corak gelombang selepas gelombang menghentam ke atas dinding penghalang. [1 mark/1 markah] (b) What is the function of the barrier wall erected in the sea near the shore? Apakah fungsi dinding penghalang yang dibinakan dalam laut berdekatan dengan pantai?
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_____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark/1 markah] (c) Diagram below shows a boat using ultrasound to measure the depth of the seabed. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah kapal yang menggunakan gelombang ultrasonik untuk mengukur kedalaman dasar laut.

DIAGRAM / RAJAH The time interval between the transmission of a pulse of ultrasound and the reception of a return pulse is 0.6 s. The speed of sound in sea water is 1 500 m s1. Sela masa antara pancaran denyutan ultrasonik dan penerimaan denyutan pantulan ialah 0.6 s. Laju bunyi dalam air laut ialah 1 500 m s1. (i) Determine the depth of the sea water. Tentukan kedalaman air laut.

[2 marks/2 markah] (ii) Give one reason why ultrasonic waves of high frequency are used for this purpose. Berikan satu sebab mengapa gelombang ultrasonik yang berfrekuensi tinggi digunakan bagi tujuan ini. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ [2 marks/2 markah] 5. Diagram below shows two loudspeakers connected to an audio frequency generator. Students are standing at positions where loud sounds can be heard. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua pembesar suara yang disambung pada suatu penjana frekuensi audio. Murid-murid berdiri pada kedudukan di mana bunyi kuat kedengaran.

Diagram Rajah (a) What type of wave is the sound waves? Apakah jenis gelombang bagi gelombang bunyi? _____________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] [1 markah] (b) Why are loud sounds heard by the students at that positions? Mengapakah bunyi kuat kedengaran oleh murid-murid pada kedudukan itu? _____________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] [1 markah] (c) The distance between the two loudspeakers is 1.5 m. At 10.0 m from the loudspeakers, the distance between two adjacent rows of students is 4.0 m. Calculate the wave length of this sound wave. Jarak di antara dua pembesar suara itu ialah 1.5 m. Pada kedudukan 10.0 m dari pembesar suara, jarak di antara dua barisan pelajar bersebelahan adalah 4.0 m. Hitung panjang gelombang bunyi itu.

[2 marks] [2 markah] (d) The frequency of the sound wave is increased. Use Frekuensi gelombang bunyi itu ditinggikan, (i) What will happen to the distance between two adjacent rows where loud sounds are heard? Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada jarak pemisahan di antara dua barisan bersebelahan di mana bunyi kuat kedengaran? __________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] [1 markah] (ii) Give a reason for your answer in (d)(i). Beri sebab bagi jawapan anda di (d)(i). __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] [1 markah] 6. Diagram below shows a slinky spring being moved left and right continuously. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan spring slinki digerakkan secara berterusan ke kiri dan ke kanan.

Diagram Rajah (a) Complete the sentence below by ticking () the correct box. Lengkapkan ayat di bawah dengan menanda () dalam kotak yang betul. The wave produced by the slinky spring is a Gelombang yang dihasilkan oleh spring slinki adalah transverse wave. gelombang melintang. longitudinal wave. gelombang membujur. [1 mark] [1 markah] (b) On Diagram above, mark X on any one of the crests of the wave.
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Pada Rajah di atas, tandakan X pada mana-mana satu puncak gelombang itu. [1 mark] [1 markah] (c) Complete the following sentence by underlining the correct phrase in the bracket. Lengkapkan ayat berikut dengan menggariskan frasa yang betul di dalam kurungan.

[1 mark] [1 markah] (d) What is transferred by the wave? Apakah yang dipindahkan oleh gelombang itu? _____________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] [1 markah] 7. Diagram below shows how a vibrating tuning fork produces sound waves in air. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan bagaimana tala bunyi yang bergetar menghasilkan gelombang bunyi di udara.

Diagram Rajah (a) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to complete the sentence below. Sound wave is a (longitudinal, transverse) wave. Garis jawapan yang betul dalam kurungan untuk melengkapkan ayat di bawah. Gelombang bunyi adalah gelombang (membujur, melintang). [1 mark] [1 markah] (b) Based on Diagram above, Berdasarkan Rajah di atas, (i) name region X, namakan kawasan X,

__________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] [1 markah] (ii) mark one distance which is equal to a wavelength of the sound waves. Label the distance using the symbol . nyatakan satu jarak yang bersamaan dengan satu panjang gelombang bagi gelombang bunyi itu. Label jarak itu menggunakan simbol . __________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] [1 markah] (c) The tuning fork in Diagram above vibrates in water. What happens to the speed of sound? Tala bunyi dalam Rajah di atas bergetar di dalam air. Apakah yang terjadi kepada kelajuan bunyi? _____________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] [1 markah] 8. Diagram A shows the side view of two ripple tanks. When the motors are switched on, water waves with the same frequency are produced. Rajah A menunjukkan pandangan sisi dua buah tangki riak. Apabila suis motor dihidupkan, gelombang air dengan frekuensi yang sama dihasilkan.

Diagram A Rajah A Diagram Bshows the waves formed on the screens. Rajah B menunjukkan gelombang yang dibentuk di atas skrin.

Diagram B Rajah B (a) What is the meaning of frequency?

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Apakah maksud frekuensi? _____________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] [1 markah] (b) Observe Diagram A and Diagram B. Perhatikan Rajah A dan Rajah B. (i) Compare the depths of the water in region X and region Y. Bandingkan kedalaman air di kawasan X dan kawasan Y. __________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] [1 markah] (ii) Compare the wave lengths of the waves in region X and region Y. Bandingkan panjang gelombang bagi gelombang di kawasan X dan di kawasan Y. __________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] [1 markah] (iii Relate the depth of water to the wave length of the waves. ) Hubungkait kedalaman air dengan panjang gelombang bagi gelombang tersebut. __________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] [1 markah] (iv)Name the wave phenomenon involved. Namakan fenomenon gelombang yang terlibat. __________________________________________________________________________________ [1 mark] [1 markah] (c) Explain why the wave front of sea water will follow the shape of the shore when it approaches the shore. Terangkan mengapa muka gelombang air laut akan mengikut bentuk pantai apabila menghampiri pantai. _____________________________________________________________________________________ [3 marks] [3 markah]

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Section B Bahagian B [20 marks] [20 markah] Answer any one question from this section. Jawab mana-mana satu soalan daripada bahagian ini. 9. Diagram A and B show the interference patterns which use coherent sources of waves, . Rajah A dan B menunjukkan corak interferens yang menggunakan sumber-sumber gelombang koherens, .

Diagram A / Rajah A

Diagram B / Rajah B (a) (i) What is meant by coherent waves? Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh gelombang koheren? [1 mark/markah] (ii) Compare Diagrams A and B. Relate and x to make a deduction regarding the relationship of both quantities. Bandingkan Rajah A dan B. Hubungkaitkan dan x untuk membuat satu kesimpulan dengan merujuk kepada hubungan antara kedua-dua kuantiti itu. [5 marks/markah] (b) Explain why the wave fronts in the sea follow the shape of the coastline as the water becomes shallower. Terangkan mengapa muka gelombang dalam laut mengikuti bentuk garis pantai apabila air menjadi lebih cetek. [4 marks/markah] (c) You have been assigned as a consultant to assemble a speaker system and to improve the acoustics of a school hall. Using the appropriate physics concept, explain how the installation of the speaker system and
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other modifications can improve audible sound. In your explanation, elaborate on the following points: Anda ditugaskan sebagai seorang penasihat untuk memasang sistem pembesar suara dan memperbaiki akustik bagi sebuah dewan sekolah. Menggunakan konsep fizik yang sesuai, terangkan bagaimana pemasangan sistem pembesar suara dan pengubahsuaian yang lain boleh meningkatkan kualiti bunyi yang dapat didengar. Dalam penerangan anda, jelaskan butir-butir yang berikut: (i) The arrangement of the speakers. Susunan pembesar suara itu. (ii) Wall and floor finishing. Kelengkapan dinding dan lantai. (iii Power of the loud speakers. ) Kuasa bagi pembesar suara itu. [10 marks/markah] 10. Diagram A shows fishermen using a sonar system to detect a shoal of fish. Diagram B shows geologists using a geophone to search for crude oil. Rajah A menunjukkan nelayan menggunakan sistem sonar untuk mengesan kumpulan ikan. Rajah B menunjukkan ahli geologi menggunakan geofon untuk mencarigali minyak.

Diagram A / Rajah A

Diagram B/ Rajah B (a) (i) What is meant by sonar? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan sonar? [1 mark/markah] (ii) Study Diagrams A and B. State the similar characteristics of the waves used. By relating the work principles of the instruments in Diagrams A and B, deduce the relevant physics concept related to the waves used. Perhatikan Rajah A dan Rajah B. Nyatakan persamaan ciri tentang gelombang yang digunakan. Hubungkaitkan prinsip kerja alat yang digunakan pada Rajah A dan B untuk membuat kesimpulan tentang satu konsep fizik yang berkaitan dengan gelombang yang digunakan.
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[5 marks/markah] (b) By using suitable examples, compare and contrast longitudinal waves and transverse waves. Dengan menggunakan contoh yang sesuai, bandingkan gelombang membujur dengan gelombang melintang. [4 marks/markah] (c) Echoes are formed as a result of an important sound wave phenomenon. However, the effects of echoes are sometimes disturbing. Gema ialah satu fenomena gelombang bunyi yang penting dalam kehidupan. Namun demikian kesan gema juga mengganggukan. By using a relevant physics concept, suggest and explain a suitable method of building an excellent concert hall. Dengan menggunakan konsep fizik yang sesuai, cadang dan terangkan rekabentuk atau kaedah yang sesuai untuk membina sebuah dewan konsert yang unggul. [10 marks/markah] Section C Bahagian C [20 marks] [20 markah] Answer any one question from this section. Jawab mana-mana satu soalan daripada bahagian ini. 11. Diagram A shows water waves moving towards a harbour. Rajah A menunjukkan gelombang air bergerak ke arah suatu pelabuhan.

DIAGRAM A / RAJAH A (a) (i) Explain the meaning of diffraction. Terangkan erti pembelauan. [1 mark/1 markah] (ii) Draw the pattern of the waves after passing through the harbour entrance. Lukiskan corak gelombang selepas melalui pembukaan masuk pelabuhan. [1 mark/1 markah] (b) (i) State two uses of the sea walls. Nyatakan dua kegunaan tembok laut. [2 marks/2 markah] (ii) What is the effect on the harbour when the entrance is made wider?
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Apakah kesan pada pelabuhan apabila pembukaan masuk dilebarkan? [1 mark/1 markah] (c) To allow more ships to enter the harbour at one time, two entrances, A and B, are made as shown in Diagram B. Untuk membenarkan kapal memasuki pelabuhan pada suatu masa, dua get masuk A dan B dibinakan seperti ditunjukkan dalam Rajah B.

DIAGRAM B / RAJAH B Due to a wave phenomenon, the wave pattern after passing through entrances A and B are as shown. Disebabkan oleh suatu fenomena gelombang, corak gelombang selepas melalui get masuk A dan B adalah seperti ditunjukkan. (i) Write the name of the wave phenomenon. Tuliskan nama fenomena gelombang itu. [1 mark/1 markah] (ii) Explain briefly the meaning of this wave phenomenon. Terangkan secara ringkas erti fenomena gelombang ini. [2 marks/2 markah] (iii Two small boats are anchored at X and Y. Compare the movements of boat X and boat Y. ) Dua kapal kecil berhenti pada X dan Y. Bandingkan gerakan kapal X dan Y disebabkan oleh gelombang. [2 marks/2 markah] (d) A new jetty is to be built at a new location in a fishing village. The proposed location is either at a bay or a cape. A retaining wall is also to be built to prevent soil erosion on the seashore. Four types of structures for the retaining wall have been suggested by the villagers. Suatu jeti baru akan dibina pada suatu lokasi kawasan tanjung pantai. Suatu tembok penahan juga akan dibina untuk mencegah hakisan tanah di pantai. Empat jenis struktur bagi tembok penahan telah dicadangkan oleh penduduk kampung. Table below shows the characteristics and the location of the four types of retaining walls. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan ciri-ciri dan lokasi empat jenis tembok penahan.

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TABLE / JADUAL Explain the importance of the location and the suitability of each characteristic in Table above. Determine the best type of retaining wall to be used. Terangkan kepentingan lokasi dan kesesuaian setiap ciri dalam Jadual di atas. Tentukan jenis tembok penahan yang paling baik digunakan. Give reasons for your choice. Berikan sebab bagi pilihan anda. [10 marks/10 markah] 12. Diagram A shows a man playing a guitar at the corner of a wall. Three boys, P, Q and R, are standing around the next corner. When the man strums the strings of the guitar, sounds which are different in pitch but travel at the same wave velocity are produced. Rajah A menunjukkan seorang memain gitar di tepi sudut suatu dinding. Tiga orang budak P, Q, dan R
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sedang berdiri di sebelah sudut yang lain. Apabila orang itu memetikkan tali gitar, bunyi yang kelangsingan berbeza tetapi bergerak dengan laju gelombang yang sama dihasilkan.

Diagram A/Rajah A (a) State one factor which affects the pitch of a sound. Nyatakan satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kelangsingan bunyi. [ 1 mark/1 markah] (b) When the guitar produces a high pitch sound, only boy R can hear the sound clearly. When the guitar produces a low pitch sound, boys Q and R can hear the sound clearly. Explain this phenomenon. Apabila gitar menghasilkan satu bunyi yang kelangsingan tinggi. Hanya budak R yang dapat mendengar bunyi itu dengan jelas. Apabila gitar menghasilkan suatu bunyi yang kelangsingan rendah, budak Q dan budak R dapat mendengar bunyi itu dengan jelas. Terangkan fenomena ini. [5 marks/5 markah] (c) Ultrasound travels freely through fluid and soft tissues but is reflected back (bounce off as echoes) when it hits a more solid surface such as a body organ or bone structure. This principle is used in an ultrasound scanning machine. Bunyi ultrasonik merambat dengan mudah melalui cecair dan tisu lembut badan tetapi dipantulkan (dibalikkan sebagai gema) apabila ia menghentam ke atas permukaan pepejal seperti organ-organ badan dan struktur tulang. Prinsip ini digunakan dalam sebuah mesin ultrasonik.

Diagram B/Rajah B Diagram B shows an ultrasound probe which is used to check the condition of the unborn baby of a pregnant woman. The microphone sends out a pulse of ultrasound through the probe end and the reflected pulse is also detected by the microphone and sent to a computer. Rajah B menunjukkan suatu prob ultrasonik yang digunakan untuk menyemak keadaan seorang bayi belum dilahirkan bagi seorang wanita yang mengandung. Mikrofon memancarkan satu denyutan gelombang ultrasonik melalui hujung prob. Denyutan yang terpantul dikesani oleh mikrofon yang sama dan dihantar kepada suatu komputer. Table below shows the characteristics of four different ultrasound probes that can be used to display the shape and size of the unborn baby on a computer monitor. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan ciri-ciri bagi empat prob ultrasonik yang boleh digunakan untuk memaparkan imej bentuk dan saiz bayi belum dilahir pada monitor sebuah komputer.

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Table /Jadual You are required to determine the most suitable ultrasound probe that can be used for this purpose. Study the characteristics of all the four probes, K, L, M and N. Anda dikehendaki menentukan prob ultrasonik yang paling sesuai digunakan untuk tujuan ini. Kaji ciriciri semua keempat-empat prob K, L, M dan N. i. Explain the suitability of each of the characteristics of the probe to be used to check the condition of the unborn baby. Terangkan kesesuaian setiap ciri prob supaya digunakan untuk mengesan keadaan bayi belum dilahir. [8 marks/8 markah] ii. Determine the most suitable probe to be used and give a reason for your choice. Tentukan prob yang paling sesuai digunakan dan berikan sebab anda. [2 marks/2 markah] (d) A navy ship sends out a pulse of ultrasound of frequency 600 kHz into the sea. The pulse is reflected by a large underwater rock to the navy ship again. The time interval between the emission of the ultrasound and the reception of the echo is 0.22 s. Sebuah kapal tentera laut memancarkan satu denyutan ultrasonik berfrekuensi 600 kHz ke dalam air laut. Denyutan itu dipantulkan balik kepada kapal oleh suatu batu besar dibawah laut. Selang masa di antara pemancaran ultrasonik dan penerimaan gemanya ialah 0.22 s. Given the speed of ultrasound in sea water is 1500 m s-1. Diberi laju ultrasonik dalam air laut ialah 1500 m s-1. i. What is the wavelength of the ultrasound waves in sea water? Apakah panjang gelombang ultrasonik dalam air laut? ii. What is the distance between the large underwater rock and the navy ship? Apakah jarak di antara batu besar di bawah laut dan kapal tentera laut itu? [4 marks/4 markah]

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SMK RANTAU

Jawapan

SPM Fizik Tingkatan 4,5 - Topical test Kertas 2

1. (a) i. An electromagnetic wave is a wave that consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, and can travel through a vacuum. Suatu gelombang elektromagnet ialah suatu gelombang yang mempunyai medan elektrik dan medan magnet bergetar dan boleh merambat melalui vakum. ii. Microwaves/Gelombang mikro (b) i. 1. Infrared radiation/Sinaran infra-merah 2. Visible light/Cahaya nampak 3. Ultraviolet radiation/Sinaran ultraungu ii. Ultraviolet radiation/Sinaran ultraungu iii. Sunburn and skin cancer Selaran matahari dan kanser. (c) i. P = Microvaves/Gelombang mikro Q = Ultraviolet rays/Sinaran ultraungu R = X-rays/Sinar-X ii. Difference: Radio waves are produced by electron oscillations in an electric circuit and sent out by a transmitter, but gamma rays are produced by a radioactive source. Perbezaan: Gelombang radio dihasilkan oleh getaran elektron dalam litar elektrik dan dipancarkan oleh pemancar, tetapi sinar gama dihasilkan oleh bahan radioaktif. Similarity: Both are transverse waves/ electromagnetic waves/can travel through a vacuum. Persamaan: Kedua-duanya adalah gelombang melintang/gelombang elektromagnet/boleh merambat melalui vakum.

Distance between the earth and the moon, x = 3.9 108 m Jarak antara Bumi dan Bulan, x = 3.9 108 m 2. (a)

(b) Diffraction Pembelauan (c) i. The wavelength of the waves will be longer. Panjang gelombang akan menjadi lebih panjang. ii. The diffraction of waves will be more. Pembelauan gelombang akan bertambah. 3. (a) i. For a transverse wave, the direction of oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of the wave motion. Bagi suatu gelombang melintang, arah getaran adalah berserenjang dengan arah perambatan/gerakan gelombang. ii. Longitudinal wave (Example: Sound) Gelombang membujur (Contoh: Bunyi) (b) i. = 4 cm ii. Speed/Laju, v = f = 4 5 = 20 cm s1 (c)

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(d) Refraction/Pembiasan (e)

4. (a) i. They are refl ected from the barrier wall. Gelombang dipantulkan oleh dinding penghalang. ii.

(b) It protects the shore from being hit by large waves and therefore prevents coastal erosion. Untuk melindungi pantai daripada hentaman gelombang air besar supaya hakisan pantai dapat dicegah. (c) i. In 0.6 s, the sound wave has travelled a distance, d, to the seabed and a distance, d, back to the boat. Dalam masa 0.6 s, gelombang bunyi bergerak jarak d ke dasar laut dan jarak d balik ke kapal.

ii. Ultrasonic waves of high frequency have high energy to penetrate deeper into the water. Gelombang ultrasonik mempunyai frekuensi tinggi dan dapat menembus lebih dalam ke air. 5. (a) Longitudinal wave/Mechanical wave Gelombang membujur/Gelombang mekanikal (b) Constructive interference takes place/Antinode area Interferens membina berlaku/Kawasan antinod (c)
= 0.6 m

(d) (i) The distance between two adjacent rows decreases. Jarak di antara dua barisan bersebelahan berkurang. (ii) The wavelength, , decreases when the frequency of the sound wave increases.
so x decreases.

Panjang gelombang, , berkurang apabila frekuensi gelombang bunyi bertambah.

maka x berkurang.

6. (a) Transverse wave

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Gelombang melintang (b)

(c) Perpendicular to Berserenjang (d) Energy Tenaga 7. (a) Longitudinal wave/Gelombang membujur (b) (i) Compression/Mampatan (ii)

(c) Increases/faster/higher/bigger Bertambah/lebih cepat/lebih tinggi/lebih besar 8. (a) Frequency is the number of complete oscillations per unit time. Frekuensi adalah bilangan ayunan lengkap per unit masa. (b) (i) The depth of water in region X is greater than in region Y. Kedalaman air di kawasan X lebih dari kedalaman di kawasan Y. (ii) The wavelength of the waves in region X is longer than that in region Y. Panjang gelombang bagi gelombang di kawasan X lebih panjang dari panjang gelombang bagi gelombang di kawasan Y. (iii) The deeper the water is, the longer the wavelength will be. Semakin dalam air, semakin bertambah panjang gelombang. (iv) Refraction of waves Pembiasan gelombang (c) 1. In the ocean, wavefronts are straight and parallel as the wave speed is uniform. Dalam lautan, muka gelombang adalah lurus dan selari sebab laju gelombang adalah seragam. 2. When a wave moves towards the shore, the depth of the sea water decreases, the velocity of the wave decreases. Apabila bergerak ke arah pantai, kedalaman air laut berkurang, halaju gelombang berkurang. 3. Refraction occurs and the sea water waves are refracted towards the normal. This causes wavefronts of sea water to follow the shape of the shore. Pembiasan berlaku dan gelombang air laut dibiaskan ke arah normal. Ini menyebabkan muka gelombang air laut mengikut bentuk pantai. 9. (a) i. Two waves that have the same phase or different phase/ same frequency and amplitude. ii. a for both Diagram 10.1 and 10.2 are same [1 m] D for both Diagram 10.1 and 10.2 are same [1 m] in Diagram 10.1 is greater [1 m] x in Diagram 10.1 is greater [1 m] the greater the , the greater the x [1 m] (b) At the centre of the ocean the water waves travel at uniform speed as the depth of the sea is uniform reduced, refraction occurs [1 m] When the waves reach the coast ,the water is shallower, wave speed. [1 m] Refraction causes the wave front bend towards the normal. [1 m] This results in the wave front following the shape of the coastline. [1 m] (c) Two speakers are arranged at a distance to each other. [1 m] To get a nearer position of constructive interference [1 m] Two speakers arranged on the straight line in front of the hall [1 m] Easier to find the louder point (constructive interference) at the audience position [1 m] The surface of the wall is made of soft materials such as carpet or foam. [1 m]

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 To reduce the effect of reflection [1 m] Use parquet as the floor [1 m] To reduce the effect of reflection [1 m] Use a powerful loud speaker [1 m] To get a good effect of sound and reduce the rate of energy lost [1 m] 10. (a) i. Sonar is an echo system that uses ultrasonic waves to detect objects in the sea and to measure the depth of the sea. [1 m] ii. The wave used is the longitudinal wave, which can travel through a medium( water and solid) [1 m] The wave is generated from an instrument. The wave hits a target, is reflected and received by a receiver. [1 m] The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. [1 m] Reflected waves [1 m] Reflected waves occur when incident waves hit a reflector and are reflected. [1 m] (b) An example of a longitudinal wave is the sound wave whereas a transverse wave does not need a medium to travel. [1 m] A longitudinal wave needs a medium to travel whereas a transverse wave does not need a medium to travel. [1 m] Both types of waves transfer energy from one end to another end. [1 m] Both types of waves show the properties of waves, i.e. reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference. [1 m] (c) Soft wood or a thick curtain is placed in front of a hard wall. [1 m] The soft surface can absorb sound and reduce the reflection of sound. [1 m] The reflection of sound produces interference of sound. A wall with holes or lined with objects with holes, for example egg trays, can reduce the effect. [1 m] Normally, two amplifiers are fixed in a concert auditorium. The amplifier acts as the coherent source. Constructive interference and destructive interference occur. This causes certain parts to receive soft sounds. The sitting area is arranged in the antinode region only so that louder sound can be heard. [1 m] The glass used must not be fragile. [1 m] Sound with high frequency will break the glass in the auditorium. [1 m] Sound waves produced by the audience can be distracting. [1 m] The microphone can detect the sound and send the information to a computer. The computer will generate sound waves to produce destructive interference with the sound. Therefore, the audience gets to enjoy the performances without any disturbance. [1 m] 11. (a) i. Diffraction is the spreading of waves when they pass through a small opening or round a small obstacle. Pembelauan ialah penyebaran gelombang apabila melalui suatu bukaan/celah kecil atau suatu penghalang kecil. ii.

(b) i. Uses of the sea-walls: Kegunaan tembok laut: 1. To reflect the sea waves, to prevent direct transfer of wave energy to the shore, to reduce damage to ships in the harbour and reduce coastal erosion. Untuk memantulkan gelombang laut, mencegah pemindahan terus tenaga gelombang air ke pantai, maka mengurangkan kerosakan kepada kapal di pelabuhan dan kehakisan pantai. 2. To form a small opening in the sea for the waves to produce diffraction. Diffraction spreads the wave energy over a wider area, reducing the impact of the incident waves. Untuk membentukkan suatu bukaan kecil di laut supaya gelombang air dibelaukan melaluinya. Pembelauan menyebarkan tenaga gelombang ke kawasan lebih besar, maka kesan hentaman gelombang tuju dikurangkan. ii. More waves from the sea will pass through the entrance, more wave energy will reach the harbour. This can cause more damage to the harbour. Lebih gelombang air akan melalui bukaan, maka lebih tenaga gelombang akan sampai ke pelabuhan. Ini menyebabkan lebih kerosakan kepada pelabuhan. (c) i. wave interference/interferens gelombang ii. Interference is the superposition of two or more coherent waves. Interferens ialah superposisi antara dua atau lebih gelombang koheren. iii. Boat Y is at the crest of a high wave (at antinode), boat X is at the calm water (node). Kapal Y pada puncak gelombang (antinod), kapal X pada air tenang (nod).

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(d) 1. Located at the bay Terletak di teluk wave energy decreases at the bay/calmer water/ wave amplitude smaller. tenaga gelombang berkurang di teluk/air tenang/ amplitud gelombang lebih kecil. 2. Sloping wall Dinding cerun speed/energy/amplitude of the wave decreases when the depth of the water decreases. laju/tenaga/amplitud gelombang air berkurang apabila kedalaman air berkurang. 3. Uneven surface Permukaan tak rata helps to absorb the waves, reducing wave energy membantu menyerap gelombang tuju, mengurangkan tenaga gelombang 4. High retaining wall Tembok penahan tinggi to protect the harbour from high waves untuk menahan pelabuhan daripada hentaman gelombang air 5. Wall C is chosen Tembok C dipilih It is located at the bay, it has a sloping wall, an uneven surface and is high. Ia adalah terletak di teluk, mempunyai tembok cerun, mempunyai permukaan tak rata, dan tinggi. 12. (a) Frequency of sound. Frekuensi bunyi. [1 m] (b) 1. High pitch sound has high frequency, and shorter wavelength. Bunyi langsing tinggi mem pu nyai frekuensi tinggi, dan panjang gelombang yang lebih pendek . [1 m] 2. Low pitch sound has lower frequency, and longer wavelength. Bunyi langsing rendah mempunyai frekuensi rendah, dan panjang gelombang yang lebih panjang . [1 m] 3. Sound waves are refracted when pass by the wall corner. Gelombang bunyi dibiaskan apabila melalui sudut dinding. [1 m] 4. Shorter wavelength refracts less, wave can only reach C. Panjang gelombang yang lebih pendek membias kurang, gelombang hanya boleh sampai ke C. [1 m] 5. Longer wavelength refracts more, wave bends more to reach B. Panjang gelombang yang lebih panjang membias lebih, gelombang membengkok lebih banyak untuk sampai ke B. (c) i. 1. Mass is light, Jisim adalah ringan, [1 m] 2. so that it is handy, easy to use/robust. supaya ia adalah cekap, senang guna/kukuh. [1 m] 3. Surface area of probe end must be small, luas permukaan hujung prob harus kecil [1 m] 4. so that it is able detect small organs, to produce a clearer outline. supaya ia boleh mengesan organ-organ kecil untuk menghasilkan garis kasar yang lebih jelas . [1 m] 5. Frequency used must be high, Frekuensi yang digunakan harus tinggi, [1 m] 6. so that it can penetrate through the abdomen to detect the organs. supaya ia dapat menerusi abdomen untuk mengesan organ-organ. [1 m] 7. Good fl exibility kemuluran yang baik [1 m] 8. to be easily moved around, not cumbersome, comfortable to the patient. senang bergerak-gerak, tidak kaku, selesa kepada pesakit. [1 m] ii. 1. Most suitable probe = L Prob yang paling sesuai = L [1 m] 2. as it is light, small surface area of probe end, can penetrate up to 2 m, and has good flexibility. sebab ia adalah ringan, luas permukaan prob yang kecil, boleh menerusi sampai 2 m, dan mempunyai kemuluran yang baik [ 1 m] (d) i. v = f 1500 = (600 103) [1 m] = 2.5 103 m s1 [1 m] ii.

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