POWER TRANSFORMER

International standards
IEC 76- Power transformer
IEC 354- Loading guide for oil-immersed transformer
IEC 542- Application guide for on load tap changers.
IEC 185- Current transformers.
IEC 186- Voltage transformer
IEC 551 - Determination of tresformer and reactor sound levels.
IEC 722- Guide to the lihtning impulse ans switching impulse testing of power transformer and
reactors.
Type of transformer mengikut insulation sistem
Immersed transformer
Sahagian aktif diletak dalam tangki dan diisi bahan dielektrik:
Mineral oils - product petrolium yang murah tetapi rendah flash point dengan itu
membataskan penggunakannya dalam sesuatu kes.
Silicone oils - cecair dielektrik paling sukar terbakar.
Sealed transformer
Untuk alatubah kuasa kurang dari 16MVA dimana kuantiti dielektriknya rendah dan perlu dielak
terdedah pada udara. Memerlukan ruang antara dielektrik dan permukaan atas tangki kerana ianya
mengembang.
Dry type transformers
Alatubah dengan dry insulation penyejukan udara luar tampa cecair:
1. Class H impregnated
Impregnated dan polymerised bersam varnish digunakan untuk insulation winding. Insulator
dan varnis digunakan untuk mencegah kebakaran, keluar asap dan wap toksik.
2. Cast-resin (encapsulated)
Winding alatubah di dalam epoxy resin, diperkuatkan dengan fiber glass dan ianya dibuat
khas untuk mengelakkan api melarat.
02 Power Transformer
1
Part of Power Transformer
Sistem Penyejuk
Jenis penyejukan
Mineral Oil
Air (water)
Udara (air)
Jenis pengedaran penyejuk
Natural
Forced
Jenis penyejukan biasa digunakan
Natural circulation of oil and air
Simbol
0
w
A
Simbol
N
F
Natural circulation of oil and forced circulation of air
Forced circulation of oil and air
Forced circulation of oil and water
Dry type transformer with natural cooling in air
Dry type transformer with forced air ventilation
02 Power Transformer
Bahagian-bahagian aklatuba
Flange of mounting.
2 Teras (Core)
3 Penyejuk (Cooler- Radiator)
4 LV bushing.
5 Terminal sambungan.
6 Teras- bolts.
7 Thermometer.
8 Tangki dan penutup
9 Conservator
10 Lilitan pada teras (winding)
11 HV bushing
12 Pembawa (carriage)
13 Header
14 Buchholtz relay
Simbol
ONAN
ONAF
OFAF
OFWF
AN
AN
2
01. Flange for mounting.
02. Tank, Tank cover.
03. Core
04. Conservator
05. Cooler (Radiator)
06. Windings on 3
07. LV bushing
08. HV bushing
09. Terminals connections
10. Carriage
11. Core-bolts
12. Header
13. Thermometer
14. Buchholtz relay
Transformer Protection
Melindungi alatubah dari gangguan dalaman, litar pintas, lebihan voltan dan beban lampau.
Melindungi sistem yang bersambung dengan alatubah dan persekitaran dari kegagalan yang
datang dari alatubah.
Menjaga operasi alatubah, memberi amaran dari bahaya yang akan terjadi dan menghadkan
kerosakan jika berlaku kegagalan.
Safety valve
Function
This sensitive to a presure rise in the transformer tank due to its rapid opening ( a few mili-second) the
presure is released. It is usualy placed on the cover of the transformer it is protecting.
C o n t a c ~
(opttOMl.
Lateral
gasket
,_- ..
( 3 c 1::
1
4c:-t:
Contacts
Operation
I
Frame
Mobile
diSC
AdJUStable spnng
Type 1 : 0.2 to 0.4 bar
Type 2 : 0.5 to. 0.7 bar
If an incident occurs, the release pressure, 0.2 or 0. 7 bar is reached. The valve opens.
The dielectric escapes as long as the valve is open, and avoid a damaged to the tank.
Protection relay (Buchholz)
Function
Trip out the transformer if there is a release of gas arising from the decomposition of the solid and
liquid insulating material due to the action of heat or electric arcing.
In the event of a fault two contacts can operate:
a) alarm
b) trip of the circuit breaker in the supply.
Operation
A vilent discharge of gas causes a movement of the transformer oil towards the conservator.
This closes a contact and causes the circuit breaker on the supply side to open.
When the incident is only a minor one, the discharge of gas bubbles acts on a second contact
which sets off an alarm.
If there is a serious leak, the successive tilting of two contacts gives the same protection.
Tap canger protection relay
Protects the tap changer and trasformer from any damage if a defect arises in the tap changer. The
protective relay operates to put the transformer off circuit.
Automatic non-return valve
If a break occurs in a pipe, a joint or even a terminal, this valve avoids the liquid dielectric in the
expansion tank being lost.
This devise is only used with very large expansion tank.
02 Power Transformer
3
F'tg. ,
Normal
state
Air dryer (silica gel)
This has two function:
Ftg. 2
After sudden flow
ol cooling medtum
to absorb the moisture in the air drawn in during contraction( sejuk dan susut).
to stop air entering into the transformer during small variations of load to avoid permanent contact
between the drying product and atmospheric air.
OIL OIL
EXPANSION COOLING DOWN
atr
enters
breather
Diaphragm expansion tank
! .
no contact between
atr tnStde transformer
and atmosphere
The diaphragm in the expansion tank avoids any contact between the oil and air. Hence the oil cannot
oxidise and become polluted.
The elasticity of the diaphragm (rubber sheet) allows variations of volume in the dielectric depending
on temperature.
vent Upper flange Hangtng clamps Vent
I
I
I
i
ll
i I
l
I. Atr dryer
o ~
6ork valve
02 Power Transformer
Vent
Flexible
separator
Conservator dram.ng
4
Nitrogen filling
Transformers can be shipped or stored without oil. In this case, to avoid moisture entering the tank is
filled with nitrogen under a pressure higher than atmospheric.
If the temperatture rises, the increase in pressure is released by the opening of a safety valve.
Spark gap
Spark gaps restrict the voltage that can appear at a terminal to a known value. When they flash over
they can cause the circuit breaker to trip through a fault to earth.
Surge arrestor
Non linear resistance surge arresters are connected between phase conductors and earth to protect
the transformer against overvoltages arising from the opening and closing of circuits and from
atmospheric overvoltages.
~ ~ - 4" .. x::
,./' ..t ,,w; ~ ,
,........
-,=t
::
~ . - . .....,...--..,.....,.,..,
-----
...;;..
! '
Current transformer
Used for metering or protection, it is either interior type (in the oil) or exterior type (mounted on the
transformer cover) for medium and high voltage terminals.
The current transformer can be used for tank-earth protection. In this case it supplies a maximum
current relay to indicate a winding fault to earth.
Thermal image
Used to indicate the winding temperature. It enables the highest temperature of the winding to be
measured. It consists of themometric equipment combined with a heating resistance through which a
current flows reflecting the current flowing in the winding whose temperature is being measured.
02 Power Transformer
, . Oil fllleo pocket
2. Flextble tube
3 Heattn!; reststor
4. Matr"1 curren1 transformer
5. Adao!atiOii unit
5
Thermometer
The thermometer can be provided with a probe inserted in an oil filled pocket, the probe being
connected by a capillary tube to the control cabinet. This equipment is mounted directly on the
trasformer cover. In all cases it can be equipped with a maximum index or an alarm-trip contact.
Thermostat
Mounted on the transformer are used for:
starting up the radator ventilation or air cooler of power transformers.
signaling alarm" and tripping out.
These devices consist of a thermometric assembly with a probe which can be installed in a pocket.
Button for Butlon lor
d1f1erence adjUSting temperature
Engraved plate
on black .... 6 V opera110n
bac. kground -......_ ro
0
; 1 : :. --YJ_j
Difference t l ' 0
adjUStment

. .,.. 'l.Ji)i. +;
index I 0 , Bulb
0 ;
l . '(-:
adjustment -
1
-:::::=-J .; '
tndex - ;>
Engraved plate on .
red background )
? ..,../'
Capillary tube ""-
' 22 0 connection
witrl 1 .5 thread
Oil level indicators
Thermostatic probe
Thermostatic lozenges can be placed on
the low voltage windings of dry transfor-
mers for alarm and tripping out.
The magnetic level indicator indicates the oil level in the conservator of power transformers. It is
mounted on one end of the conservator and is equipped with one or two contacts for remote
indication.
A glass tube mounted on the conservator is also used for level indication. A pointer shows the level at
the filling temperature.
Oil circulation indicator
This equipment is used on transformers with forced oil circulation using a pimp. An arrow indicates the
"stop" and "operating" positions.
Provision is made for remote indication.
NO FLOW
Contact closed
02 Power Transformer
FLOW
Contact open
6
Water circulation indicator
When the cooling system includes water coolers this equipment indicates normal circulation of the
water.
It is provided with reversing contacts.
-
The pressure exened on the Kpaddle" by the flow levers
the roo fitted with the magnet.
Tank-earth protection
In the case of systems with neutral connected to earth, an earth fault cause high currents to circulate
in the transformer tank toward earth. It is possible to insulate the transformer from earth. This enables
a current transformer to be inserted between tank and earth which supplies a current relay giving the
command to trip out the circuit breaker when a fault arises.
1 -differential relay
A-tnp COt!
H-b1as COli
Principle of differential protection
of transformers
Earth terminal
All transformers are provided with an earth terminal. The connection to the earthing circuit is made
directly or through a current transformer for the tank-earth protection. Surge arrestors and spark gaps
are also provided with earth terminals.
Other accessories
Standard or optional
Valve with
tapped
connection
Valve with separate tapped connection
02 Power Transformer
Groved hllng
tor llekbte ru::>e
i apoea ltl!ng
fo" to
transformer or 011
trea:-nc;r,: a;;paratus
Symetrlcal connection Gulllemln type
7
Thermometer pocket
Name Plate
0
VOL TAG V
CURRENT A
SHORT C. V. 1:
VECTOR GROUP
COOL INS
TOTAl WEIGHT lit
ORE AND WlNO.k
02 Power Transformer
120
195
Sempllng device
8
Transformer Vektor
Od 0
OtO
Dyll
Ytl II
Or I
Yd I
y, !
02 Power Transformer
Oelil
Yd S
D. d . delta : ztg-zag
Y, y: N. n neutral
Capital !etters: H1gh Voltage
Small letters : Low
After these letters the clock mdex is shown.
The value of the phase difference between
the terminals A and a rs obtamed by
multiplytng the clock index by 3Qu.
The letters A, B, C reler to the Htgh Voltage
winding. and a. b, c the Low Vol!age
winding.
The letters are shown on the transformer in
front of the corresponding lerminars.
The connection diagrams are drawn
assuming that the windings have the same
direction relative lo the coil.
9