Mud Construction Techniques

REC0NSTR0CTI0N AFTER BISASTER
3.1 PRECAST / PREFAB SYSTEM:

It is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mould or "Iorm" which is then
cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and liIted into place. In
contrast, standard concrete is poured into site-speciIic Iorms and cured on site. Precast stone is
distinguished Irom precast concrete by using a Iine aggregate in the mixture, so the Iinal product
approaches the appearance oI naturally occurring rock or stone.
3.1.1 MATERIALS:
a. Cement: it is one oI the main components and binding material.
b. Mineral aggregate: it is used to increase the bulk in the material. They are mainly oI two
types depending on size.
i. Fine: the size is smaller than 4 mm
ii. Coarse: largest particles with size approx. 12-14mm.
c. Water: it acts as a binding agent. It combines with the cement to Iorm a hardened paste
and lubricates the aggregates to Iorm a plastic and workable mass
d. Steel: it acts as a reinIorcing material.

Pic-20: cement PIC-21: Aggregate Pic-22: Steel ReinIorcement
3.1.2 TOOLS REQUIRED:
a. Concrete mixer:
b. Concrete block making machine
c. Vibrator

PIC-23: Concrete Mixer PIC-24: Block Making Machine PIC-25: Vibrator


3.1.3 PROCESS OF MAKING:
1. Proportioning: The determination oI suitable amounts oI raw materials needed to produce
concrete oI desired quality under given conditions oI mixing, placing and curing is known as
proportioning. Commonly a mix oI 1:6 (cement : aggregate) is used Ior precast concrete blocks.

2. Mixing: The objective oI thorough mixing oI aggregates, cement and water is to ensure that the
cement-water paste completely covers the surIace oI the aggregates.

3. Compacting: The purpose oI compacting is to Iill all air pockets with concrete as a whole without
movement oI Iree water through the concrete. Semi-automatic vibrating table type machines are widely
used Ior making cement concrete hollow blocks.

4. Curing: Hollow blocks removed Irom the mould are protected until they are suIIiciently hardened
to permit handling without damage. This may take about 24 hours in a shelter away Irom sun and
winds. The greatest strength beneIits occur during the Iirst three days and valuable eIIects are secured
up to 10 or 14 days. The longer the curing time permitted the better the product.

5. Drying: Concrete shrinks slightly with loss oI moisture. It is thereIore essential that aIter curing is
over, the blocks should be allowed to dry out gradually in shade so that the initial drying shrinkage oI
the blocks is completed beIore they are used in the construction work. Hollow blocks are stacked with
their cavities horizontal to Iacilitate thorough passage oI air.
Generally a period oI 7 to 15 days oI drying will bring the blocks to the desired degree oI dryness to
complete their initial shrinkage. AIter this the blocks are ready Ior use in construction work.

3.1.4 PHASES OF CONSTRUCTION:
1. The Ioundation trench is dug and trench is rammed.
2. A PCC layer is laid in trench to provide a base and precast concrete blocks are laid over it
3. At plinth a RCC continuous band is provided Ior earthquake protection
4. Then the walling is done with concrete blocks.
5. RCC ties are placed at sill and lintel and also at the joints oI walls and edges.
6. RooIing is done with precast concrete slab spanning over the walls and joist.

PIC-26: Foundation PIC-27: Walling By Concrete Blocks


PIC-28: casting oI Sill Band PIC-29: Channel Section For RooIing
3.1.5 CASE STUDY:
Location: HODKO, Kutch
Construction system: PRECAST/ PREFAB CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
Self-Involvement: POOR
Plan form: RECTANGULAR/ ANY SHAPE
Wall thickness: MIN. 200 mm
Reinforcing material: STEEL (VERTICAL BARS)
Dimension: LARGE
Openings: BIGGER IN SIZE
Wall finish: CEMENT PLASTER
Floor finish: P.C.C
Roofing system: MANGALORE TILES
PIC-30: Section


PIC-31: Plan & Section OI a Unit
PIC-32: Detail OI Precast construction


3.2 BRICK MASONRY:
They are the building blocks made oI clay and sun dried Ior kuchha brick and kiln burnt Ior
pukka bricks. The standard size oI the brick in India is 230mm x115mmx75mm.

3.2.1 MATERIALS REQUIRED:
a. Clay
b.Water

PIC-33: Clay

3.2.2 TOOLS:
1. Mould
2. Strike
3. Burning kiln

PIC-34: Brick Mould PIC-35: Making OI Brick

PIC-36: Firing oI Brick


3.2.3 PROCESS OF MAKING:
1. Clay is sieved Ior removal oI stones and pebbles
2. The Iine clay is then worked under Ieet to remove air traps.
3. The clay is then Iilled in moulds tightly and levelled with a strike.
4. The mould is removed aIter tapping and brick is allowed to dry.
5. For kuchha brick it is sun dried and burnt in kiln Ior pukka (red) brick.

1. The Ioundation trench is dug and trench is rammed.
2. A PCC layer is laid in trench to provide a base and bricks are laid over it till plinth.
3. Flooring is done with cement mortar or with a Iine paste oI sand and cow dung.
4. At plinth a RCC continuous band is provided Ior earthquake protection
5. The walling is done with bricks.
6. RCC ties are placed at sill and lintel, near the openings and also at the joints oI
walls and edges.
7. RooIing is done with precast concrete slab spanning over the walls and joist or
with Mangalore tiles.

PIC-37: Foundation Detail PIC-38: Construction with lintel band

PIC-39: RooIing Frame PIC-40: Openings OI Wood


3.2.5 CASE STUDY:
Location: VONDH, KUTCH
Construction system: BRICK MASONRY
Self-Involvement: POOR
Plan form: RECTANGULAR/ ANY SHAPE
Reinforcing material: R.C.C. (PLINTH, SILL AND LINTEL)
Dimension: LARGE
Wall finish: FINISHED WITH CEMENT PLASTER
Floor finish: P.C.C
Roofing system: R.C.C OR PRECAST FERROCEMENT CHANNELS
PIC-41: Details OI Brick House Construction


3.3 Stone construction system:
Stone is one oI the most commonly available construction materials in the state oI Gujarat.
Stone and bricks are the most vital construction materials used in construction. Mostly
random rubble is used Ior construction which is done in a very unskilled manner. The major
causes oI death was due to heavy stones Iailing during earthquake.

3.3.1 Materials:
D Stone
E PreIab members oI RCC
F Cement mortar Cement Sand

PIC-42: Stones PIC-43: Cement Mortar PIC-44: PreIab Members

3.3.2 Tools:
1. Hammer Ior dressing stone
2. Wedge

PIC-45: Hammer PIC-46: Wedge
3.3.3 Phases Of Construction:
1. The Ioundation is prepared by digging a trench and ramming the earth.
2. The trench is then paved with stones.
3. Then wall oI stone masonry is erected over it joint with cement mortar.
4. PreIab members oI RCC are placed over the openings and tied at the rooI
5. The preIab members are so made that they protect the doors and windows.


PIC-47: Foundation Trench PIC-48: walling up to plinth

PIC-49: Iramework Ior rooIing

PIC-50: Complete Unit


3.3.4 CASE STUDY
Location: DATRANA, GUJARAT
Construction system: STONE MASONRY
Self-Involvement: HIGH
Plan form: RECTANGULAR
Wall thickness: THICK WALLS (MIN. 600 mm)
Reinforcing material: PRECAST R.C.C.BANDS
Dimension: LARGE
Openings: SMALL IN SIZE
Wall finish: EXPOSED RANDOM RUBBLE MASONARY
Floor finish: STONE
Roofing system: THATCH

PIC-51, 52, 53, 54: details oI stone construction

3.4 Adobe
It is a natural building material made Irom sand, clay, water, and some kind oI Iibrous or
organic material, which the builders shape into bricks using Irames and dry in the sun. Adobe
structures are extremely durable, and account Ior some oI the oldest existing buildings in the
world. In hot climates, compared with wooden buildings, adobe buildings oIIer signiIicant
advantages due to their greater thermal mass.

3.4.1 Materials:
a. Sand
b. Clay
c. Water
d. Straw
PIC-55: sand PIC-56: Clay PIC-57: Straw
3.4.2 Tools required:
a. Wooden moulds
b. Water
c. Strike/leveller

PIC-58: Mould
3.4.3 Process:
1. Create a mound with the earth, pouring oI the 'water to moisten the earth and
allowed to stand overnight. It adds zest oI rice.
2. Dough is worked with their Ieet.
3. The blocks are Iormed in wooden molds and aIter removal oI the panels are leIt to
dry and harden in the sun Ior a day on one side, and then turned to the other side dry
out more quickly. It takes two or three days to Iinish the process. The blocks
measure 20x30x10 cm.


3.4.4 Phases of the construction:
1. A deep trench with 30 cm 45 cm wide is dug. The blocks Ior the Ioundations are
places to work using a blend oI local ground and cement Ior mortar.
2. The walls are raised in continuity with the Ioundations, using a mortar and cow dung
local earth mixed with water to make the mixture workable.
3. The lintels and openings oI doors and windows are inserted where necessary.
4. The platIorm is then built with stone and ground to a height oI about 45 cm. this is
then Iilled with a thin layer oI earth, 'Lipan' that goes on the walls oI bhunga,
protecting the base.
Preparation of the plaster (Lipan): the compound Ior the topcoat, locally called gobar
Lipan, is made oI cow dung and local ground. Water is added to improve machinability. A
Iirst layer is applied to the exterior, and is spread with hands. To do this it takes about one
day, and then another layer is applied on the inside. These outer and inner layers are rotated
up to seven layers that have not been applied both outside and inside. The last Lipan layer is
composed oI earth and dung.

PIC-59: Clay PIC-60: Blocks oI Adobe PIC-61: Walling

PIC-62: plastering PIC-63: Complete with paintings

3.4.5 CASE STUDY
Location: NAVA VAS, KUTCH
Construction system: ADOBE
Plan form: CIRCULAR
Reinforcing material: BAMBOO / WOOD
Dimension: O4.5M
Openings: SMALL
Wall finish: FINISHED WITH STABALIZED MUD PLASTER
Floor finish: RAMMED EARTH


PIC-64, 65, 66, 67: Details OI Adobe House

3.5 C.S.E.B (compressed stabilized earth block systems)

Compressed stabilized Earth Block has a wide application in construction Ior walling,
rooIing, arched openings, corbels etc. Stabilized Earth Blocks are manuIactured by
compacting raw material earth mixed with a stabilizer such as cement or lime under a
pressure oI 20 - 40 kg/cm
2
using manual soil press. The basic principal oI all the machines is
the compaction oI raw earth to attain dense, even sized masonry. Some oI the hydraulic
machines can even manuIacture interlocking blocks. These interlocking blocks are highly
suitable Ior speedy and mortar less construction.

3.5.1 MATERIALS:
a. Sand / earth
b. Cement/ lime
c. Water
d. Hydraulic/ manual press (compaction)

PIC-68: cleaning oI sand

PIC-69: Cement

3.5.2 TOOLS:
1. AURAM PRESS
PIC-70: Auram Press

3.5.2 PROCESS:
1. MIX PREPARATION: the sand is sieved to remove stones and obtain clear sand, and
then the sand is mixed with stabilizer like cement or lime in the determined ratio.
2. COMPACTION: it is done by the help oI machines. The mold oI the machine is Iilled
with the mix and the pressure is applied Ior compaction. The block is then ejected and
stacked.
3. CURING: the blocks are den curies in humid condition Ior 4 weeks without any Iiring or

burning.
1. A plinth is made by compacting soil or by P.C.C on the ground
2. Then the reinIorcement is tied on the edges to make it earthquake resistant.
3. The walls are made with CSEB up to a suitable level leaving opening where
required.
4. RooIing is done with Mangalore tiles or by precast R.C.C channels.


PIC-71, 72, 73,74, 75- Phases oI CSEB house Construction
3.5.4 CASE STUDY
Location: GANDHI-NU-GHAM LUDIYA
Construction system: C.S.E.B
Self-Involvement: MEDIUM
Plan form: RECTANGULAR
Reinforcing material: STEEL BARS
Dimension: LARGE
Wall finish: FINISHED WITH CEMENT PLASTER
Floor finish: P.C.C
Roofing system: PRECAST FERROCEMENT CHANNELS3.6
PIC-76, 77, 78 - Details OI CSEB House Construction

WALLET AND DAUB:
Wattle and daub (or wattle-and-daub) is a building material used Ior making walls, in
which a woven lattice oI wooden strips called wattle is daubed with a sticky material usually
made oI some combination oI wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung and straw. Wattle and daub
has been used Ior at least 6,000 years, and is still an important construction material in many
parts oI the world. Many historic buildings include wattle and daub construction, and the
technique is becoming popular again in more developed areas as a low-impact sustainable
building technique.

3.6.1 Materials:
a. Soil
b. Clay
c. Animal dung
d. Straw
e. Bamboo
PIC-79: Sand PIC-80: Clay PIC-81: Dung

PIC-82: Straw

PIC-83: Bamboo Mesh PIC-84: detail


3.6.2 Tools required:

No tools are required Ior construction. Tools are required only to make the Iramework iI the
main supporting structure is oI some other material than bamboo.

3.6.3 Phases Of Construction:
1. The Ioundation oI the house is prepared by digging a trench 30-60 cm wide and 90-
100cm deep.
2. Foundation is usually laid with CSEB or stones. The structure is made using brick
and RCC lintel.
3. The wallet and daub is just the Iilling to the walls.
4. a mesh oI bamboo sticks is made at the place oI wall.
5. Then the paste oI sand mixed with Iibre. And cow dung is applied to it.
6. For Iinishing a Iine paste oI sand and cow dung is applied in 4-7 coats to obtain a
smooth Iinish.

PIC-85, 86, 87, 88, 89: Phases OI wattle And Daub Wall making

3.6.4 CASE STUDY
Location: RAMNAGAR
Construction system: WATTLE AND DAUB
Plan form: CIRCULAR/ RECTANGULAR
Wall thickness: 150mm
Reinforcing material: BAMBOO/WOOD
Dimension: O4.5M
Openings: SMALL
Wall finish: MUD PLASTER

PIC-90, 91, 92, 93, 94: details oI house


3.7 Rammed earth construction system:
Rammed earth is a technique Ior building walls using the raw materials oI earth, chalk, lime
and gravel. It is an ancient building method that has seen a revival in recent years as people
seek more sustainable building materials and natural building methods. Rammed-earth walls
are simple to construct, non-combustible, thermally massive, strong, and durable. They are
labour-intensive to construct, however, they are susceptible to water damage iI inadequately
protected or maintained. The availability oI useIul soil and a building design appropriate Ior
local climatic conditions are the Iactors that Iavour its use.

3.7.1 Materials:
a. Stabilized earth

PIC-95: Stabilized Sand

3.7.2 Tools:
a. Ramming pole
b. Framework

PIC-96: Tampers PIC-97: Framework


1. Plinth Ior the construction is prepared by ramming the earth.
2. Then the Iormwork oI required wall width is placed.
3. The stabilized soil is than added in the Iormwork and compressed to 50 by
volume.
4. The work is done in layers with each layer not higher than 4-6 inches compacted to
2-3 inches.

PIC-98, 99, 100, 101, 102,103: Phases oI Rammed earth Wall Construction

3.7.4 CASE STUDY
Location: HODKO, Kutch
Construction system: RAMMED EARTH CONSTRUCTION
Plan form: CIRCULAR/RECTANGULAR
Reinforcing material: R.C.C (PLINTH,SIL AND LINTEL)
Dimension: O4.5M
Wall finish: FINISHED WITH STABALIZED MUD PLASTER

PIC: 104, 105: Details OI a Rammed Earth House

Mud Construction Techniques

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REC0NSTR0CTI0N AFTER BISASTER

3.1 PRECAST / PREFAB SYSTEM:

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