Teaching-Learning Resources preparation

Simulation materials

Audio-visual

such as

such as

model

games

visual
examples

audio audiovisual examples

radio

chart

picture
photograph
TV

examples

voice recorder video

scrap book
transparency

computer

Teaching-Learning Resources
any publication, picture, chart, object, equipment, apparatus, model or facilities that can facilitate or improve / upgrade the teaching-learning process aim at helping teachers to present lessons that will enable the pupils to gain knowledge, skills, attitudes & values specified in the objectives of the curriculum

2 main classes
1. Printed Materials

books regulated publications references learning materials

2. Non-printed Materials

Visual / screening materials poster chart picture photograph

 2-D visual screening material transparency slide Audio materials radio tape recording Audio-visual materials TV video tape film Computer materials multimedia Computer-based learning 3-D materials realia model diorama Games & simulation materials

Resources
Posters & charts

Main Functions

present information in graphics summarize relationship between facts show structures & organization enable reading at pupils own rate / speed good exhibition materials Photographs replace actual materials bring outside situation into the room allow enlarged printing increases motivation & interest good exhibition materials Transparencies systemmatic presentation of facts step-by-step (berperingkat) presentation of facts Radio & Audio give concrete listening experience tapes instill attitudes & moral values allows repetition TV & video show moving / action visual tapes materials show materials or events in detail heighten motivation, interest &

Computer materials

3-D material (model)

Games & simulation materials

positive attitudes allows repetitive viewing allow individual learning present remedial & enrichment activities allow multimedia presentation stimulate critical & creative thinking facilitate interactive learning show the actual material or its representation enable identification of structures & parts allow demonstration of movement produces integrated & realism effects stimulate critical & creative thinking heighten motivation, interest & positive attitudes instill spirit of competition & social cooperation create situations almost similar to the actual ones

Simulation Materials

activities that imitate actual conditions 3 main types : role-playing games use of models

Role-playing using task cards and masks as teachinglearning resources e.g. : Year 4 : The ways animals move

Topic : How animals move

Previous knowledge : Pupils are familiar with the movements of some animals

Learning Outcome: To describe the various ways animals move about

Space & facilities : Large empty space for activities, e.g. badminton court

Strategy : Role-playing : Pupils show how animals move : walk, crawl, run, slither, fly, jump, and glide. Class is divided into 3 groups.

Preparation of resources: Task cards list down activities for each group

Learning outcome based on resources : Pupils act out the movements of animals

Task Card Group 1 Your group is required to discuss the movements of the following animals : tigers, earthworms and frogs. You and your friends are required to practice the movements of these animals. Your group will have to act out the movements of these animals by wearing the appropriate masks in front of the class.

Models

 replacement materials that can represent the actual ones. can be made from paper, wood, clay, polystyrene, metal or glass. 4 main types : 1. solid models : made to enlarge very small realia or to reduce the size of very large realia. can be observed and held easily. pupils will be able to recognize and understand the external structures and physical features of the realia repreesented e.g. : model of globe to represent the earth 2. cross-section models : to show parts of an object or system the structures and internal functions hidden can be clearly seen e.g. : cross-section of a tooth showing the parts of the tooth

3. Construction models

 using small components which can be joined together to form a stable construction structure useful in teaching the Technology World whereby the pupils are required to build stable and strong structures & to create simple machines. 4.Moving model show how a system works or moves. parts of different models can be coloured to show the relationship between the parts when the system is in operation / moving Games activities related to competition whereby the participants make decisions and follow sets of rules or instructions as in the real situations. usually used as an entertainment which makes learning a particular skill more interesting in games, pupils not only use their manipulative skills involving their senses, but also thinking skills which is directed to problem solving has to be reinforced with work sheets or a short test (oral or written)

Audio-Visual materials involves both seeing and listening together in learning can be just by seeing, or listening or both 3 ways of using : introduce or give an overall picture of the lesson and forward some problems to be considered throughout the lesson try and answer some questions or explain ideas summarize or continue what has been learnt by giving further examples Pictures & Photographs most commonly used as pictures are easily available colourful magazines, science & technology columns in local papers, brochures & commercial & tourism promotion pamphlets, and used text books are some sources of cheap or free pictures & photos a creative teacher can easily collect pictures related to the science syllabus however, if the pictures collected are not properly filed, time will be spent searching for them

 to overcome this problem, stick the pictures onto cards of the same size, arrange them neatly in a suitable box or in the cupboard, & categorize them according to areas of study pictures that can be used for > 1 area of study should be noted so that easier reference to them can be made a picture can be used on its own as a flash card to explain certain concept or as an exhibit for pupils reading a set of pictures can be arranged collectively to give a more critical effect so that pupils can make comparisons visually Charts used to describe the flow of a process or relationship of parts of a whole matter graphically an effective chart will show clearly the organization as well as the components of an entity small charts can be drawn in ex. books or enlarged as walls charts which can be hung in the science rooms various graphic drawings can be made into charts : flow charts classification charts

 pie charts graphic organizers concept maps some visual considerations to be made while preparing charts : drawings should be clear & big enough to include all complex details systematic arrangement to present the message clearly type & size of lettering must be big enough & easily read Scrap Book collections of newspaper cuttings, pictures photos or other printed materials put / pasted into a book with a certain theme can be a task to be undertaken by the pupils to widen their knowledge suitable topics include the more general ones : animals, plants, pollution & technological advancement

 pupils need to be trained so that various process skills or thinking skills are used in producing scrap books pupils are also encouraged to make brief notes or draw charts to explain their collection in every page No. 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Topics Animals breathe Animals & food Living things grow Living things excrete Living things reproduce Living things move
Contents of a Scrap Book

Page 1-2 3-6 7-8 9-10 11-14 15-18

Animals that Give Birth

Picture of Cow

Animals that Lay Eggs

Picture of butterflies

Cow Way to reproduce : Give Birth Number of young produced : one

Butterflies Way to reproduce : Lay eggs Number of eggs : many

Example of a page in a Scrap Book

Transparencies

contents shown by overhead projector OHP suitable for teaching a class or big group advantages : easy to use, clean does not need a dark room easy to take notes can identify pupils interests & attention on the spot as teacher faces the class can be bought from local publishers teacher can produce transparencies as follows : using OHP pens to write & draw on them or on empty plastic sheet photocopy on to them using powder photo copier print from computer by using inkjet printers contents of lesson shown explicitly techniques in producing effective transparencies : make sure the size of lettering is big enough to be read by those sitting at the back use coloured pictures & diagrams prepare framed transparencies so that the sequence of the pictures can be compiled / kept one by one use a few overlapping transparencies to produce complete pictures step by step Radio & Audio Tapes

 Creative use of radio is more effective & attractive compared to learning by reading only stories with elements of science on the radio or by Radio Pendidikan can be recorded in cassette tapes Audio programmes not only present contents actively, but also the sounds of the natural surroundings : bird chirping, flowing water, noise pollution in towns, can be heard as if one is at the place of the happening to prepare an audio programme : a detailed script has to be written identify a suitable presenter recording done in a good studio with minimum / no noise relevant music or sounds can be used as background throughout the programme

Presente Storyline r Zaidi : Look at the fly. Where doe it Johan : come from ? Zauyah : It must have come from a dirty place. Johan : Someone must have thrown Zaidi : some rubbish near our housing area. Look, there is a heap of rubbish by the drain !

Sound Effects Fly flying about

Who is that irresponsible person ?

Script for Audio recording : Land Pollution

Television & Video Materials very suitable teaching-learning materials because the moving pictures can be combined with audio explanation tv & video tapes can be easily operated suitable for showing : science concepts which involve sequencing of activities happenings not seen at places near to pupils new world development related to science & technology to motivate pupils in the learning of science negative effects of pollution, war & abuse of science inventions teacher can use video cameras to record own carefully planned programmes

 detailed script needs to be written; background music; suitable location & good actors have to be identified cameraman needs to learn to take various shots : VLS ( very long shot) LS ( long shot) MS (mid shot) CU (close up) BCU (big close up) XCU (extreme close up) Planning = instruct the cameraman & move with the object which is being filmed