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Chapter 20
Materials
As with machine elements discussed throughout this book, the material properties of strength and stiffness are of prime importance. In general, steel ranks high in strength compared with competing materials for frames. But it is often better to consider more than just yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, or endurance strength alone.
Materials cont
Consider the ratio of strength to density, sometimes referred to as the strength-toweight ratio or specific strength. This is one reason for the use of aluminum, titanium, and composite materials in aircraft, aerospace vehicles, and transportation equipment.
Materials cont
Rigidity of a structure or a frame is frequently the determining factor in the design, rather than the strength. In these cases, the stiffness of the material, indicated by its modulus of elasticity, is the most important factor. The ratio of stiffness to density is called specific stiffness.
Comparison of Methods
Welded Joints
The design of welded joints requires consideration of the manner of loading on the joint, the types of materials in the weld and in the members to be joined, and the geometry of the joint itself. The load may be either uniformly distributed over the weld such that all parts of the weld are stressed to the same level, or the load may be eccentrically applied.
Types of Joints
Joint type refers to the relationship between mating parts,as shown in the next slide. The butt weld allows a joint to be the same nominal thickness as the mating parts and is usually loaded in tension. If the joint is properly made with the appropriate weld metal, the joint will be stronger than the parent metal.
Types of Welds
The next figure shows several types of welds named for the geometry of the edges of the parts to be joined. Note the special edge preparation required, especially for thick plates, to permit the welding rod to enter the joint and build a continuous weld bead.
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Size of Weld
The five types of groove-weld are made as complete penetration welds. Then, the weld is stronger than the parent metals, and no further analysis is required. Fillet welds are typically made as equal-leg right triangles, with the size of the weld indicated by the length of the leg. A fillet weld loaded in shear would tend to fail along the shortest dimension of the weld that is the line from the root of the weld to the theoretical face of the weld and normal to the face.
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General Procedure
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