EECE 260 Electrical Circuits Prof.

Mark Fowler
Complex Number Review

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Complex Numbers
Complex numbers arise as roots of polynomials.
Definition of imaginary # j and some resulting properties:

j = 1 j 2 = 1 ( j )( j ) = 1 ( j )( j ) = 1

Recall that the solution of differential equations involves finding roots of the characteristic polynomial Sodifferential equations often involve complex numbers

Rectangular form of a complex number:

z = a + jb
real numbers

a = Re{z} b = Im{z}

The rules of addition and multiplication are straight-forward:

Add :

(a + jb) + (c + jd ) = (a + c) + j (b + d )
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Multiply : (a + jb)(c + jd ) = (ac bd ) + j (ad + bc)

Polar Form

z = re

r>0

Polar form an alternate way to express a complex number Polar Form good for multiplication and division

If r is negative then it is NOT in polar form!!!

Note: you may have learned polar form as r we will NOT use that here!! The advantage of the rej is that when it is manipulated using rules of exponentials and it behaves properly according to the rules of complex #s:

( a x )( a y ) = a x + y
Multiplying Using Polar Form

a x / a y = a x y
Dividing Using Polar Form

(r e )(r e ) = r r e
j1 j 2 1 2 1 2

j (1 + 2 )

z1 z2 = z1 z2

(r e ) = r e (r e ) r
j1 1 j 2 1 2 2

j (1 2 )

z n = (re j ) = r n e jn
n

{z1 z2 } = {z1}+ {z2 }

z1 / n = r1 / n e j / n

1 1 1 j 2 = = e j 2 z 2 r2 e r2

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We need to be able convert between Rectangular and Polar Forms this is made easy and obvious by looking at the geometry (and trigonometry) of complex #s: Geometry of Complex Numbers Im b r a z = a + jb Re Conversion Formulas r a b

b = r sin a = r cos

r = a 2 + b2 b = tan a
1

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Complex Exponentials vs. Sines and Cosines Eulers Equations: (A) (B) (C) (D)

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Summary of Rectangular & Polar Forms Rect Form: Polar Form:

z = a + jb Re{z} = a = r cos Im{z} = b = r sin

z = re j

r0

( , ]

z = r = a2 + b2 b z = = tan 1 a

Warning: If you calculate the angle by first dividing b/a and then taking the inverse tangent your calculator will give you the wrong answer whenever you have a < 0. In other words, for z values that lie in the II and III quadrants. You can always fix this by either adding or subtracting choose add or subtract in order to give an angle that lies between and + . Use common sense looking at the signs of a and b will tell you what quadrant z is in make sure your angle agrees with that!!! (See the examples)
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Conjugate of Z

Denoted as

z*

or

z = a + jb z = re j
Properties of z*

z * = a jb z * = re j

Imaginary parts cancel

1. z + z * = 2 Re{z} 2. z z = ( a + jb)( a jb) = a + b = z

* 2 2 2

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Summary of General Results

Polar to Rect
Given : z = re j Convert : z = r cos + jr sin

Rect to Polar
Given : z = a + jb Convert : z = a + b e
2 2 j tan 1 (b / a )

For Rect Form

Add / Subtract : ( a + jb) ( c + jd ) = ( a c ) + j (b d ) Multiply : ( a + jb)( c + jd ) = ( ac bd ) + j ( ad + bc )

Warning: If a < 0 calculator may give wrong angle to correct

Multiplying Using Polar Form

(r e )(r e ) = r r e
j1 j 2 1 2 1 2

Finding Magn/Angle of Rect

Given : z = a + jb | z |= a 2 + b 2 z = tan 1 (b / a )

j (1 + 2 )

z = (re
n
j1

j n

=r e
n

jn

1/ n

=r e
1/ n

j / n

Dividing Using Polar Form

Finding Magn/Angle of Products

z1 z2 = z1 z2 {z1 z2 } = {z1}+ {z2 }

(r e ) = r e (r e ) r
1 j 2 1 2 2

j (1 2 )

1 1 1 j 2 = = e z 2 r2 e j 2 r2

Finding Magn/Angle of Ratios

z1 / z2 = z1 / z2 {z1 / z2 } = {z1} {z2 }
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A Few Tricks
1 =j j
1 = e j 1 = e j0

Proof:

1 1 = j / 2 = (1 / 1)e j ( 0 / 2 ) = e j / 2 = cos( / 2) + j sin( / 2) = 0 j j e

Proof: e j = cos( ) + j sin( ) = 1 + j 0 Proof:

e j 0 = cos(0) + j sin(0) = 1 + j 0

j = e j / 2
j = e j / 2

Proof: e j / 2 = cos( / 2) + j sin( / 2) = 0 + j1 Proof: e j / 2 = cos( / 2) + j sin( / 2) = 0 + j ( 1) Im a+j0 Re

0, a > 0 ( a + j 0) = , a < 0
a is real #

Im a+j0

+ - Re
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Example #1a:

Given: Use:

z = 4 j 3 Convert to Polar Form

z =| z | e jz

| z |= ( 4) 2 + ( 3) 2 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5

3 1 (0.75) = 0.64 2.5 rad = tan z = tan 4

1

z = 4 j 3
Im -4 -3 0.64 rad Re

z = 5e j 2.5

0.64 - rad

From this we see that z is in Quad III but our calculator gave us 0.64 which is in quadrant I. So if we subtract we get an angle in Quad III and is between and +
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Example #1b:

Given: Use:

z = 4 + j 3 Convert to Polar Form z =| z | e jz

| z |= ( 4) 2 + (3) 2 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5

3 1 ( 0.75) + = 0.64 + 2.5 rad z = tan = tan 4

1

Im 3

z = 4 + j 3
-0.64 + rad

z = 5e j 2.5
From this we see that z is in Quad II but our calculator gave us -0.64 which is in quadrant IV. So if we add we get an angle in Quad II and is between and +

-4

Re 0.64 rad

Comparing Ex. 1a and 1b we see that they are conjugates of each other note how conjugation just changes the sign in front of j for both rect form and polar form!!!
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Example #2:

Given: Use:

z = 3e j / 4 Convert to Rect Form z =| z | cos(z ) + j | z | sin(z )

By Inspection: | z |= 3

z = / 4
sin ( / 4 ) = 1 / 2

cos( / 4 ) = 1 / 2

Your calculator will give 0.707 but more precisely it is 1/sqrt(2)

z = 3e
Im
3/ 2

j / 4

3 3 z= +j 2 2

3/ 2

/4 rad Re

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Example #3:

Given:

z = je j / 2 Write it in Polar Form

Isnt it ALREADY in polar form!!!??? View it as a product of two complex numbers and note that the first is in rect form: 0 + j Since multiplication is easier with polar form convert the rect form # into polar form

NO!!!!!!!

j / 2 z =[ j ] e N
z1 z2

Im
j

| j |= 0 + 1 = 1
2 2

/2 rad Re

j = tan 1 (1 / 0) = / 2

Easier to see graphically!!

z = je j / 2 = e j / 2 e j / 2 = e j ( / 2 / 2 ) = e j 0 = 1
z = je j / 2

][

z =1
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2 + j3 Find magnitude and angle Example #4: Given: z = 3 + j2

Use:
z1 / z2 = z1 / z2 {z1 / z2 } = {z1} {z2 }

2 + j3 | 2 + j3 | 22 + 32 13 = = = =1 2 2 3 + j 2 | 3 + j 2 | 13 ( 3) + 2

2 + j3 = {2 + j 3} { 3 + j 2} 0.983 ( 0.588 + ) = 1.57 rad 3 + j2

2 + j3 =1 3 + j2 2 + j3 1.57 rad 3 + j2

Correcting for case when real part is negative (i.e., quads II & III)

Exact value is /2
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Example #5a:

R1 + 1 / jC Given: z = Find magnitude and angle R2 + jL

First some common manipulations: R + 1 / jC jC ( R1 + 1 / jC ) jR1C + jC / jC 1 + jR1C z= 1 = = = R2 + jL jC ( R2 + jL) jR2C + jCjL LC + jR2C Now to find magnitude:

12 + ( R1C ) 2 1 + ( R1C ) 2 1 + ( R1C ) 2 | 1 + jR1C | | z |= = = = 2 2 2 2 2 | LC + jR2C | ( LC ) + ( R2C ) ( LC ) + ( R2C ) C L2 + R2

Now to find angle:

z = { 1 + jR1C } { LC + jR2C } = tan 1{R1C} tan 1{ R2 / L}+

Im R2C -LC
Add rad

Re Calculator result
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Example #5b:

R1 + 1 / jC Given: z = Find magnitude and angle R2 + jL

R1 + 1 / jC R1 j / C = R2 + jL R2 + jL

A slightly different way to do it: z= Now to find magnitude:

| R j /C | | z |= 1 = | R2 + jL |
Now to find angle:

R12 + ( 1 / C ) 2
2 R2 + L2

R12 + 1 / C 2
2 R2 + L2

z = {R1 j / C } {R2 + jL} 1/ C 1 {L / R2 } = tan tan R1

1

Even though these have a different form than the Ex 5a results they give the exact same numerical values!!!

1 1 {L / R2 } = tan tan R1C

1

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Example #6:
Find magnitude:

1 Given: z = R2 + jL
| 1 | | z |= = | R2 + jL |

Find magnitude and angle

1
2 R2 + L2

Now to find angle:

z = { 1} {R2 + jL} = tan 1{L / R2 }

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