CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In this chapter the researcher presents theories supporting this research.

They are language, language and society, sociolinguistics, code, code switching, kinds of code switching, code mixing, and kinds of code mixing. 2.1 Language Because linguistics is the study of language, the object of linguistics is only language. According to Bybee (2001: 1), language has a crucial role in shaping the form and content of sound systems. The sounds have symbols that should be pronounced by people, in order to deliver those symbols to others. In fact, language can be the instrument to relate people with other people and their environment. According to Jacobson in Soeparno (2005: 7), language has six functions. Those functions are: 1) Emotive Emotive function is used to express the speakers feeling such as happiness, disappoint, sadness, anger, and so on. 2) Connative Different with emotive function, connative function refers to the listener who does something of what speakers says. 3) Referential If people talk about problems in certain topics, it includes in referential function. The topic which has been chosen will become the reference to make the conversation by using certain language.

4) Poetic Sharing information includes in poetic function. In fact, the symbol and sound which are used are purposed to deliver messages. 5) Phatic Phatic function is related with people interaction. In this function, the purpose of language only uses to interact with others. 6) Metalingual While people talk about some problems of language by using certain language, it includes in metalingual function. Generally, those functions of language whether specific function or general function can be the forms of communication to create interaction between one people with other people.

2.2 Language and Society According to Wardaugh (2006: 10), there are several possible relationships between language and society. Those are: 1. Social structure may influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior. 2. Linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure 3. Language and society may influence each other 4. There is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure and that each is independent of the other.

2.3 Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics is one of branches of linguistics. According to Jendra (2010: 9) sociolinguistics a branch of linguistics that takes language as an object of study. It is a field that analizes language as part of social property. The term of this study refers to the study of languge in relation to society. Besides, Yule (2010: 254) also states that the term sociolinguistics is used generally for the study of the relationship between language and society. In addition, Wardhaugh (2006: 13) states that sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in communication.

2.4 Code According to Swann, et al. (2004:40) a code is neutral term to refer to a language or language variety, seeking to avoid the subjective nuances associated with terms like dialect. The term lays emphasis upon the linguistic system as an abstract code, comprising meaning bearing elements that may be realized differently in different styles or registers or by different social groups. People also use code when they want to stress the uses of language or language variety in a particular community. For example, a Madurese who lives in Malang may have two codes: Javanese and Madurese language. He or she may use one code (Javanese) at campus and the other code (Madurese) at home or when he or she is talking to neighbors. If someone uses more than

one code when communicating with others, they usually select one code for certain purposes in other places, and with other people. Jendra (2010: 70) states in a bilingual or multilingual society, it is normal for the people to be in a situation that they have to use two or more codes. In this situation, they may consider for example, who speak to them, in which language and society, and when or where the conversation takes place. Although choosing a code is one of the routines, bilingual or multilingual have to develop the skill in deciding code choosing.

2.4.1 Code Switching According to Isharyanti (2009: 68) code switching or inter-sentential code-alternation occurs when a speaker uses more than one language in a single conversation above the clause level to deliver his/her intents. There are three contextual factors should be taken into account: 1) the relationship among speakers; 2) the setting where the talk takes place and; 3) the topic being discussed. According to Hymes (in Jendra, 2010:74) code switching has become a common term for alternate use of two or more languages, or varieties of language, or even speech styles. From that definition, code switching is found more with bilingual or multilingual speakers. Multilingual may be said to switch from a variety to another. The definition also suggests that code switching should be found in single conversation.

2.4.2 Code Mixing Code mixing also called intra-sentential code switching or intrasentential code-alternation occurs when speakers use two or more languages below clause level within one social situation (Isharyanti 2009: 69). Code mixing is a part of linguistics which is important to study. The concept is used to refer to more general form of language contact that may include cases of code switching and the other form of contacts which emphasizes the lexical items. Muysken (2000:1) states: I am using the term code mixing to refer to all cases where lexical items and grammatical features from two languages appear in one sentence. Based on the statement, code mixing can be used to identify almost any linguistic mixed forms resulting from language contact. 2.4.2.1 Kinds of Code Mixing Muysken (2000: 3) clasify the kinds of code mixing on insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. 1. Insertion Insertion occurs when lexical items from one language are incorporated into another.

Figure 1 illustrates a graphic representation of insertion.

Taken from Muysken (2000: 7) In the diagram a represents lexical items of the first language and b stands for the lexical item of the second language that has been inserted in the utterance by the speaker. Example of insertion ( Bahasa Indonesia English ) Jika dibuat sedikit pendek, dress itu akan lebih baik. (It will be better when you sorthen the dress)

2. Alternation Alternation occurs when structures of two languages are alternated indistinctively both at the grammatical and lexical level. Figure 2 illustrates a graphic representation of alternation.

b Taken from Muysken (2000: 7)

In the diagram, A & B represent structures of the two languages that reflect the alternation that takes places in the utterances produced by the speakers. Example of alternation ( Bahasa Indonesia English ) I wish Farah Quinn pakai aksesori di sekitar leher daripada pakai gelang. (I wish Farah Quinn prefer to use necklace than bracelet) 3. Congruent lexicalization Congruent lexicalization occurs where two languages share grammatical structures which can be filled lexically with elements from either language. Figure 3 illustrates a graphic representation of congruent lexicalization. A/B

Taken from Muysken (2000: 7)

In the diagram, the grammatical structure is shared by languages A and B, and words from both languages a and b are inserted more or less randomly. Example of congruent lexicalization ( Bahasa Indonesia English ) Vicky Shu disini reminds me of Dolly Parton versi brunette! (Here, Vicky Zhu reminds me of Dolly Parton in brunette version)