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Aim: The aim of this experiment is to familiarize students with the D.C characteristics of low power bipolar transistors. Objectives: On completion of this experiment the student should be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. To determine transistor beta by measurements. To define by measurement all voltages associated with transistor circuits, and their relationships. To calculate all transistors currents through the use of voltage measurements. Draw the input and output characteristics of the transistor.
Risk Assessment:
Low
Introduction:
Before undertaking any transistor circuit measurements, a thorough understanding of current and voltage terminology must be available to the student. A single subscripted voltage means the voltage from that particular subscript to ground. A double subscripted voltage means the voltage at the first subscript with respect to the second subscript, except for power supply voltage labels such as that in Figure 4.1. The student should review the labeled voltages and currents in Figure 4.1 to assure that the terminology is correctly understood.
VCC
R1 R3
VCE VC R4 VE
VBE R2 VB
Figure 4.1: Transistor Voltage and Current Terminology Several relationships can be deduced from studying the terminology in Figure 4.1. These expressed in the DC equations that follow.
I E = IC + I B . . . . . . .
VCE = VCB + V BE
...
.........
1 2
...... .........
IC IB
IC IE
+1
....
Transistor currents are almost never measured. They are normally calculated from voltage measurements. Referring to Figure 4.1, DC currents can be calculated as given below.
IC =
VCC VC R3
...................
IE =
VE R4
................... ...................
5 6
I B = I E IC
20 Volts
R1 820k
R2 1k
2N 5210
EBC
Figure 4.2: Beta Measurement Circuit 2. 3. 4. 5. Measure both VC and VBE and record in Table 4.1. Turn off the power to the circuit and disconnect the resistors and measure their resistance and record in Table 4.1. Use the measured voltages and resistance to calculate the current and as required for Table 4.1. Select another transistor (BC108) and repeat steps 1 through 6 for it. Table 4.1: Beta Measurements Measurements VC VBE R1 R2 IC Calculations IB
Transistor 1 2
VCC
R1 150K R3 10K
22K
R2
2.7K
EBC
R4
2N 5210
Figure 4.3: Measurement Circuit 8. Measure VB, VC and VE and record in Table 4.2. Table 4.2: Transistor Characteristics Measurements R3 R4 VB VC VE IE Calculations IC IB
VCE
VBE
VCB
12.
13.
14. 15. 16. 17.
2. Output characteristics:
18. Turn on the NI ELVIS Bench top Workstation, select StartProgramsNational InstrumentsNI ELVISmx NI ELVISmx Instrument Launcher , or select ELVISmx Instrument Launcher on the desktop. Select the Three-Wire Current-Voltage Analyzer (3-Wire). Place the 2N 2222 A transistor across the DMM/Impedance Analyzer pin sockets board (Collector: DUT+, Base: BASE, Emitter: DUT-). Change the following parameters: V c Start: 0 V, Vc Stop 9 V, Vc Step 0.5 V, Ic Limit 40mA, Ib Start 10 A, Ib Step 5 A, Number of Curves 5. Click on Run and see the I-V curve appear. Save your analysis through the Log option. Plot the analysis curves and determine the transistor current gain
19.
20.
21. 22. 23. 24.
Questions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Refer to Table 4.1. From your data, what would seem to be a good value to use as a constant for VBE? Refer to the circuit of Figure 4.2. Explain what happens to collector current when beta increases. Refer to Table 4.2. From your data, does VBE plus VCB equal VCE? Calculate the using your calculated emitter and collector currents in Table 4.2. Comment on the input characteristics of the BJT. Comment on the output characteristics of the BJT.
References:
[1] A. Sedra and K. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 6th edition, Oxford University Press, 2010. [2] R. Boylestad and L. Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10th edition, Prentice-Hall, 2008.
Laboratory Section: .
Please note that your work for this laboratory experiment will be assessed according to the marking scheme below. Please take this into account when conducting the experiment and writing the report.
No.
1.
Criteria
Performance in the lab
Description
This is to reflect the students Performance in the Lab Documentation and analysis of the results for each task performed in the lab.
Weight %
20
Mark
1. 2. 3.
Comments
2.
50
3.
Summery/ Conclusion
10
4.
Report presentation
Overall presentation of the report including layout and clarity of figures, tables and graphs. Correct use of English language.
20
Total
100