1

Q 1 : Using the Maclaurins series or otherwise establish the series for the
following functions :

(i) sec
2
x (ii) log (1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
)

(i) sec
2
x

Let y = sec
2
x

Integrating w.r.t. x both sides, we get

} y dx = } sec
2
x dx + c
= tan x + c
} y dx = x +
3
1
x
3
+
15
2
x
5
+ + c

Now differentiating w.r.t. x we get
y = 1 + x
2
+
3
2
x
4
+

(ii) log (1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
)

Let y = log (1 + x + x
2
+x
3
)


x
x
n

1
1

= x
n1
+ x
n2
+ x
n3
+ + 1

We get
x
x

1
1
4
= x
3
+ x
2
+ x +1 = 1 + x + x
2
+ x
3

log (1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
) = log
|
|
.
|

\
|

x
x
1
1
4

= log (1 x
4
) log (1 x)

2

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
....
2
8
4
x
x



|
|
.
|

\
|
....
4 3 2
4 3 2
x x x
x

y = x +
2
2
x
+
3
3
x
+ x
4
|
.
|

\
|
1
4
1
+
y = x +
2
2
x
+
3
3
x

4
3
x
4
+

Q 2 : Using the Machlaurins series prove the following :

(i) If x = y
2
1
y
2
+
3
1
y
3

4
1
y
3

4
1
y
4
+ then
y = x +
! 2
2
x
+
! 3
3
x
+ and viceversa.
(ii) tan
1
|
.
|

\
|
u
u
cos 1
sin
x
x
= x sin u +
2
2
x
sin 2u +
3
3
x
sin 3u.


(i) Given that x = y
2
1
y
2
+
3
1
y
3

4
1
y
3

4
1
y
4
+
Observe R.H.S. its log (1 + y)

x = log (1 + y)

Which is also, 1 + y= e
x

or 1 + y = 1 +
! 1
x
+
! 2
2
x
+
! 3
3
x
+ (series of e
x
on RHS)
y =
! 1
x
+
! 2
2
x
+
! 3
3
x
+

3

(ii) Let y = tan
1
|
.
|

\
|
u
u
cos 1
sin
x
x

tan y =
u
u
cos 1
sin
x
x


Now by Eulers formula for tan y

tan y =
) (
) (
iy iy
iy iy
e e i
e e

) (
) (
iy iy
iy iy
e e i
e e

=
u
u
cos 1
sin
x
x


or
1
1
2
2
+

iy
iy
e
e
=
u
u
cos 1
sin
x
ix


Using componendo and dividendo

i.e
Numerator ator Deno
Numerator ator Deno

+
min
min
on both sides, we get


1
2iy
e
=
u u
u + u
sin cos 1
sin cos 1
ix x
ix x


e
2iy
=
u
u
i
i
xe
xe

1
1
( e

i
u
= cos u i sin u)

or 2iy = log
|
|
.
|

\
|

u
u
i
i
xe
xe
1
1

= log (1 xe
-i
u
) log (1 xe
i
u
)
=
(

....
3 2
3 3 2 2 u u
u
i i
i
e x e x
xe

(

....
3
3
2
3 2 2 u u
u
ei i
i
x e x
xe

4

Taking common coefficients of x, x
2
, x
3

= x (e
i
u

e
i
u
)

+
2
2
x
(e
2i
u

e-
2i
u
)

+
3
3
x
(e
3i
u

e-
3i
u
)

+

2iy = 2i sin u x + 2i sin u
2
2
x
+ 2i sin 3u
3
3
x
+
(using the formula 2i sin nu = e
i
u
e
in
u
)

y = x sin u +
2
2
x
sin 2u +
3
3
x
sin 3u

Q 3 : Expand the following functions into a series with a minimum of three
nonzero terms :

(i) tan
1

x a
x a

+

Let y = tan
1

x a
x a
+
+

Put x = a tan u or u tan
1

a
x

Now, y = tan
1

) / 1 (
) / 1 (
a x a
a x a

+

= tan
1
|
.
|

\
|
u t
u + t
tan 4 / tan 1
tan 4 / tan


|
.
|

\
|
=
t
1
4
tan
= tan
1
tan (t/4 + u) = t/4 + u
=
4
t
+ tan
1

a
x

y =
4
t
+ |
.
|

\
|
a
x

3
1
3
|
.
|

\
|
a
x
+
5
1
5
|
.
|

\
|
a
x
+




5

(ii) tan
1

x
x + 1

Let y = tan
1

x
x 1 1
2
+

tan
1

x
x 1 1
2
+

Put x = tanu or u = tan
1
x
y = tan
1

u
u +
tan
tan 1
2
= tan
1

|
.
|

\
|
u
u
tan
1 sec


= tan
1

|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
u
u

u
cos
sin
1
cos
1
= tan
1

|
.
|

\
|
u
u
sin
cos 1

= tan
1

|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
u u
u
2
cos
2
sin 2
2
2 sin 2
= tan
1

|
.
|

\
| u
2
tan
=
2
u
=
2
1
tan
1
x
y =
2
1
tan
1
x =
2
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ ....
5 3
5 3
x x
x


(iii) tan
1

2
1
2
x
x

Let y = tan
1
|
.
|

\
|

2
1
2
x
x

tan
1
|
.
|

\
|

2
1
2
x
x

Put x = tan u or u = tan
1
x
y = tan
1

|
.
|

\
|
u
u
2 tan 1
tan 2
= tan
1
(tan 2u)
= 2 u
y = 2 tan
1
x

6

y = 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ .....
5 3
5 3
x x
x

(iv) cos
1
1
1

x x
x x

Let y = cos
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

1
1
x x
x x

= cos
1

|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

x
x
x
x
1
1
= cos
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

1
1
2
2
x
x
(1)
= cos
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

2
2
1
1
x
x

Put x = tan u or u = tan
1
x
y = cos
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
u +
u

2
2
tan 1
tan 1

= cos
1
(cos2u) = cos
1
(cos (t2u))
= t 2u = t 2 tan
1
x
y = t 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ .....
5 3
5 3
x x
x

(v) cos
1
(tanh log x)

Let y = cos
1
tanh log x
Trick! Since
tanh u =
u u
u u
+

e e
e e
=
1
1
2
2
+

u
u
e
e

and e
logA
= A,
we get y = cos
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

1
1
log 2
log 2
x
x
e
e
= cos
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

1
1
2
log
2
log
x
x
e
e

<since u=log x)


7

= cos
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

1
1
2
2
x
x

= 2 tan
1
x

y = t 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ .....
5 3
5 3
x x
x

(vi) tan
1

px q
qx p
+

Let y = tan
1

px q
qx p
+

Tip 1
= tan
1

) . / 1 (
) / (
x q p q
x q p q
+

= tan
1
x
q
p
x
q
p
. 1 +

Tip 2
Since tan
1
A tan
1
B = tan
1

AB
B A
+

1

We get, y = tan
1

q
p
tan
1
x Tip 3
y = tan
1

q
p

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ .....
5 3
5 3
x x
x Tip 4


8

Q 4 : Find the series expansions of the following function :
tan
1
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
x x
x x
+ +
+


Let y = tan
1

2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
x x
x x
+ +
+

Rationalizing denominator we get,
y = tan
1

+
+ +
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 1 )( 1 1 (
x x
x x x x


= tan
1

+ +
+
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
x x
x x

= tan
1

+ + + +
2
2 2 2 2
2
1 1 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
x
x x x x

= tan
1

+
2
4
2
1 2 2
x
x
= tan
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
2
4
1 1
x
x

Put x
2
= sin u or u = sin
1
(x
2
)
y = tan
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
u
u +
sin
sin 1 1
2


= tan
1

|
.
|

\
|
u
u +
sin
cos 1
= tan
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
u u
u
2 / cos 2 / sin 2
2 / cos 2
2

= tan
1

|
.
|

\
| u
2
cot = tan
1
tan
|
.
|

\
| u

t
2 2

y =
2
t

2
u
=
2
t

2
1
sin
1
(x
2
)

Using series for sin
-1


y =
2
t

2
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
+


+

+ + .....
7 6 4 2
5 3 1
5 4 2
3 1
3 2
1
14 10 6
2
x x x
x



9

Q 6 : Expand the function in an ascending powers of x to a minimum of
3 nonzero terms x sin 1 + .

Solution:

Let y = x sin 1 +
y =
2
cos
2
sin 2
2
cos
2
sin
2 2
x x x x
+ +
y =
2
cos
2
sin 2
2
cos
2
sin
2 2
x x x x
+ +
or y = sin
2
x
+ cos
2
x

Now using the series for sin x and cos x we get
y =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
....
2 5
1
2 ! 3
1
2
5 3
x x x

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
....
2 ! 4
1
2 ! 2
1
1
4 2
x x

Collecting the coefficients we get
= 1 +
2
x

8
2
x

48
3
x
+
384
4
x
+
3840
5
x


Q 7 : Expand the function in an ascending powers of x to a minimum of 3 non
zero terms e
xcosx
.
Solution.:

Using the series for e
x
where x has to be treated as xcosx
y = 1 +
! 1
x
cos x +
! 2
2
x
cos
2
x +
! 3
3
x
cos
3
x +
= 1 +
! 1
x

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ .....
! 4 ! 2
1
4 2
x x


10

+
! 2
1
x
2

2
4 2
.....
! 4 ! 2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
x x

+
! 3
1
x
3

3
4 2
.....
! 4 ! 2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
x x
+

= 1 + x
2
3
x
+
24
5
x

+
2
2
x

2
4
x
+
+
6
3
x
+

= 1 + x +
2
3
x
+ x
3

|
.
|

\
|
+
6
1
2
1

= 1 + x +
2
2
x

2
1
x
3
+
Q 8 : Expand in powers of x, e
x sin x
.

Solution :

Let x sin x = y



....
! 4 ! 3 ! 2
1
4 3 2
sin
+ + + + + = =
y y y
y e e
y x x

..... ) sin (
! 3
1
) sin (
! 2
1
sin 1
3 2 sin
+ + + + = x x x x x x e
x x

( ) .... ....
! 3
2 ....
! 3 ! 2
.....
! 5 ! 3
1
3
3 3 2 5 3
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + = x
x x
x
x x x
x x
.... ....) (
! 3
....
) ! 3 ( ! 3
2
! 2
....
! 5 ! 3
1
3
3
2
6 4
2
2 5 3
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + = x
x x x
x
x x x
x x
....
! 3 ! 3 ! 2 120 ! 3
1
6 6 4 6 4
2
+ + + + + =
x x x x x
x
....
120
1
3
1
1
6 4 2
+ + + + = x x x

11

Q 9: Expand in powers of x,
1
x
e
x
.
Hence, prove that ....
720
1
12
1
1
1
1
2
4 2
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
x x
e
e x
x
x
.

Solution :
We have

1 ....
! 3 ! 2
1
1
3 2
+ + + +
=
x x
x
x
e
x
x


....
! 5 ! 4 ! 3 ! 2
5 4 3 2
+ + + + +
=
x x x x
x
x


(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + +
=
....
! 5 ! 4 ! 3 ! 2
1
1
4 3 2
x x x x


1
4 3 2
....
! 5 ! 4 ! 3 ! 2
1

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + =
x x x x


2
3 2 4 3 2
....
! 4 ! 3 ! 2
....
! 5 ! 4 ! 3 ! 2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + =
x x x x x x x


.... ....
! 2
....
! 3
2
! 2
4 3

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
x x x


....
24 36 6 4
....
120 24 6 2
1
4 4 3 2 4 3 2
+ + + + + =
x x x x x x x x

....
16
....
8 8
4 4 3
+ +
y x x

....
720 12 2
1
4 2
+ + =
x x x

Now,
(

+ =
(

+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
1
2
1
2 1
2 1
2 1
1
2
x x
x
x
x
e
x
e
e x
e
e x


1 2
+ =
x
e
x x

....
720 12
1 ....
720 12 2
1
2 1
1
2
4 2 4 2
x x x x x x
e
e x
x
x
+ = + + + =
|
|
.
|

\
|

+



12

Q 9 : Show that log (x + h) = ....
3 2
log
3
3
2
2
+ + +
h
x
h
x
h
x
h .

Solution :

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
h
x
h
n
x
h h x 1 log log 1 log ) log(

Using the expansion of log (1 + x)


|
.
|

\
|
+ + = +
h
x
h h x 1 log log ) log(
.... log
3
3
2
2
+ + =
h
x
h
x
h
x
h
Q 10 : Expand
2 / 1
2
1
(

+
x
x
e
e
.
Solution :


2 / 1
3 2
2 / 1
2 / 1
2
1
....
! 3 ! 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
(
(

+
)
`

+ + =
(

+ =
(

+

x x
x e
e
e
x
x
x


2 / 1
3 2
....
12 4 2
1
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
x x x

.... ....
4 2 8
1
.....
12 4 2 2
1
1
2
2 3 2
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
x x x x x

[by Binomial Theorem]
....
32
3
4
1
2
+ =
x x


13

Q 11 : Expand log (1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
) up to x
8
.

Solution :

log (1 + x + 2x + x
3
) = log (1 + x)(1 + x
2
)

x
x x x
x x x

+ +
= + + +
1
) 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
log ) 1 log(
2
3 2


) 1 log( ) 1 log(
1
1
log
4
4
x x
x
x
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=


|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
= ...
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
...
2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 8
4
x x x x x x x
x
x
x

....
8
3
7 6 5 4
3
3 2
8
7 6 5 4 3 2
+ + + + + + = x
x x x x x x
x

Q 12 : Prove that ....
3 2
) 1 log(
3 2
3 2
+ + = +
x x
x x x x .

Solution :

log(1 x + x
2
x
3
) = log (1 x) (1 + x
2
)
= log (1 x)+ log (1 + x
2
)
....
2
....
3 2
4
2
3 2
+ + =
x
x
x x
x
....
3 2
3 2
+ + =
x x
x