Design of Structures II: Steelmaking, Steel Types, Sustainability

Siddhartha Ghosh
Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

Jan 08, 2013

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Questions
Last lecture: 1. Why steel? Are RC (and PSC) structures not good enough? 2. Where do we use steel in construction? Where can we use steel in construction? 3. What are the advantages of using steel?

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Questions
Last lecture: 1. Why steel? Are RC (and PSC) structures not good enough? 2. Where do we use steel in construction? Where can we use steel in construction? 3. What are the advantages of using steel? Todays lecture: 4. How is steel produced?

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Questions
Last lecture: 1. Why steel? Are RC (and PSC) structures not good enough? 2. Where do we use steel in construction? Where can we use steel in construction? 3. What are the advantages of using steel? Todays lecture: 4. How is steel produced? 5. What are the different types of steel?

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Questions
Last lecture: 1. Why steel? Are RC (and PSC) structures not good enough? 2. Where do we use steel in construction? Where can we use steel in construction? 3. What are the advantages of using steel? Todays lecture: 4. How is steel produced? 5. What are the different types of steel? Later: 6. Sustainability issues
Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Steelmaking

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Steelmaking
What is steel Steel is an alloy composed of mostly iron and some carbon (0.2%-2.11%) However, the %age of carbon determines the quality of steel How strong, how elastic, how brittle/ductile

Other alloying elements Primarily manganese and chromium (and tungsten, nickel, vanadium etc.) These also change various properties: hardness, thermo-chemical stability, fatigue
Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Steelmaking
Basic resources: Iron ore/pellets: haematite (Fe2 O3 , reddish), magnetite (Fe2 O3 , blackish) Coal Limestone, dolomite

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Steelmaking

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Steelmaking

Types of steelmaking Primary (from iron ore): Basic Oxygen Furnace Secondary (from scrap): Electric Arc Furnace Direct (from iron ore): Cyclone Conveter Furnace

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Steelmaking

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Steelmaking

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Steelmaking

Final products

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Types of Steel

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Types of Steel

Long products and Flat products Hot-rolled and Cold-rolled/formed steel Low-carbon and high-carbon steel Steel, stainless steel and galvanised steel Austenitic, Ferritic and Martensitic (stainless) steel

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Long and Flat

Long Billets, blooms, rebars, wire rod, sections, rails, sheet piles, drawn wire Flat Slabs, hot-rolled coil, cold-rolled coil, coated steel products, heavy plate

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Hot and Cold

Hot-rolling The typical shape of the product is obtained using high-temperature: Hot-rolled I sections, C/Channel sections, TMT rebars Better quality control Costly Cold-rolling/deforming The typical shape is obtained by cold-twisting/bending/hammering of hot-rolled coils/bars: CTD rebars, cold-formed sections (IS:801) Quality control suffers Not costly, does not require big factories

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Low- and High-Carbon

Low-carbon Also called the Mild Steel (e.g., Fe250 in India) Less than 0.3% carbon content Very ductile High-carbon More than 0.3% carbon content Very strong (e.g., Fy = 500 MPa) Not that ductile

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013

Low and High-Carbon

Siddhartha Ghosh; IIT Bombay

CE 308, Design of Structures II; Jan 08, 2013