Speech and Communication

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The Basic Structure of a Speech

All speeches contain at least three parts: An Introduction A Body A conclusion In the Introduction, you state the topic of your speech. You tell the audience the main points of your speech. In other words, you say what you are going to speak about. In the Body, you speak about each point in detail. For each point you must give the audience some evidence or information that will help explain and support each point. The Body is the longest of the three parts. In the Conclusion, you should summarise the main points of your speech, and emphasise what you want the audience to remember.

Making a Simple Outline

An outline is a way to organise your ideas logically and clearly. Without making an outline your speech will probably lack structure, and so be difficult to understand. By using a presentation outline, you can "see" the structure of your speech. In addition, It can also serve as your speaking script. The following presentation outline is a very simple way to organise your material into a speech format. If you have time, you should look at the detailed speech outline. When making an outline you should not write full sentences, but just key words and phrases. 1. Introduction What is the topic of your speech? Why should the audience listen to your speech ? What will your main points be? 2. The body What are your main points and ideas (sub-topics)? What is your supporting evidence and information (sub-sub-topics)? 3. The conclusion What were the main main points of your speech, and what do you want the audience to remember? Note that the presentation outline is not a word-for-word script for the speech but an outline of ideas to serve as an organisational and presentation tool for the speaker.

A Detailed Speech Outline

This page explains how to make a detailed outline of a speech. It should be remembered that depending on the type of speech, the outline may vary. However, if you base your speeches on this outline you should be able to make a successful speech. In order to make a detailed and useful outline you must understand the structure of a speech. The basic structure of a speech and how to make a simple outline has been explained on another page. On that page it was shown that there are three main parts to a speech; The Introduction, The Body, and The Conclusion. These three parts can be further broken down. The structure of these three main parts can be seen in the outline below. A presentation outline is a way to organize your material logically and clearly. You should make an outline before you start to write a speech. In fact the writing of a speech comes towards the end of the speech creation process (see '11 Steps to Creating a Speech'). By using a presentation outline, you can "see" your speech and determine where you need to add or revise information. It provides the structure for the introduction, body, and conclusion of your speech. In addition, it can serve as your speaking script. This outline consists of Four parts; The Header, The Introduction, The Body, and The Conclusion. Before you start writing your speech you should make an outline using these 4 headings and their sub headings. 1. Header Topic Decide on your topic. Audience Analyze your audience. What do they already know about your topic? Are they interested in the topic?

Refine and limit topic Based on your analysis of the audience you may need to slightly change you topic, by either changing the focus, or the scale of the topic. Purpose Statement Write down a clear statement of what it is you intend to achieve. What is the purpose of your speech. For example; The purpose of this speech is to inform the audience how to travel in Japan without spending to much money. Organizational Method or Pattern There is no single way to organize a speech. The pattern you will select will be determined by the information you have and the specific purpose you want to achieve. There are six basic patterns for organizing a speech:

Logical or topical Chronological Spatial Classification Problem-Solution Cause-effect

Once you have completed these five parts of the 'Header', you are then ready to start planning the speech itself. 2. Introduction Greeting and Attention getter How will you greet the audience? How will you get the audience's attention? Think of a sentence that will make the audience sit up and listen. Thesis Statement The 'purpose statement' is where you simply state what your goal is. However, it is not possible to use this in the speech. You need to convert it to a 'thesis statement'. A thesis statement is one sentence in the introduction in which you declare your purpose and topic.

For example, a thesis statement of the above purpose statement would be; 'Traveling in Japan need not be an extravagance.' Credibility If the audience do not know who you are, you will not only need to introduce yourself, but you will also need to 'establish your credibility'. This means you will have to explain to the audience why you are 'qualified' to speak about the subject. Outline of main the points - overview What are your main points? Why? Tell your audience why you think your presentation will be useful to them. 3. The body Transition Think of a sentence that will make it clear to the audience that you have finished the introduction, and are now about to start the body of the speech. Main points and ideas
Main ideas Supporting ideas Details & Examples Visuals

What ideas will Will you have any Write your main you tell the What details or visuals to help points and ideas audience to examples do you explain your here support your main have? points? points?

main ideas = sub-topics supporting ideas = sub-sub topics evidence = details and examples

4. The conclusion Transition Think of a sentence that will make it clear to the audience that you have finished the body and are now coming to the end of the speech. Restatement of main points Summarize your main ideas and think of which piece of information you really want the audience to remember. Closer Think of a final sentence to help the audience remember your speech. Note that the presentation outline is not a word-for-word script for the speech but an outline of ideas to serve as an organizational and presentation tool for the speaker. Once you have finished the outline you are then ready to start writing.

Eleven Steps to Creating a Speech

When creating a speech it is a mistake to start writing the speech straight away. The actual writing of a speech comes towards the end of the process of speech creation. You should follow these 11 steps: 1. Choose a topic or some possible topics. 2. Analyse the audience. (Who are they? What are they interested in?) 3. If you know who the audience is, or what they are interested in, adjust and narrow down your topic to suit the audience. 4. Write down the main purpose of your speech 5. Brainstorm for ideas and vocabulary 6. Decide on the organisational pattern of your speech 7. Make an outline, what are your main points and sub points (to a simple outline | to a detailed outline) 8. Start writing a) First, write the Body b) Second, write the Introduction c) Third, write the Conclusion 9. Read through, check and rewrite your speech 10. Plan how to deliver the speech a) Plan the Physical message of your speech b) Plan the Visual message of your speech c) Plan the Vocal message of your speech 11. Practice your speech, and make any necessary revisions

Organisational Patterns for Speeches

Speeches must have an organisational structure. Without such a structure it will be difficult to make the speech, and it will be difficult for the audience to understand. So, an organisational structure or pattern makes the speech easier to understand. Speeches can be organised in many ways. The type of pattern you choose will depend upon the topic and purpose of your speech. There are seven basic patterns for organising a speech: 1. Logical or topical 2. Chronological or Time Sequence 3. Spatial or Geographical 4. Classification 5. Problem-Solution 6. Cause-effect 7. Advantage-Disadvantage 1. Logical or topical pattern Use this pattern when you have several ideas to present and one idea naturally follows on from another. Or you may have one main topic, such as 'Advertising', which can be divided into three subtopics; Television Advertising, Magazine Advertising, and Radio Advertising. This is a useful pattern for informative speeches. 2. Chronological or Time Sequence pattern Use this pattern when your main points are connected by 'time'. For example, if you are going to give a speech about the history of Toyota would begin with how the company was created, and finish with a description of may what happen to the company in the future. Demonstration speeches also use time sequence patterns. For example, if you are demonstrating how to make a cake, the your first point will be about the ingredients, and your last point will be about taking the cake out of the oven.

3. Spatial or Geographical pattern Use this pattern when your main points cover a certain physical space. This physical space could be anything from buildings in a university, to regions in a country. For example, if you were going to give an informative speech about Tokyo, each point could be about a certain district in Tokyo. Or, if you were going to give a speech about skiing in Japan, each point would be about a certain ski area (e.g. Nisseko, Appi, Zao, Tateyama and Iox Arosa), or about a certain part of Japan in which it is possible to ski (e.g. Hokkaido, Tohoku and Chubu). 4. Classification pattern Use this pattern when your main points are all about parts of one larger unit. For example, if your speech is about the Japanese Education system, your first main point would be about kindergarten, and your last point about universities. Or, if your speech is about advantages of using a certain computer, each main point would cover one certain advantage. 5. Problem-Solution pattern Use this pattern when you have two main points; one point is about a problem, and the second is the solution to the problem. This pattern is often used in persuasivespeeches. For example, if you were trying to persuade the audience to take regular exercise, your first main point would be about poor health of many people, and your second point would be about how to become healthier by exercising (the solution). Each of these two points could be organised in their own way. For example, the first point could have a 'classification pattern' in which you could describe the various health problems that people have. he second point could have a 'logical pattern' in which you describe some exercises that people can take, starting with easier exercises and finishing with some harder ones. 6. Cause-effect pattern Use this pattern when you have two main points; the first point is about the cause of a problem, and the second is the effects of the problem. For example, if you were giving an informative speech about environmental pollution, your first problem would describe how environmental pollution is caused, and your second point would be about the effects that this environmental pollution has on our lives. As with the 'problem-solution pattern', each point will probably be organised using one of the above patterns.

7. Advantage-Disadvantage pattern Use this pattern when have two main points; one point is about the advantages of something, and the second point is about the disadvantages of something. For example if you were trying to persuade people to buy a certain car, you would talk about the advantages of that car in one point, and then the disadvantages in another point. As with the 'problem-solution pattern', each point will probably be organised using one of the above patterns.