[WeE1-2]

8th International Conference on Power Electronics - ECCE Asia May 30-June 3, 2011, The Shilla Jeju, Korea

A Simple Switched Capacitor Compensator to Minimize Zero-Crossing Distortion in Single-Phase PFC Converters
Yan Zhang, Jinjun Liu, and Chaoyi Zhang
Department of Electrical Engineering, Xian Jiao Tong University, China Email: zhy831112@gmail.com Abstract--This paper explorers techniques for minimizing zero-crossing distortion in single-phase PFC converters from the angle of topologies. Zero-crossing distortions of typical single-phase PFC topologies are compared in theory to reveal that cusp distortion is predominant responsible for zero-crossing distortion. PWM rectifier with the capability of bi-directional current can minimum and eliminate zerocrossing distortion even though there is phase displacement in current loop at the cost of increasing switching loss and larger boost inductor. Then, a simple switched capacitor compensation scheme with low voltage rating switching devices and low switching frequency is presented to minimum zero-crossing distortion. Furthermore, the proposed switched capacitor circuit can be added to existing single-phase PFC converters without modification of original topologies and controllers, hence it is economically feasible. Numerical simulations are given to validate the theoretical analysis and effectiveness of the proposed scheme. With switched capacitor compensator, single-phase PFC converters demonstrate good input performance. Index Terms-- Cusp distortion, harmonic current, singlephase PFC converters, switched capacitor compensator, zero-crossing distortion.1

determined by the current leading phase relative to the input voltage in the current loop. Good current loop design or phase compensation [2] can reduce and eliminate DCM distortion in theory. The cusp distortion occurs right after the zero crossing of the input voltage and it is mainly related to the inductance of the boost inductor. A smaller inductor can reduce the cusp distortion. Literature [3] proposed multi-level techniques to reduce the zero-crossing distortion. However, the drawbacks are their control complexity and additional neutral-point potential balancing for output capacitors. Furthermore, they cant eliminate cusp distortion inherently. In this paper, zero-crossing distortions of typical single-phase PFC converters are analyzed and compared from the angle of topologies to reveal that cusp distortion is the predominant responsible for zerocrossing distortion. PWM rectifier with the capability of bi-directional current flow can reduce, and eliminate DCM distortion and cusp distortion even though there is phase displacement in current loop.
TABLE I DO-160 HARMONIC CURRENT LIMITATION FOR AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT Harmonic Order Odd triplen harmonics (h=3,6,9,15,......,39) Odd non-triplen harmonics (h=5,7,11,13,......,37) Even Harmonics (h=2,4) Even Harmonics (h=6,8,,40) Single phase Ih=0.15I1/h Ih=0.3I1/h Ih=0.01I1/h Ih=0.0025I1

I. INTRODUCTION Single-phase power factor correction (PFC) converters have been widely used in AC-DC power supply system due to their advantages of unit input power factor and much less input current distortion, compared with simple diode rectifiers. However, the input current distortion at the zero crossing of the input voltage is an inherent behavior and becomes more serious with increasing input line frequency. Especially in medium-frequency power supply applications ranging from 360Hz-800Hz in future commercial aircrafts, zero-crossing distortion may cause single-phase PFC converters not to be able to meet stringent harmonic regulatory requirements as DO-160D listed in Table I [1]. Therefore, a great number of singlephase PFC topologies [2]-[4] and control methods [5]-[7] have been proposed to solve this problem. The major causes for zero-crossing distortion in single-phase PFC converters can be divided into two parts: discontinues conduction mode (DCM) distortion and cusp distortion. The DCM distortion occurs before the zero crossing of the input voltage and it is mainly
This work was supported by Open Project Program of State Key Lab. of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment.

Based on analysis in section II, bi-directional current flow or enough charging voltage of the boost inductor at zero-crossing of input voltage is the key to reducing input current zero-crossing distortion. Then, the next section presents a simple switched capacitor compensation scheme with low switching frequency to reduce, even eliminate zero-crossing distortion in theory. The design and operation principles of switched capacitor circuit, the theoretical reduction of zero-crossing distortion are analyzed in details. Numerical simulations are given to validate the theoretical analysis and effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Furthermore, comparison of traditional single-phase PFC converters using switched capacitor compensator with PWM rectifier with bi-polar pulsewidth modulation shows that proposed compensation scheme demonstrates good input performance and it is also economically feasible.

978-1-61284-957-7/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

II. COMPARISON OF ZERO-CROSSING DISTORTION As previously mentioned, four kinds of typical singlephase PFC topologies shown in Fig.1 (a)-(d) are to be investigated. Traditional single-phase PFC (a) is the most widespread in power supply system due to its simple main circuit and mature control methods; the recently proposed high step up ratio DC-DC topology with lower input current ripples [8] can be applied in single PFC as a good choice for reduction of zero-crossing distortion. This converter is referred as diode-assisted single-phase PFC (b) in this study. Three-level single-phase PFC (c) is presented in literature [3] to minimize zero-crossing distortion. Bridgeless single-phase PWM rectifier (d) [9] with the capabilities of bi-directional current flow can eliminate zero-crossing distortion, but it requires some costs, such as complicated control, high switching loss and larger boost inductor, which will be discussed. For zero-crossing distortion comparison, different single phase PFC converters are controlled by the same current loop design: average current control with varying leading phase angle at different input line frequency [2] or nonlinear current control (such as one cycle control) with minimum phase displacement [6]. Meantime, we further assume that the boost inductors of PFC converters operate in the continuous conduction mode (CCM) over the entire line cycle and output capacitor voltage is constant in one switching period. To compare typical single-phase PFC topologies on reduction of zerocrossing distortion, some parameters that are necessary for derivation are as follows: Po Vi Vm Im fline fs maximum output power of single-phase PFC; input voltage of single-phase PFC; peak input voltage of single-phase PFC; peak input current of single-phase PFC; input line frequency; switching frequency; phase displacement in the current loop.

design should be considered because it is important responsible for zero-crossing distortion. In general, the boost inductor is designed according to the input current ripples. With the model and the analyses presented in literature [3], the mathematical expression of current ripples (I), DCM distortion interval (DCM) and cusp distortion interval (C) for typical single-phase PFC converters can be obtained and listed in Table 1. The detailed derivation is given in the Appendix.

(a)

Traditional single-phase PFC.

(b)

Diode-assisted single-phase PFC

(c)

Three-level single-phase PFC

As described in literature [3], zero-crossing distortion of traditional single-phase PFC converter (a), including DCM distortion and cusp distortion, are analyzed and quantified in details. Furthermore, the boost inductor

(d)

Bridgeless single-phase PWM rectifier Fig. 1. Typical single-phase PFC topologies

TABLE II DO-160 SUMMARY OF TYPICAL SINGLE-PHASE PFC TOPOLOGIES FOR ZERO-CROSSING DISTORTION Single-phase PFC Current ripples ( 'I ) DCM distortion interval ( Traditional PFC Diode-assisted PFC Three-level PFC Bridgeless PWM rectifier Uni-polar PWM Bi-polar PWM

(Vo  | Vi |) | Vi | Vo Lf s
p1  p12  q1 2 2Vm

(Vo  | Vi |) | Vi | (Vo  | Vin |) Lf s

p2  p 2 2  q 2 2Vm (2 Lf s I m  Vm )
p2 VoVm  2 Lf s I m (Vo  VmT )

(Vo  2 | Vi |) | Vi | 2Vo Lf s

(Vo  | Vi |) | Vi | Vo Lf s

(Vo2  | Vi |2 ) 2Vo Lf s

p3  p32  q3 4V
q3
2 m

MDCM )

p1  p12  q1 2 2Vm
p1 Vo (Vm  2Lfs Im )
q1
2 8 Lf sT I mVoVm

p4  p4 2  q4 2 2Vm
p4
q4

p1 Vo (Vm  2Lfs Im )
q1 8 Lf sT I mVoVm2

q2 8Lf sT I mVoVm (2Lf s I m  Vm )

2

p3 (Vm  4Lf s I m )Vo

32 Lf sT I mVoVm 2

4 Lf s I mVo
2 4Vm Vo (Vo  4 Lf sT I m )

Cusp distortion interval (

p6 

p6 2  q6 2Vm
4S Lf line I m  2Vo

MC )

p5  p5  q5 2Vm ( p5 4S Lfline Im , q5 16S LflineT ImVm )

p6

q6 16S LflineT I mVm

Based on analysis above, a comparison example is conducted with following parameters: Vm = 162V; Vo = 200-400V; fline = 360-800Hz; Im = 12A; Po = 1kW; fs = 100kHz. Fig.2 and Fig.3 show the relationship of DCM distortion interval and cusp distortion interval versus input inductor value respectively for traditional PFC converter at 400Hz and 800Hz line frequency, where is the varying phase displacement for different current loop control and input line frequency. It is clear that phase displacement is the essential cause for DCM distortion and zero phase displacement can eliminate DCM distortion in theory. The cusp distortion is main part for zero-crossing distortion and the DCM distortion can be ignored with good current loop design. Fig.4 shows boost inductor design for different singlephase PFC converters. With the same input current ripples, diode-assisted PFC and three-level PFC can adopt smaller boost inductor. That is the essential reason why they can reduce zero-crossing distortion. The cusp distortion comparison shown in Fig.5 reflects that diodeassisted PFC and three-level PFC are good choice to reduce cusp distortion. Three-level PFC demonstrates minimize zero-crossing distortion, however, it increases the control complexity, including the neutral-point potential balancing for output capacitors.
20 = 0 = 5 = 10

Even though diode assisted PFC converter and threelevel PFC converter can reduce zero crossing distortion, but they cant eliminate zero-crossing distortion in theory. Single-phase PWM rectifier can eliminate zero-crossing distortion, but it needs special control scheme. With unipolar pulse-width modulation [10], S1 is always turned on and S2, S4 are commutated alternatively to realize the inductor charging and discharging in the positive halfwave; in the negative half-wave, S3 is always turned on and S2, S4 are commutated alternatively to realize the inductor charging and discharging. In essence, the DCM distortion interval and cusp distortion interval is the same as traditional single-phase PFC. With bi-polar pulsewidth modulation [10], S1 S4 and S2 S3 are commutated alternatively in one switching period, the terminal voltage of boost inductor changes between Vi+Vo and Vi-Vo. Reverse direction current is allowed to avoid the input current being clamped to zero before the zero crossing of the input voltage. Meantime, the output voltage is reverse connected in the primary loop to supply enough slow rate of the inductor current after the zero crossing of the input voltage. Besides all the switches working in high frequency, this control scheme also requires larger inductor due to higher input current ripples shown in Fig.6. The relationships of cusp distortion interval versus
80 60 40 20 0
C PFC (400Hz) C PFC (800Hz) D PFC (400Hz) D PFC (800Hz) TL PFC (400Hz) TL PFC (800Hz)

15 DCM (DEG)

10

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8 L (mH

1.2

1.4

C (DEG)

10 15 Maximum current ripple (%)

20

Fig. 2. DCM interval versus inductor value for traditional single-phase PFC.
60 50 C (DEG) 40 30 20 10 0 0.5 L (mH) 1 1.5 fline=400Hz = 0 = 5 = 10

Fig. 5. Cusp distortion interval versus input current ripples. ( T PFC: traditional PFC; D PFC: diode-assisted PFC; TL PFC: three level PFC )
5 4 3 2 1 0 Uni-polar PWM Bi-polar PWM

fline=800Hz
L (mH)

10 15 Maximum current ripple (%)

20

Fig. 3. Cusp distortion interval versus inductor value for traditional single-phase PFC.
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 T PFC D PFC TL PFC

Fig. 6. The maximum current ripples versus inductor value for PWM rectifier.
80 = 0 = 5 = 10

60 C (DEG)

Uni-polar PWM

L (mH)

40

20 Bi-polar PWM

10 15 Maximum current ripple (%)

20

10 15 Maximum current ripple (%)

20

Fig. 4. The maximum current ripples versus inductor value. ( T PFC: traditional PFC; D PFC: diode-assisted PFC; TL PFC: three level PFC )

Fig. 7. Cusp distortion interval versus maximum current ripples for PWM rectifier.

input current ripples for single-phase PWM rectifier with different control methods are shown in Fig.7. It is clear that PWM rectifier with bi-polar PWM demonstrates minimum zero-crossing distortion. III. SIMPLE SWITCHED CAPACITOR FOR MINIMIZING ZERO-CROSSING DISTORTION From analysis in above section, a simple switched capacitor circuit is series connected in the ac power supply link to improve input current performance shown in Fig.8. Two bidirectional switches (S2, S3) are used to control the switching capacitor to minimize zero-crossing distortion and maintain charge balancing for the capacitor in one input line frequency. Bidirectional switches can use two unidirectional switching devices in practical application. The corresponding operation principle and drive signals for S2 and S3 are shown in Fig.9. In the duration [0, /2], S3B is turned on, the positive voltage (VC+) of the capacitor supplies the enough current slow rate so the current can ramp up to follow the reference. Meantime, the capacitor discharges from VC+ and then recharges in reverse direction to VC- (|VC+| = |VC-|). In the duration [/2, ], S2B is turned on, capacitor is bypassed and the input current in the primary loop is the same as traditional single-phase PFC. In the duration [, 3/2], S3A is turned on, the negative voltage (VC-) of the capacitor supplies enough current slow rate through diode D2, D4. Meantime, the capacitor discharges from VC- and then recharges in reverse direction to VC+ (|VC+| = |VC-|). In the duration [3/2, 2], S2A is turned on, capacitor is bypassed and the input current in the primary loop is the same as traditional single-phase PFC. Therefore, the capacitor does not need backup power supply and the absolute value of VC+ is equal to that of VC- in one input line frequency. There is one note here, switching actions of S2 S3 occur at the zero crossing of the input current to avoid the input current clamed to zero before the zero

-crossing of the input voltage. So the simple switched capacitor circuit can reduce, even eliminate zero-crossing distortion with good current loop design in theory. Furthermore, the blocking voltage of one switching device in the switched capacitor compensator is half of the maximum capacitor (C) voltage in steady state. And the required charging voltage of the boost inductor at zero-crossing of input voltage is much smaller than output voltage. Therefore, low voltage rating switching devices may be used. With low voltage rating switching devices operating in low switching frequency, the design cost and efficiency of single-phase PFC converters may not be seriously deteriorated. In one input line frequency, the slow rate of input current achieves maximum at zero-crossing point, so the required minimum charging voltage across the capacitor can be calculated as follows:

Vrec

di dt i

ZLI m
I m sin(Zt ),Zt 0

(1)

In the duration [0, /2], the capacitor discharge from VC+ and then recharge in reverse direction to VC- and the absolute value of VC+ should be equal to that of VC-

VC 

1 C

S /2

I
0

sin(Zt )  VC 

Im  VC  (2) ZC
(3)

The required capacitance of the capacitor is:

Cmax

1 2Z L
2

1 2 8S f line L
2

IV. SIMULATION AND VERIFICATION Numerical simulations using matlab/simulink have been performed to confirm above switched capacitor compensation scheme shown in Fig.8. The single-phase PFC uses the following parameters: input boost inductor L=800uH; input (rms) voltage Vi =115V; input linear frequency fline = 360-800Hz; input power Po=1kW; output voltage Vo=200-400V; switching frequency fs=100kHz. According to above equation (1)-(3), the required charging voltage (Vrec) of inductor at zero-crossing point is 50V and a suitable capacitance of the capacitor is about 25uF. Fig.10 and Fig.11 show simulated input waveforms and current spectrum analysis for traditional single-phase PFC in order to quantify the effects of switched capacitor compensation scheme in reducing input current harmonic distortion with typical current close loop designs: average current control with linear PI compensator [2] and nonlinear current control (such as one cycle control) [6]. As can be seen, the input current of traditional singlephase PFC is clamped and could not follow the current reference at zero-crossing point. Therefore, the current contains a large amount of 3th, 5th, 7th, 9th harmonics. The total harmonic distortion (THD) is 6.46% at 400Hz with about 8o phase displacement in current loop and 7.14% at 800Hz with nonlinear one cycle control, which causes single-phase PFC not to be able to meet strong harmonic regulatory requirements. When a switched capacitor compensator is applied, these odd harmonic are

Fig. 8. Simple switched capacitor compensator used in traditional single-phase PFC converters.
10 0 -10 0 50 0 -50 0 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 S3 drive SB 0.5 1 SA 1.5 2 Vc (V) 0.5 1 1.5 2 Iin (A)

0.5 SB

1 SA

1.5

S2 drive

0.5

1 1.5 Time(ms), fline=800Hz

Fig.9. Control signals for S2 and S3.

20 16 12 Input current (A) 8 4 0 -4 -8 -12 -16 -20 9 9.5 10 10.5 Time (ms) 11 11.5

Iref Iin Vi

200

20 16 12 Input voltage (V) Input current (A) 8 4 0 -4 -8 -12 -16 -20

Iref Iin Vi

200

100

100 Input voltage (V) Input voltage (V)

25

-100

-100

-200 12

9.5

10

10.5 Time (ms)

11

11.5

-200 12

Fundamental (400Hz) = 11.82 , THD=6.46% 6 4 2 0

0 1

9 11 13 15 Harmonic order

17 19

21

23

25

Fig.10. Input voltage, current and spectrum analysis with linear current PI compensator. ( Left: without switched capacitor compensator. Right: with switched capacitor compensator; Iref: input current reference; Iin: actual input current; Vi: input voltage; Vo = 400V; fs = 100kHz; fline = 400Hz; =8o )
20 16 12 Input current (A) 8 4 0 -4 -8 -12 -16 -20 8 8.5 9 Time (ms) 9.5 -200 10 -100 0
Iref Iin Vi

200

20 16 12 Input voltage (V) Input current (A) 8 4 0 -4 -8 -12 -16 -20 8 8.5 9 Time (ms) 9.5

Iref Iin Vi

200

100

100

-100

-200 10

Fundamental (800Hz) = 11.92 , THD=2.53% Mag (% of Fundamental) 3 2 1 0

0 1

9 11 13 15 Harmonic order

17 19

21

23

Fig.11. Input voltage, current and spectrum analysis with nonlinear current compensator (one cycle control). ( Left: without switched capacitor compensator. Right: with switched capacitor compensator; Iref: input current reference; Iin: actual input current; Vi: input voltage; Vo = 400V; fs = 100kHz; fline = 800Hz ) TABLE III COMPARISON EXAMPLE OF TRADITIONAL PFC WITH SWITCHED CAPACITOR Power devices & Power converter Unit Price Traditional singlephase PFC Traditional PFC with switched capacitor PWM Rectifier with bi-polar modulation MOSFET SPW20N60 (600V 20A) $3.48 1 1 4 MOSFET BSZ067N06 (60V 20A) $0.47 \ 4 \ DIODE IDP23E60 (600V 23A) $ 1.12 5 5 4 Switching devices design cost (US dollar) $9.1 $11.0 $18.4

Efficiency (%) 90.7 89.9 85.3

THD (%) (400Hz) 6.46 2.04 1.69

significantly reduced and the input current distortion is minimized to a large extent. In theory, the input current performance of single-phase PFC with switched capacitor is close to that of PWM rectifier with bi-polar modulation.

Efficiency and design cost are the important criterion for power converter. In order to quantify the effects of additional switched capacitor compensator on cost and efficiency, 1kW single-phase PFC converters analyzed

above are considered using Infineon power devices as a reference. The switching devices design cost, efficiency and total harmonic distortion (THD) of traditional singlephase PFC and PWM rectifier with bi-polar modulation are listed in Table III. The price of switching devices is obtained from Infineon product notes [11] and the electronic components distributors [12] on April 2, 2011. For efficiency comparison, only switching devices power losses are considered. Given the certain switching devices, the efficiency of power converters can be obtained. The detailed power MOSFET and DIODE loss calculation methods can be found in literatures [13] [14]. Seen from Table III, PWM Rectifier with bi-polar modulation demonstrates the best input performance, but its design cost and efficiency is not outstanding. With switched capacitor compensator, the input current performance of traditional single-phase PFC can be improved to a large extent, while the efficiency is reduced by less than 1% using low voltage-rating power MOFET. Therefore, as a zero-crossing distortion compensation scheme, the additional switched capacitor compensator has evident advantages of cost and efficiency compared with PWM rectifier with bi-polar modulation. V. CONCLUSION A theoretical analysis and comparison of single-phase PFC converters show that reduction of the inductor value and input current ripples with different topologies is an effective way to minimize zero-crossing distortion. Diode-assisted single-phase PFC and three-level singlephase PFC can reduce zero-crossing distortion in different degree, but cant eliminate. Single-phase PWM rectifier can eliminate zero-crossing distortion at cost of high switching loss, lager boost inductor and design cost. This paper presents a simple switched capacitor compensator, which can be used in all these kinds of single-phase PFC converters to minimize zero-crossing distortion. With simple control, it can avoid input current being clamped to zero before the zero crossing of the input voltage and supply enough input current rising slope after zero crossing of the input voltage. Numerical simulations are given to verify the effectiveness and the validity of the proposed scheme. With simple switched capacitor compensator, single-phase PFC converters demonstrate good input performance. Furthermore, with low voltage-rating switching devices, the compensation scheme has evident advantages of cost and efficiency compared with PWM rectifier with bi-polar pulse-width modulation. APPENDIX 1) Traditional single-phase PFC: a) Input current ripple I As to the traditional single-phase PFC, the duty cycle can be expressed as: Vo  Vi (4) D Vo The input current ripple can be calculated by the current increase when switching device is turned on.

f 'I diL (5) |L s Vi dt D (Vo  Vi ) Vi (6) 'I Vo Lf s b) DCM distortion interval DCM and cusp distortion interval C As described in literature [3], the critical value DCM of traditional PFC meets the following equation: (Vo  Vm sin M DCM )Vm sin M DCM I m sin(M DCM  T ) (7) 2 LVo f s And the critical value C meets: Vm (8) (1  cos M C ) I m sin(M C  T ) 2Sf line L Because DCM and C are always very small value, the following assumptions are applied to simple calculation: L

2 The resulted obtainable DCM and C are:

sin M | M , cos M | 1 

M2

(9)

M DCM |

2 Vo (Vm  2 Lf s I m )  (Vm  2 Lf s I m ) 2 Vo2  8Lf sTI mVoVm 2 2Vm

(10)

MC |

4SLf line I m  (4SLf line I m )  16SLf lineTI mVm (11) 2Vm

2

The error between the approximate values and the accurate value of DCM and C is less than 2%. 2) Diode-assisted single-phase PFC a) Input current ripple I As described in literature [8], the duty cycle of diodeassisted PFC can be expressed as: Vo  Vi (12) D Vo  Vi The expression of current ripple can be written as:
'I (Vo  Vi ) Vi (Vo  Vi ) Lf s

(13)

b) DCM distortion interval DCM and cusp distortion interval C Similarly, the critical value DCM of diode-assisted PFC meets the following equation: (Vo  Vm sin M DCM )Vm sin M DCM I m sin(M DCM  T ) (14) 2 L(Vo  Vm sin M DCM ) f s DCM can be calculated by sampling equation (14). 2  q2 p2  p2 (15) M DCM | 2Vm (2 Lf s I m  Vm ) Where:
p2 VoVm  2 Lf s I m (Vo  VmT ) q 2 8Lf sTI mVoVm (2 Lf s I m  Vm ) As to cusp distortion interval C, the calculation equation of diode-assisted PFC is the same as that (11) of traditional PFC. The error between the approximate values and the accurate value of DCM and C is less than 2%.

3) Three-level single-phase PFC

a) Input current ripple I The duty cycle of three-level PFC can be expressed as: Vo  Vi (16) D Vo The expression of current ripple is: (Vo  2 Vi ) Vi (17) 'I 2Vo Lf s b) DCM distortion interval DCM and cusp distortion interval C The critical value DCM of three-level PFC meets: (Vo  2Vm sin M DCM )Vm sin M DCM I m sin(M DCM  T ) 4 LVo f s (18) DCM can be calculated by sampling equation (18).

The error between the approximate values and the accurate value of DCM and C is less than 3%. REFERENCES
[1] Environmental conditions and test procedures for airborne equipment, RTCADO-160D, Section 16, Issue5, May 2000. [2] J. Sun, On the Zero-Crossing Distortion Single-Phase PFC Converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol.19, pp. 685 - 692, May 2004. [3] X. Qu, X. Ruan, A Scheme for Improving Input Current Zero-Crossing Distortion of Single-Phase Power-FactorCorrection Converters, PESC '06. 37th IEEE, pp. 1- 6, June 2006. [4] Muhammad Mansoor Khan, A Modified Boost Topology to Minimize Distortion in PFC Rectifier, IPEMC 2004, vol. 3, pp. 1248 - 1252, Aug. 2004. [5] M. Chen, J. Sun, Feedforward Current Control of Boost Single-phase PFC Converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 21, pp. 338 - 345, March 2006. [6] M. Chen, A. Mather and J. Sun, Nonlinear Current Control of Single-Phase PFC Converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 22, pp. 2187 - 2194, Nov. 2007. [7] K.P.Louganski, J. Lai, Current Phase Lead Compensation in Single-Phase PFC Boost Converters with A Reduced Switching Frequency to Line Frequency Ratio, APEC '06. Twenty-First Annual IEEE, pp. 7, March 2006. [8] H. Nomura, K. Fujiwara and M. Yoshida, A New DC-DC Converter Circuit with Larger Step-up/down Ratio, PESC '06, pp. 1 - 7, June 2006. [9] O. Stihi and B. Ooi, A Single-phase Controlled-Current PWM Rectifier, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol.3, No.4, pp. 453-459, Oct. 1988 [10] S. Halasz, Comparison of Sinusoidal PWM Methods, Periodica Polytechca, Ser. El. Eng. Vo1.37, No.4, pp. 273 - 290, 1993. [11] Infineon Product Note [Online]. http://www.infineon.com [12] Digi-Key, Product Index of Digi-Key, pp. 1567 - 1573, Nov. 2010. Available: http://www.digikey.com [13] Duan Graovac, Marco Prschel, MOSFET Power Losses Calculation Using the Data-Sheet Parameters Infineon Tech. Rep, Appl. notes pp. 6 - 10, July 2006. [14] F. Blaabjerg, J. Pedersen, and A. Elkjaer, An Extended Model of Power Losses in Hard-switched IGBT Inverters, Proceeding of IAS96, pp.14541463. Oct. 1996.

M DCM |
Where:

p3 

2 2  32 Lf sTI mVoVm p3 2 4Vm

(19)

p3 Vo (Vm  4 Lf s I m ) And the expression of C for three-level PFC is the same as that (11) of traditional PFC. The error between the approximate values and the accurate value of DCM and C is less than 2%.

4) PWM rectifier with uni-polar pulse-width modulation The expressions of input current ripple, DCM distortion interval and cusp distortion interval for PWM rectifier with uni-polar pulse-width modulation are the same as that of traditional PFC. 5) PWM rectifier with bi-polar pulse-width modulation a) Input current ripple I The duty cycle of PWM rectifier with bi-polar pulsewidth modulation can be expressed as: Vo  Vi (20) D 2Vo The expression of current ripple is: 2 (Vo2  Vi ) (21) 'I 2Vo Lf s b) DCM distortion interval DCM and cusp distortion interval C Similarly, the critical value DCM meets: Vo2  (Vm sin M DCM ) 2 (22) I m sin(M DCM  T ) 4 LVo f s And the critical value C meets: Vm (1  cos M C )  VoM C (23) I m sin(M C  T ) 2Sf line L DCM and C can be calculated by sampling equation (12) and (23).

M DCM |

2 2 2  4 Lf s I mVo  16 L2 f s2 I m Vo  4Vm Vo (Vo  4 Lf sTI m ) 2 2Vm

(24)

MC |

4SLf line I m  2Vo  (4SLf line I m  2Vo )  16SLf lineTI mVm

2

2Vm

(25)