Linear Nonlinear Amp

Linear and Nonlinear Power Amplifier
EE542 Microwave Engineering Class

The material is from the book, Solid-State Microwave Amplifier Design, Tri T. Ha
Nov. , 2011, Fall , KAIST 1 EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Park, 2012. Fall, KAIST
Characterizing Nonlinear Behavior
Power amplifiers require additional measurements to
characterize nonlinear behavior
power sweeps (using network analyzer)
Gain compression
H
ACTIVE CHANNEL
RESPONSE
STIMULUS
ENTRY
INSTRUMENT STATE R CHANNEL
NETWORK ANALYZER
50 MHz-20GHz
Gain compression
AM to PM conversion
single-tone harmonic
second harmonic
R L T S
HP-IB
STATUS
PORT 2 PORT 1
second harmonic
third harmonic
multi-tone intermodulation
third-order intercept using two tones
high-order intermodulation using many carriers
digital modulation d g odu o
adjacent-channel power
o
g
)
Lower Adjacent
Channel
Upper Adjacent
Channel
Nov. , 2011, Fall , KAIST 2
frequency
p
o
w
e
r

(
l
o
Carrier Channel
EE542 Microwave Engineering,
Power Sweep Compression (AM-to-AM Conversion)
Saturated
t t output power
e
r

(
d
B
m
)
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
Compression
region
O
u
t
p
Linear region
Input Power (dBm)
(slope = small-signal gain)
Input Power (dBm)
Measured Gain Compression
CH1 S
21
log MAG 1 dB/ REF 25 dB

CH2 B log MAG REF 26 dBm 5 dBm/

1_: 25.018 dB
-12.6 dBm
1_ -12.418 dBm
1 dB compression:
input power resulting in

C2

PRm

1
1

2_: 23.933 dB
3 7 dB
1 dB drop in gain
ratioed measurement
output power available (non-
ratioedmeasurement)

2
_
3.7 dBm

2
ratioed measurement)
use power-meter calibration
for best accuracy

PRm
2
2_ 27.633 dBm
3.7 dBm

1
CH1 START -15.0 dBm STOP 9.0 dBm CW 1.880 000 000 GHz

CH2 START -15.0 dBm STOP 9.0 dBm CW 1.880 000 000 GHz

1dB Compression Results:
Input power: 3.7 dBm Output power: 27.633 dBm Gain,1dB : 23.933 dB
Single Frequency Input Test (AM-to-AM Conversion)
Single Frequency Input Test Single Frequency Input Test
1
( ) cos x t A t e =
2 2 3 3
( ) cos cos cos y t k A t k A t k A t e e e = + +
2 3
1 2 3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y t k x t k x t k x t = + +
1 1 2 1 3 1
2 3
1 1 2 1 3 1 1
1 1 3 1
2 3
2 2 4 4
1 3 1 1
( ) cos cos cos
cos ( cos ) ( cos cos )
y t k A t k A t k A t
k A t k A t k A t t
e e e
e e e e
= + +
= + + + +
2 3 2 3
2 1 3 1 2 1 3 1
1 3 1 1
2 3
2 4 2 4
( )cos cos cos k A k A k A t k A t k A t e e e = + + + +
)
4
3
log( 20
4
3
log 20
2
3 1
3
3 1
A k k
A
A k A k
G + =
+
= The gain at the fundamental frequency e
1
is given by
4 A
1
1
0
log 20 log 20 k
A
A k
G = =
dB G G
dB
1
0 1
=
1
2
3 1
891 . 0
4
3
k A k k = +
As compared to the linear gain G
0
defined as
1-dB gain compression point is defined as the signal level where
dB 0 1
4
0 , 145 . 0
3
3
1 2
< = k
k
k
A
g p p g
Hence at the 1-dB compression point the amplitude of is limited as
The input and output powers P
1
and P
0
at the fundamental frequency e
1
is given in dBm as
dBm
R
A
P
i
|
.
|
\
|
=
3
2
10
2
log 10
dBm
A k A k
P

|
|
|
|
+
=
3
2
3
3 1
10
4
3
log 10
R

)
. \
2
dBm P G
dBm
R
P
i
+ =

)
`
|
|
|
.
\
=
0
2
log 10
Single Frequency Input Test (AM-to-AM Conversion)
The output power at 1dB gain compression point P
1dB
is
1 1 0
1
dB dB i i
P G P G P dBm = + = +
dBm
R k
k
G P
dB

| |
(
(
+ =
3
3
1
0 1
10
2
145 . 0
log 10 1
dBm
R k
k
R k
k
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
3
3
3
1
3
3
1
10
33 . 17
1
log 10
70 . 57
log 10
Example
Consider a two port with the following transfer characteristic (assuming
R=50)
3
( ) 15 ( ) 2 ( ) y t x t x t =
Linear gain G
0
=23.5dB and 1dB gain compression point is G
1dB
=22.5dB. At
this point the amplitude is limited to
1/2
1
0.145 , 1.044
k
A V
k
(
= =
(

Saturated
output power
and the output power is
3
k
(

w
e
r

(
d
B
m
)
P
1dB
=32.89dB
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
Compression
region
O
u
Linear region
(slope = small-signal gain)
(slope small signal gain)
Park, 2012. Fall, KAIST Input Power (dBm)
The effects of nonlinearity high power amplifier on the OFDM signals
The effects on spectrum and Modulation Error Rate (MER)
Nonlinearity of Power Amplifiers
Input(x(t))
output (y(t))
2 3 2 3
1 2 3
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) cos cos
y t k x t k x t k x t
x t A t A t e e
= + +
= +
4
2 2 3
2 2 1 2 1 3 1
3 3 3
1 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 1
4
( ) cos( ) ( ) cos( )
9
4 3 3
( ) cos cos(2 ) cos(2 )
9 4 4
1 1
y t k A k A k A k A t
k A k A t k A t k A t
e e e
e e e e e
= + + +
+ + + +
2 2 2
2 1 2 2 1 2 2
1 1
cos( ) cos(2 ) cos2
2 2
k A t k A t k A t e e e e + + + +
In-band and out-of-band distortion

P
y
Si l
s + + + +
=
=
}

B f f B
N
a
N
B N a BN a a a
d R f P
y y
) 2 (
4
3
2
)
2
9
3 6 (
) ( ) (
3
2 2
3
0 2
3
0 2 2
0
2
3 0 3 1
2
1
t t
Distortion
Signal
s + + + +
=
=
}

B f f B
N
a
N
B N a BN a a a
d R f P
y y
) 2 (
4
3
2
)
2
9
3 6 (
) ( ) (
3
2 2
3
0 2
3
0 2 2
0
2
3 0 3 1
2
1
t t
s < B f B f B
N
a 3 ) 2 (
4
3
2
3
0 2
3
B
f
-B
s <
B f B f B
N
a 3 ) 2 (
4
3
2
3
0 2
3
Two Frequency Input Test (AM-to-AM Conversion)
2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2
2 2 3
2 2 1 2 1 3 1
9
4
( ) (cos cos ) (cos cos ) (cos cos )
cos( ) ( )cos
y t k A t t k A t t k A t t
k A k A t k A k A t
e e e e e e
e e e
= + + + + +
= + + +
3 3
1 3 2 3 1 2
3 2 2
9 3
2
4 4
3 1
2 2
( )cos cos( )
cos( ) cos( ) cos
k A k A t k A t
k A t k A t k A t
e e e
e e e e e
+ + +
+ + + +
3 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
2
2
2 2
4 2
1
2
cos( ) cos( ) cos
c
k A t k A t k A t
k A
e e e e e + + + +
+
3 3
2 3 1 2 3 2 1
3 3
2 2 2
4 4
os cos( ) cos( ) t k A t k A t e e e e e + + + +
3 3
3 1 3 2
1 1
3 3
4 4
cos cos k A t k A t e e + +
At higher power levels the response of P
(e1)
will be compressed and will deviate fromthe response of P
0
dBm
R
A k
P
|
.
|
\
|
=
3
2
1
0
10
2
log 10
dBm
R
A k A k
P
w
|
|
|
|
|
|
+
=
3
2
3
3 1
) 1 (
10
2
4
9
log 10
At higher power levels the response of P
(e1)
will be compressed and will deviate from the response of P
0
R

)
. \
2
|
.
\
dB
A k
P

|
|
|
|
3
2
3
3
10
4
3
l 10
dBm
R
P
w w
|
|
|
.
\
=
) 2 1 2 (
2
4
log 10
Harmonics and Conversion Gain Measurement
Harmonics
20
Input : 3.4- 4.2 GHz
Output 950 ~ 1750 MHz
m
)
20
0
Stability : 25 KHz
LO : 5.15 GHz
Gain : 65 dB
u
t

p
o
w
e
r

(
d
B
m
-40
-20
o
u
t
p
u
-80
-60
1st at 1350 MHz
2nd at 2700 MHz
3rd at 4050 MHz
4th at 5400 MHz
Input power (dBm)
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20
-100
4th at 5400 MHz
p p ( )
2 2 3
2 2 1 2 1 3 1
3 3 3
1 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 1
4
( ) cos( ) ( ) cos( )
9
4 3 3
( ) cos cos(2 ) cos(2 )
9 4 4
y t k A k A k A k A t
k A k A t k A t k A t
e e e
e e e e e
= + + +
+ + + +
2 2 2
2 1 2 2 1 2 2
9 4 4
1 1
cos( ) cos(2 ) cos2
2 2
k A t k A t k A t e e e e + + + +
Harmonics and Conversion Gain Measurement
SG : -80 ~ -10 dBm
SA
RF Input
LNB
RF Input
IF Output
RF = 3.8GHz, IF = 1.317 GHz RF = 4.2GHz, IF = 0.903 GHz
Parameter Specification
RF Input Frequency Range 3.7 ~ 4.2 GHz
IF Output Frequency Range 950 ~ 1750 MHz
Local Oscillator Frequency 5150 MHz
Cross Modulation of PAs
1 2
1 ( ) ( cos )cos cos
m
y t A M t t A t e e e = + +
One modulated and the other initially unmodulated as follows;
1 1 1 2
2 2
1 2
2
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( cos )cos cos
cos cos cos cos
m
m m
y t k A M t t k A t
M t M M t t t
k A
e e e
e e e e
= + +
(
| || |
+ + + + + + +
| | (
+ \ .\ .
( ){ }
2
2
1 2 1 2
3 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
1 1 3 1
1 3 3 2
cos cos( ) cos( )
[{ cos ( cos ) ( cos cos
m
k A
M t t t
k A M t M t M t
e e e e e
e e e
| | (
+ \ .\ .
(
(
+ + +

+ + + + + + 3 )} t e
3 2
1 3 3 2
2 2 4 4
[{ cos ( cos ) ( cos cos
m m
k A M t M t M t e e e + + + + + +
2 2
1 1
3
3 1 1 1
3 31 2 2
4 4 2 2
)}
( cos cos ) ( cos cos )
m
m m
t
t t M t M M t
e
e e e e + + + + +
1 2 2 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 3 1
2 31 2 3
2 2 2 2 4 4
( cos )cos ( cos )( cos )cos cos cos ]
m
t t M t t t t t e e e e e e e + + + + + +
The cross modulation term e is given as
M E
t t M A k t A k A k e
m CM
'
2
3
3 2
3
3 1
) 1 (
cos ) cos 3 ( cos )
4
3
( e e e + + =
The cross modulation term e
CM
is given as
3
2
3 '
3 M A k
t t M E
m CM 2
cos ) cos 1 ( e e + =
3
3 1
4
3
A k A k E
CM
+ =
2
3 1
3 '
4
3
3
A k k
M A k
M
+
=
where
3
t t M E
t t M A k t A k A k e
m CM
m CM
2
'
2
3
3 2
3
3 1
cos ) cos 1 (
cos ) cos 3 ( cos )
4
3
(
e e
e e e
+ =
+ + =
] ) cos(
2
1
) cos(
2
1
[cos
2
'
2
'
2
t M t M t E e
m m CM CM
e e e e e + + + =
2 '
3 A k M
2
3 1
2
3
4
3
3
A k k
A k
M
M
CM
+
= =
1
2
3
3
k
A k
CM ~
2
1
2
3
3
log 10 log 20 ) (
(
= ~
k
A k
CM dB CM
At a lower level signal, CM can be approximated by
1
k
1
The relation between CM(dB) and the intermodulation distortion of the two
unmodulated carriers at e
1
and e
2
with the same amplitude A
dB P P P P
dB P P dB CM
I w I
o w w
12 ) ( 2 12 ) ( 2
12 ) (
) 1 ( 0
) 2 1 2 (
~ =
=

1 ( ) ( cos )cos y t E M t t e e = +
The amplitude modulated input signal can be expressed as
0
0
1
2 2
( ) ( cos )cos
cos cos( ) cos( )
i m
i i
i o m o m
y t E M t t
ME ME
E t t t
e e
e e e e e
+
= + +
KME KME
The output signal of the system under test with small-signal gain K can be
can be expressed as
2 2
1
( ) cos ( ) cos( )( ) cos( )( )
[ cos ( )]cos ( )
i i
i o d o m d o m d
i m d o d
KME KME
y t KE t t t t t t
KE M t t t t
e e e e e
e e
= + + +
= +
Where t
d
is the group delay of the system under test, assumed to be constant
from e
c
- e
m
and e
c
+ e
m
DB ree K
p
/ deg
) / 180 ( t u
DB ree
M
K
p
P
/ deg
) 1 log( 20 +
=
AM-to-PM Conversion
Consider a system whose output phase shift is a function of the
instantaneous input amplitude of an amplitude
modulated signal as follows:
( ) (1 cos )
m
a t A M t e = +
( )cos
c
a t t e
) ( ) (
2
t ca a = u
radians t M t M cA a
m m
e e u ) cos cos 2 1 ( ) (
2
2 2 2
+ + =
t
M t M cA
m P o
m
e u u
e
cos
1 ), cos 2 1 (
2
+ ~
<< + ~
The peak phase error K
p
is given by
dB ree cA
M
cMA
M
cMA
K
P
/ deg 2 . 13
69 . 8
) / 180 ( 2
) 1 log( 20
) / 180 ( 2
2
2 2
=
~
+

=
t t
Linearization of PAs
Back off
P di t ti Predistortion
- Look up table based
- Nonlinear component to compensate of PA
nonlinearity
Feedfor ard Feedforward
Harmonic feedback
Envelope feedback
LINC
Cartesian Feedback
- IF / Base band feedback)
)
Feedforward LPA
Advantage
Excellent linearity - Excellent linearity
more than 30 dB IMD or ACPR
Improvement Improvement
- Wideband width
Di d t Disadvantage
- Additional amplifier
- Power loss in lossy delay line cable
- Low efficiencyy
- Complexity
- High Cost
High Cost
Linear Power Amplifier Issue
Linearity
- Not a problem in Feedforward scheme
=> Adaptive control with compact, low cost
- Marginal in only Predistortion scheme
=> More study is needed for linearization algorithm
=> Adaptive control
Adaptive control
- Different component, Current setting
- Environment variation (Temperature)
- Aging effects (slow response)
- Mechanical impacts
- No manual tuning => Low cost
B d id h
Bandwidth
Linearization technique
Phase
Pout
Operation
at small output power
Attenuator
Phase shifter
Pin
p p
Amp
2f0
In
Out
Combiner
output sampling
Back off
-low efficiency
Second Harmonic
Feedback
Amp
Gain
Control
output sampling
In
Out
|
Phase shifter
Ph
OP
Amp
detector
Power divider Phase
detector
Envelop feedback
narrowbandwidth
- narrow bandwidth
Feedforward Linearization
Designs of LPA
LPA design Issues LPA design Issues
Amplifiers
Li it (IMDACPR) Effi i St bilit G i - Linearity (IMD,ACPR), Efficiency, Stability,Gain
flatness
Phase Shifter Attenuator Phase Shifter, Attenuator
- Flatness, Linearity
One chip solution p
Coupler,Delay Line,Power Divider (Combiner )
- Loss, Flatness,directivityy
Metal Cavity delay module
Housing
- Thermal dissipation, RF signal Isolation
RF Power and Gain Budgeting
Main Amp
Gain : 38+24 dB
10dB
Delay line
10dB
Output
20dB
46 dBm avg / 23 dBc
44 dBm avg
/ 60dBc
10dB
3dB
Input
~ -12 dBm avg
~ 16 dBm / 60 dBc
10dB
10dB
38dB
~ 33 dBm avg / 30 dBc
10dB
VM1
VM2
Error Amp
50 + 20dB
38dB
Signal Amp
~ -10 dBm
distortion only
g
10dB
VM1
Stability of LPA
PA stability
L I D C G T
line VM comb MainAmp
1
2 1 1
< =
+
PA stability
- Bias circuits optimization
- Lossy matching
coupler l directiona of y Directivit : D
Amplifier of Gain : G
L D C D G T
line VM ErrorAmp

1
3 2 1 2
< =
+
Lossy matching
Loop oscillation
- High gain of Amplifiers
Isolation : I
Loss : L
coupler l directiona of Coupling : C
p f y

g g p
- Need of High directivity
in directional coupler
Isolation : I
1
- Inclusion of Isolator
- Ground leak
1
3
2
2
High directivity directional coupler
V1(In)
V3(Coupled )
V2(Through)
V4(Isolated)
30
-20
Coupling (S31)
B
)
-50
-40
-30
Di r ec t i vi t y
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

(
d
B
Even-odd mode
compensation
1 7E+9 1 75E+9 1 80E+9 1 85E+9 1 9E+9 1 95E+9 2 00E+9
-70
-60
Isolation (S41)
M
a
g
| |
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3
1
10
P
P
P
log Coupling
High Directivity
1.7E+9 1.75E+9 1.80E+9 1.85E+9 1.9E+9 1.95E+9 2.00E+9
Frequency (GHz) |
|
.
|
\
|
=
4
3
10
P
P
log y Directivit
High Directivity
- Isolator unnecessary
Experimental results
PA output
Distortion Signals
PA output
Distortion Signals
Power = 45 dBm Power = 45 dBm
Linearized PA
Continued
Power = 44 dBm
IS97 Recommendation
Pilot tone controller
I l i f il t t I nclusion of pilot tone
Dow n
Conv
BPF
A/D
Dow n
Conv
Pi l ot
moni t or
DSP
Cont r ol l er
A/D
Pi l ot
moni t or
DSP
Cont r ol l er
BPF
moni t or Cont r ol l er
moni t or Cont r ol l er
Predistortion Linearizer
Pre-distortor
High Power AMP
IN
OUT
Gain
Gain
Gain
AM-AMdistortion
Pin
Phase Phase
Phase
Pin
Pin
AM-AM distortion
AM-PM distortion
Pin Pin
Pin

Linear Nonlinear Amp

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Linear Nonlinear Amp

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Linear and Nonlinear Power Amplifier

EE542 Microwave Engineering Class

In-band and out-of-band distortion

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