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Timeline in Genetics
MBB 1 June 30, 2011

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Early Application & Speculation

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 1723)

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Early Application & Speculation

1676 Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 1723)

The first to describe protozoa and bacteria and to recognize that such microorganisms might play a role in fermentation His treatise on the flea is a classic, proclaiming that fleas - like fish, dogs, and humans - are sexual beings Confirmed (1677) the discovery by Louis Dominicus Hamm of the existence of sperm cells

The Voyager and The Monk

1859 Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) hypothesized the "natural selection." He also inferred the process of adaptive radiation, wherein populations spread out into the environment to exploit specialized resources.

Charles Darwin's landmark book, "On the Origin of Species," was published in London. It effectively drowned out all other scientific voices, including Mendel's, for decades.

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The Voyager and The Monk

Darwin's theory makes 2 important points relevant to biotechnology:

Every species is ultimately related to every other through common ancestors The theory implies that a record of the evolutionary past is present inside every living thing

e.g., anatomical remnants

The Voyager and The Monk

1865

Gregor Mendel (1822 - 1884), an Augustinian monk, proposed that invisible internal units of information account for observable traits, and that these "factors" - which later became known as genes - are passed from one generation to the next.

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More Focused Overview

Mendelian genetics Frederick Griffith's experiment Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty experiment Blender experiment Events leading to discovery of DNA structure

1866: Mendelian Genetics

Gregor Mendel

Austrian monk Published laws of inheritance Experiments with pea plants Father of Genetics

Timeline of Genetics: GlaxoSmithKline Website

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Mendel's chosen pea traits: Terms:

Phenotype / genotype alleles homozygous heterozygous pure lines / true-breeding dominant / recessive F 1, F2

Genetic Terms Introduced

Chromosome - an organized structure of the DNA which contains the genes (packaged DNA) Gene (from Greek word "genos" "birth") - refers to a Mendelian hereditary factor - sequence of nucleotides at a specific place Allelle an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome Genotype - one's genetic make-up Phenotype - one's outward appearance.

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Artificial crosspollination

Mendels Results

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Mendels Results

Mendels Model

Mendel heritable factor

1. Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters 2. For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent

Allele (purple vs white color)

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Mendels Model
3. If the two alleles at a locus differ, then one, the dominant allele, determines the organisms appearance (dominant trait); the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance (recessive trait). 4. Law of segregation: Two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

Law of Segregation

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Mendel's Principles of Genetics

Law of Segregation
states that when any individual produces gametes, the copies of a gene separate so that each gamete receives only one copy

Law of Independent Assortment

states that alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation

Law of Independent Assortment

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Fred Griffith's Experiment

1928- Frederick Griffith and his transforming principle

Fred Griffith's Experiment

1928- Frederick Griffith and his transforming principle

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1944: DNA Genetic Material

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty report evidence that, at least in bacteria, the molecule that carries genetic information is deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA

1944: DNA Genetic Material

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1952: Chase and Hershey It is DNA!

Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey: final proof:

DNA is the substance that transmits inherited traits.

Hershey receives a Nobel Prize in 1969 for this work.

Hershey, Chase Blender Experiment

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Erwin Chargaff
Base pairing in DNA Purine to pyrimidine ratio = 1:1

Chargaff's Rules, 1949

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Fig 1: Francis Crick & James Watson at the Cavendish Laboratory.

Fig 2: X-ray diffraction image of 'Btype DNA taken by Rosalind Franklin

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James Watson and Francis Crick Shared Nobel Prize 1962

Structure of the DNA molecule:

Double helix 4 bases: A, G, C, T Base pairing: Chargaff's rule

50th Anniversary of Discovery of DNA

Maurice Wilkins Shared Nobel prize with Watson & Crick

Rosalind Franklin in mosaic

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References
Barnum SR. (2005). Biotechnology An Introduction. Campbell NA, Reece JB. (2002). Biology. Benjamin-Cummings, CA, USA. Grace ES. (2006). Biotechnology Unzipped: Promises and Realities, Revised Second Edition. Monje VD. (2005). MBB 1 Lecture.

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