Solutions with Sika Systems

Shear Strengthening
Sika CarboDur Composite Systems

v Long term tested and approved systems v High strength composite systems v Corrosion resistant v Easy application v No maintenance cost

Sika CarboDur Composite Systems

Earthquake Column with shear failure

Insufcient Sh of Reinforced Concre

v Corrosion of steel reinforcement v Inadequate design of reinforcement

Strengthening Steel Shear Plates

v Low material cost v Offsite fabrication and

protection required v High installation cost
2

v Subject to corrosion v High maintenance cost v Increased weight/static loading

Shear Strengthening Alternatives

Increased load Beam with failure

hear Strength ete Structures due to

v Increased permanent, live and trafc loads v Change of the structural use

Alternatives Sika CarboDur Composites

Sika CarboShear L Plates SikaWrap Fabrics

v Medium material cost v Easily cut/prepared on site v Low installation cost

v Do not corrode v No maintenance cost v Very lightweight

3

Sika CarboDur Composite Systems Strengthening Sys

Structural Requirements
v Static loading v Dynamic loading v Crack bridging v Creep prevention v Durability When the working load is applied, the Sika CarboDur Composites absorb the tensile forces proportionally with the steel reinforcement. An unused load-bearing reserve must be available in the concrete compression zone of the existing structure. The Sikadur adhesive layer is fully capable of levelling out any stress peaks.

Sika CarboShear L Composite Plate System

System Advantages v Precise material properties v Well dened anchoring v Fully corrosion resistant v High strength v Minimum weight v Range of dimensions optimum design
4

Shear Strengthening Alternatives

tem Requirements
Environmental Inuences
v Temperature v Moisture v Frost Freeze/thaw cycles v Corrosive chemicals v Ultra-violet radiation Corrosion resistance is an important factor in achieving durability. Sika CarboDur Composites also have high chemical resistance to the pollutants normally occurring on structures. There is absolutely no risk of underrusting.

SikaWrap Composite Fabric System

System Advantages v Carbon, glass, aramid and hybrid fabrics available v Uni- and/or bidirectional fabrics: 0, 0 /90 , +/ 45 v Very easy application v Ideal for strengthening non-uniform or not square cross sections v Fully corrosion resistant
5

Sika CarboDur Composite Systems:

Sika CarboShear L Plates

Sika CarboShear L System

System Components
Sika CarboShear L CFRP Plates
Type 4/20/50 4/30/70 4/50/100 Leg length (mm) 200 resp. 500 300 resp. 700 500 resp. 1000 Width (mm) 40 40 40 Thickness (mm) 1.4 1.4 1.4 Compressive strength Bond strength on steel Bond strength on concrete

Sikadur Epoxy Adhesives and Mortars

Sikadur-30 Adhesive > 95 N/mm > 26 N/mm
2 2

Sikadur-41 Mortar > 75 N/mm > 10 N/mm

2 2

> 4 N/mm (concrete failure) 12 800 N/mm

2

> 4 N/mm (concrete failure) 9000 N/mm

2

E-modulus (mean value) 120 000 N/mm

2

Tensile strength (minimum value) 126 kN/40 mm

E-modulus

Pretreatment of the CarboShear end with Sikadur-30, 24 hours before application in order to shorten the anchorage length.

Patent No. DE 19702246, 30 July 1998

Testing for Shear Strengthening

In 1998 the EMPA performed tests with Sika L-shaped CFRP plates. The objective was full scale testing of the suitability of these plates for use in shear strengthening, as well as establishing a design proposal.

Shear Strengthened T-beam

500

120

EMPA: Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dbendorf, Switzerland

380

Sika CarboShear L CFRP plate

375

150 900

375

Beam T3 Strengthening with CarboShear L

F/4
350 1360 520

F/4
2240

F/4
520

F/4
1360 350

110

1770 6000

125

EMPA Test Reports No. 169219E/1 and No. 169219E/2

Technical Datas
SikaWrap Composite Fabrics System
System Components
SikaWrap Fabrics
Carbon ber fabrics Glass ber fabrics SikaWrap Hex-230C/-103C SikaWrapHex-430G/-100G Flexural strength Tensile strength of bers Tensile modulus of bers > 3500 N/mm
2 2

SikaWrapFabrics

Sikadur Epoxy Adhesives

Sikadur-330 3800 N/mm
2 2

Sikadur-300/-306 3120 N/mm

2 2

> 2250 N/mm

Bond strength on concrete

> 4 N/mm (concrete failure)

> 4 N/mm (concrete failure)

> 230 000 N/mm

> 70 000 N/mm

For additional information see the Product Data Sheets

Testing for Shear Strengthening

In 1999 the EMPA performed tests with SikaWrap composite fabrics. The objective was full scale tests to conrm the suitability of these composite fabrics for use in shear strengthening, as well as to establish a design proposal. Two identical beams were strengthened with SikaWrap Hex-230C unidirectional fabric and Sikadur-330 resin.

Shear Strengthened T-beam

120 500

EMPA: Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dbendorf, Switzerland

380

Sika Wrap fabric

375

150 900

375

Beam T4 Fabric Applied Vertically

F/4
350 1360 520

F/4
2240

F/4
520

F/4
1360 350

110

1770 6000

125

EMPA Test Report No. 200137/E/1

Beam T5 Fabric Applied with 45 Inclination

F/4
350 1360 520

F/4
2240

F/4
520

F/4
1360 350

110

1770 6000

125

EMPA Test Report No. 405552E

Sika CarboDur Composite Systems:

Sika CarboShear L Plates

Sika CarboShear L Tests at the EMPA

Beam T3

Ready for test

After failure test

Basic Shear Plate Tests

Anchorage Zone Tensile Test Bend Zone Tensile Test

Load-bearing Capacity of

Mid-span Deflection of the Beams str

Mid-span Deflection of the Beams str

Tensile force Concrete test specimen Anchorage length 100 200mm
600

#

GFRP pads
Failure load Ftotal [kN]
EMPA Test Report No. 405552E

"

Concrete test specimen GFRP pads

!

200

GFRP pads

100

Tensile force

Bend zone length 150 300 mm

EMPA Test Report No. 169219E/1

0 0 20 40 60

Performance Testing
SikaWrap Tests at the EMPA
Beam T4 Beam T5

SikaWrapFabrics

Ready for test

Ready for test

After failure test

After failure test

Beams T3, T4 and T5

rengthened with Sika CarboDur

Test Set-up for the Moir Measurements

rengthened with Sika CarboDur

Beam T3 Beam T4 Beam T5

80

100

120

Deflection [mm]

Sika CarboDur Composite Systems:

Sika CarboShear L Plates

Sika CarboShear L Installation Procedure

Preparation of the Concrete Substrate
v Blast cleaning or equivalent mechanical means v Clean, oil and grease free surface v Vacuum the surface before resin application v Levelling with Sikadur mortars as necessary v Smoothening the edge of the structure to t the inner radius of the L-shaped plates

Preparation of the Sika CarboShear L Plate

v Pretreatment of the anchor zone of the Sika CarboShear L Plate with Sikadur-30, 24 hours before xing.

Drilling Holes in the Concrete Slab and Filling them Completely with Sikadur-30

Drilling holes with diamonds coated chain saw

Inserting the Sika CarboShear L Plate and carefully removing the exuded excess resin.

Sika CarboShear L Plate: completed installation

Fixing Sequence
v The long leg of precut CarboShear L is slightly inclined and pushed into the boreholes prelled with Sikadur-30. v When the anchor length is reached, the plate is pressed with a rubber roller against the substrate. v The CarboShear L Plate on the second side is then installed in exactly the same way as on the rst side.

Bonded

Bonded

10

Installation and Application

The SikaWrap Installation Procedure
Preparation of the Concrete Substrate
v Blast cleaning or equivalent mechanical means v Clean, oil and grease free surface v Vacuum the surface before resin application

SikaWrapFabrics

Application of the Mixed Sikadur-330 to the Prepared Substrate

v Trowel apply the Sikadur-330 resin with a notched trowel and control the thickness.

Careful Impregnation of the SikaWrap Fabric into the Sikadur Resin with the Laminating Roller

Shear Strengthening of the Reinforced Concrete Beam Completed with SikaWrap Fabric and Sikadur-330 Resin

11

Sika CarboDur Composite Systems:

Sika CarboShear L Plates

Sika CarboShear L Design Proposal Proceeding

1. Ultimate Limit State
v Vd : Shear force design value = DL VDL + LL VLL DL, LL = Load factors, according to National Standards v VR : Shear resistance of the concrete section strengthened with CarboShear L AL = Cross section of CarboShear L L = Ultimate strain, max. 7 , EMPA Tests EL = Modulus of elasticity, CarboShear L z = Lever arm of internal forces s = Spacing between CarboShear L = Inclination of compression force in concrete Truss model

= Vconcrete + Vsteel stirrups + VCarboShear L

See EC2, or National Standards z AL L EL s cotg

VR v Structural safety is proven if: Vd < R R = Resistance factor, according to National Standards

2. Serviceability Limit State

v Vservice

Vconcrete + Vsteel stirrups + VCarboShear L

National Standards z AS fS s cotg +

z AL LS EL s cotg

AS = Cross section of one stirrup fS = Stress in steel stirrups, 0.8fyielding , acc. b/ACI-440 LS = Strain in CarboShear L EL = Modulus of elasticity, CarboShear L Compatibility LS = Steel, with max. 0.8fyield

3. Unstrengthened Section
v No sudden failure of the whole structure in case of loss of Composite/CarboShear L contribution v Vd : Shear force design value =Shear force at working level with DL = LL =1.0 v VRO : Shear resistance of unstrengthened section VRO Therefore Vd < R , R : Resistance factor>1

Basis of

v Eurocode EC 2 v EMPA and EPFL Test Reports v Approvals from SOCOTEC and ICBO
12

Design Proposals
SikaWrap Design Proposal Proceeding
1. Ultimate Limit State
v Vd : Shear force design value = DL VDL + LL VLL DL, LL = Load factors, according to National Standards v VR : Shear resistance of the concrete section strengthened with SikaWrap tf = Thickness of SikaWrap = Thickness of bres = Ultimate strain in SikaWrap, max. 5 EMPA Tests Efu = Modulus of elasticity = Tensile modulus of bre bw = Minimum width of cross section d = Effective depth of cross section = Angle between principal SikaWrap orientation and longitudinal axis of member
fd,e

SikaWrapFabrics

= Vconcrete + Vsteel stirrups + VSikaWrap

See EC2, or National Standards 0.9

fd,e

Efu p f bw d (cotg + cotg ) sin

VR v Structural safety is profen if: Vd < R R = Resistance factor, according to National Standards v Reinforcement ratio p f for: 1. 2. Continuously bonded SikaWrap: p f = SikaWrap in form of sheets of width bf at a spacing s f: pf = 2t f bw b 2t f f sf bw

2. Serviceability Limit State

v Vservice

= Vconcrete + Vsteel stirrups + VSikaWrap

See remarks for stress limitation in steel stirrups and follow the proposed approach made for CarboShear L.

See EC2, or National Standards 0.9

serv

Efu pf bw d (cotg + cotg ) sin

3. Unstrengthened Section
v Identical approach/design philosophy as for CarboShear L.

Design Proposals v Recommandations of ACI-440 and b-TG 9.3 v Technical Papers v Sika CarboDur Product Data Sheets

13

Sika CarboDur Composite Systems:

Sika CarboShear L

Shear Strengthening with CarboShear L

Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Bridge, Switzerland

Plate installation

Anchorage end detail

Strengthening of the main bridge girders

Increase of Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Columns for Seismic Upgrading

Ofce building, Taiwan

Shear and exural strengthening of columns and beams with Sika CarboShear L and Sika CarboDur CFRP plates

Warehouse Structure
Beam strengthening, Denmark

Ofce Building
Beam strengthening, Switzerland

14

International References
Shear Strengthening with SikaWrap Fabrics
Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Ofce building, Switzerland

SikaWrapFabrics

Application of Sikadur-330

Strengthening of the precast beams

Increasing Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns for Seismic Upgrading
Bridge, USA

Overview

Fabric application to column base

Increase of Shear and Flexural Strengths of a Brick Chimney

Chemical Factory, Switzerland

Rolling of the SikaWrap glass fabric into the Sikadur resin

Crossing

Overview

Laminating the SikaWrap fabrics

Overcoated SikaWrap

Strengthened chimney 15

Shear Strengthening
Sika CarboDur Composite Systems
Test Reports
Testing of CFRP shear strips on reinforced concrete T-beams T1 and T2 Testing of CFRP shear strips. Flexural beam T3 Shear strengthening with CFRP fabric. Test beam T4 Shear strengthening with CFRP fabric. Test beam T5 Sika Shear Strengthening of Concrete Beams EMPA Test Report No. 169219E/1 EMPA Test Report No. 169219E/2 EMPA Test Report No. 200137/E/1 EMPA Test Report No. 405552E EPFL Final Report 97.02 1998 1998 1999 1999 1998

Technical Papers
CFRP L-shaped Plates. H. Meier, SI+A 43/1998 Shear Strengthening with CFRP L-shaped Plates. Ch. Czaderski, SI+A 43/1998 Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete with CFRP. Ch. Czaderski, IABSE, Lucerne 2000 Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete with CFRP. Ch. Czaderski, SAMPE 2000, USA Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams using FRP Composites. T. Triantallou, ACI Journal March-April 1998 The Latest R&D in Structural Strengthening with bonded CFRP Plates. H. Meier, A. Bleibler; Structural Faults & Repair, 1999, London On the strengthening of RC beams by Sika CarboShear L system against shear failure A. P. Jensen, E. Poulsen, CCC 2001, University of Porto, 2001 SOCOTEC No. HX0823 France No. AT/99-04-0587 Poland ICBO No. ER-5558 California, USA 07.08.2000 Anchorage and laps of CFRP strips for the strengthening of RC structural components E. Poulsen and all, CCC 2001, University of Porto, 2001 Structural strengthening with bonded CFRP L-shaped plates H. Meier, M. Basler, S. Fan CICE 2001 Hongkong Design of concrete exural members in shear with FRP. T. Triantallou, C.P. Antonopoulos, ACI Journal, November 2000

Approvals
Report/Technical Investigations on Sika CarboDur and SikaWrap Aprobata Techniczna IBDiM (SikaWrap-230C/Sikadur-330) Evaluation Report for SikaWrap FRP Systems 27.01.1999

01.04.2000

Additional Sika CarboDur System Brochures

Solutions with Sika System

Solutio s wit Sika System

Solutions with Sika Systems

Sika CarboDur Heating Device

Rapid Application of CarboDur Plates

Bridge Strengthening
Sika CarboDur Composite Systems

Sika Technologies in Action

Supporting Earthquake Recovery

The Circum Pacic Belt The Ring of Fire

The Alpide Belt The Hot Line

v Fast curing of structural adhesive v Application at low temperatures v For use at elevated service temperatures v Application even under dynamic load

v Flexural Strengthening v Shear Strengthening v Seismic Retrotting

v Concrete restoration v Structural strengthening v Seismic upgrading

Your Local Sika Company

The information, and, in particular, the recommendations relating to the application and end-use of Sika products, are given in good faith based on Sika Sikas s current knowledge and experience of the products when properly stored, handled and applied under normal conditions. In practice, the differences in materials, substrates and actual site conditions are such that no warranty in respect of merchantability or of tness tness for a particular purpose, nor any liability arising out of any legal relationship whatsoever, can be inferred either from this information, or from any written recommendations, or from any other advice offered. The proprietary rights of third parties must be observed. All orders are accepted subject to our current terms of sale and delivery. Users should always refer to the most recent issue of the Technical Data Sheet for the product concerned, copies of which will be supplied on request.
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9 01 / E N 2

Certif ie

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since 1986

since 1997

Internet: www.sika.com

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08.01 / 01SIC 38.8 / Sika AG, Switzerland

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