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PSY/BIO250
Otto Loewi
Loewis experiment
Synapse
Synaptic terminals
Some Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine Glutamate Serotonin Dopamine Norepinephrine Epinephrine GABA Nitric Oxide (Gas)
Synaptic events
Dopamine Synthesis
Synaptic Events
Axoplasmic transport* Transmitter/precursor arrives* Action potential* Release of neurotransmitter Dales law*
Reuptake: Enzymatic breakdown
Synaptic Transmission
Neurotransmitter release Calcium ion channels open when action potential reaches pre-synaptic terminal Ca++ ions cause vesicles to move to release sites Number of vesicles released vary Transmitter substance diffuses across synaptic cleft Attach to receptor sites on post-synaptic membrane
Synaptic Events
Axoplasmic transport* Transmitter/precursor arrives* Action potential* Release of neurotransmitter*
Reuptake: Cocaine and amphetamine block* Enzymatic breakdown: acetlycholinesterase*
Receptors
Key in lock model Ion-channels on postsynaptic membrane are chemically gated Not all or none Ionotropic: Direct actions on ion channels Metabotropic: Indirect action on ion channels
Figure 3.13 Sequence of events at a metabolic synapse, using a second messenger within the postsynaptic neuron
Second Messengers
Neurotransmitter can produce chemical changes within the cell These second messengers produce ion channel changes
Acting on ionotrophic receptor - direct effects Acting on metabotrophic receptor - indirect effects
Synaptic Events
Axoplasmic transport* Transmitter/precursor arrives* Action potential* Release of neurotransmitter*
Reuptake: Cocaine and amphetamine block* Enzymatic breakdown: acetlycholinesterase*
Summation Effects
EPSP & IPSP's are graded not all-or-none Only if combined effects reach threshold at axon hillock will action potential occur
Synaptic Events
Axoplasmic transport* Transmitter/precursor arrives* Action potential* Release of neurotransmitter*
Reuptake: Cocaine and amphetamine block* Enzymatic breakdown: acetlycholinesterase*
Plastic Steps
Neural interconnections are use-dependent
Synaptic connections become stronger with use Synaptic connections become weaker with disuse
Synaptic Events
Axoplasmic transport* Transmitter/precursor arrives* Action potential* Release of neurotransmitter*
Reuptake: Cocaine and amphetamine block* Enzymatic breakdown: acetlycholinesterase*
...Neuromodulators
Endorphins belong to a class called neuromodulators Work to affect amount of neurotransmitter release Unlike transmitters have general effect in brain
Neuromodulators
Endorphin - term for peptides with opiate-like effects Both endorphins and opiates inhibit substance P release Substance P - released by pain receptors Runners high - pain causes release of endorphins
Agonists
A drug which stimulates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter or acts to enhance the transmitters effect.
Antagonists
A drug which inhibits or counteracts the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine (NE)
Produced from tyrosine Monoamine class of compounds Four types of noradrenergic receptors Reuptake or monoamine oxidase deactivates Depression associated with norepinephrine depletion
Dopamine (DA)
Also produced from tyrosine Five types of dopaminergic receptors Reuptake or monoamine oxidase deactivates Parkinson's disease associated with dopamine depletion Also associated with schizophrenia
Serotonin (5-HT)
Synthesized from tryptophan Ten types of serotonergic receptors Reuptake or monoamine oxidase deactivates Important in sleep regulation, depression, & mood disorders
Primitive Phones
Analogue signals only OK for short distances What are the problems with using analogue technology over long distances?
Neural Codes
Analogue: Using continuously varying physical quantities (e.g., electric currents or voltages) to represent data Digital: Data represented by a series of discrete digits (usually 1s or Os)
Neural Codes
Nervous system uses analogue codes for short distances around receptors
Graded potentials: Neuron hyperpolarizes or depolarizes in proportion to the intensity of the stimulation (and amount of transmitter released).
Coding of Acceleration
...Summation Effects
Temporal Summation - Rapid events at the same location