830528095005 HBSC1203- YUSRIZAL BIN AHMAD

FAKULTI BAHASA DAN PENDIDIKAN MEI 2012 HBSC1203 BIOLOGY 1: BASICS OF LIFE

NAMA NO. MATRIK NO. KAD PENGENALAN NO.TELEFON E-MAIL PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN PENSYARAH

: : :

YUSRIZAL BIN AHMAD 830528095005001 830528095005

: 0129050736 : pumpuang83@gmail.com : PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN PETALING JAYA : PUAN NAZIMAH BINTI ABDULLAH

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Acknowledge

I take this opportunity to acknowledge few important persons. I wish to thank Puan Nazimah binti Abdullah, Science lecturer of OUM as really put her effort on as to make sure this assignment able to be submitted on time. Plenty of time had been used to the max and each side of the topic has been explored together in group tutor was helpful indeed for the task as well as the preparation for the examination. Not to forget, thumb up to my friends who gave me moral support in gaining and learning more as sometime I almost give up when the dateline for OUM and school work are on the same dot. Really appreciate peoples around me for continuously burn the midnight flame. Thank you.

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CONTENT

PAGES

1. CLASSES OF FOOD Elaboration on class of food

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2. THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION. stages of digestion. The process of digestion on carbohydrate, protein, fat and vitamin.

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3. LACKING FOOD ON SHARMINS MENU AND CONSEQUENCES. 10 Suggestion to improve on the menu. 11

4. REFERENCES.

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The classes of food that contained in the food eaten by Sharmin.

Food White rice Class of Food Carbohydrates Consist of 3 elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Starch- polysaccharide Proteins Complex organic substances which are made up carbon hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Essentials amino acids are amino acid are amino acid that can be made by body. Fat Proteins water Fats keep our body warm Heat insulator Component of photo plasmic membrane Sources of energy. Additional info Main source of energy From supporting structure such as cell walls function as a storage compound.

Fried Chicken

Protein need for the growth of new cells and repairing warn out or damage body tissue

Steamed Fish Egg in chilli coconut milk

Sub group of the compound known as lipids. Fat is an organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen insoluble in water. Protein Sources of animal protein. Sources of essential amino acid

egg

Protein need to produce enzyme, hormone and some component of antibodies.

Yogurt

Vitamins Organic compound vital for body as: Maintain good health Water soluble vitamin c.

Lime juice

Vitamin c and water Maintaining good health Transporting agent Regulate body temperature Major compound of blood Maintain soft and radiant skin

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Elaboration on classes of the food.

White rice is in the class of carbohydrate and it consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and starch in the class of polysaccharide. Carbohydrate is the main source of energy from supporting structure. It reacts as a wall cell as and play important role as a storage

compound. The fried chicken is in the class of protein. It contains complex organic substances which are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Protein able to help to grow the new cells and repairing worn out or damage the tissue. Steamed fish taken by Sharmin also is in the class of protein. Meanwhile, egg in chili coconut milk are in the class of protein and fat. Fat in the coconut milk and egg is organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in soluble water. Fat can keep our body warm as it will insulate the heat. Fat also stand as a component of protoplasmic membrane. While in the egg itself contain a high source of protein and it is a source of essential amino acid. Last but not least, the food taken by Sharmin is the lime juice and it is classified as vitamin and water. Vitamin c and water in the lime juice will maintain good health. Water also reacts as a transporting agent and water as major component of blood, body fluids, digestive juice and urine.

The process of digestion.

Digestion is the process of breaking down food from complex substance into simpler soluble molecules to be absorbed by the body. Digestion in human can be divided into main categories, chemical digestion and Physical or mechanical digestion. In chemical digestion, a large molecules will be break down, for instance, starch, protein and fat will be break down into smaller molecules. However physical and mechanical digestion involves physically breaking the food into smaller pieces, by doing so mechanical digestion increases the surface area of the food available for chemical digestion.

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Stages of digestion.
Digestion system begins with the mouth where the food enters ingestion. The food enters alementary canal, it is digested the complex food is break into simple subunits. The simple subunits then enter blood and lymph where the phase of absorption. The absorbed nutrient bought by the body cell and assimilated and converted into complex molecules for growth and repair (metabolic activities). Finally undigested foods will engested from the body. The process of digestion can be divided into three: those are digestion in mouth, digestion in the stomach and digestion in small intestine. When the food entering the mouth, chewing action will take placed and it will be broke into smaller parcel. The saliva in the mouth will stimulate by the food and secreting of salivary glands. The food will mix well with saliva by the help of tongue as it has salivary amylase which begins the breakdown of starch to maltose. Later, the chewed food is rolled into bolus and prepares to be swallowed. The food then entered oesophagus by a peristalsis (wave-like muscle contraction). However, digestions in stomach take place when food will stay in stomach for number of hours. By that period, food will churned and mix with the gastric juice due to peristalsis contraction of the stomach wall. When the content of the stomach become a semifluid called chime, food will enter the first part of small intestine called duodenum. Hence, the digestion in the duodenum will receive secretions from the gall bladder (bile) and pancreas (pancreatic juice).Protein, starch and fat will be digested in duodenum. Besides duodenum jejunum and ileum in the small intestine also produce intestinal juices to complete the digestion and absorbed the food. While in large intestine, the remains or the food that cant be absorbed will be stored as faeces in the rectum and will be defecated through anus.

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The process of digestion on Carbohydrate, protein, fats and vitamin in Sharmins body. Carbohydrates
Carbs begin to digest in the mouth, where enzymes in saliva start breaking complex molecules down into simpler sugars. Chewed-up carbs then pass through the oesophagus and stomach with little additional digestion. In the small intestine, they are broken down into the simplest sugar molecules, which are then absorbed through the small intestine walls into the bloodstream and used by the body as fuel or sent for storage in the liver for use at a later time. Fibre, the indigestible cell walls found in carb plant foods such as beans, brown rice and whole wheat, passes through the digestive tract essentially undigested.

Proteins
Protein is found in meat, eggs, dairy products and beans, and is used by the body to build muscle and organs. Protein molecules are quite large. Chewing helps break proteins down into smaller particles for digestion. Chemical protein digestion starts in the stomach, where enzymes start to soften the protein molecules. A number of enzymes, including substances from the pancreas, then break down protein into its component amino acids in the small intestine. Amino acids are absorbed through the wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body to repair injuries and replace dying cells.

Fats
Fats and oils do not easily dissolve into the watery digestive juices of the intestinal tract. Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, can attach to molecules of both water and fat. Bile breaks up conglomerations of fat in the digestive tract into smaller emulsified particles, where lipase, a fat-digesting enzyme, can break it down. The broken down fat particles -- fatty acids and cholesterol -- are absorbed through the intestinal walls into the bloodstream, where they accumulate in the chest veins and are then carried to fat-deposit areas throughout the body to be stored and used for fuel when necessary.

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Vitamins
As food is broken down by digestive juices, the intestines also absorb necessary vitamins for use in a variety of body functions, from fighting inflammation to repairing nerve damage. Water soluble vitamins such as B complex and C are only absorbed through the intestinal walls to the extent that the body has an immediate need for them; any excess is excreted in the urine, and new quantities of these vitamins must be consumed each day for optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins such as A, D, E and K are absorbed through the intestinal walls and stored in the liver and adipose tissue, or body fat, for use when needed.

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The process of digestion in human.

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Lacking food in Sharmins menu and the consequences.

From Sharmins lunch menu, he didnt take adequate fruits and vegetables. Lack fruits and vegetables mean lack fibre taken by Sharmin and it will bring harm to the digestion. Sharmin will possibly face constipation when the remains in the body cant be move out easily from intestine as the faeces get harder. Besides constipation, Sharmin will get a risk of having colon cancer as he took too much fatty food such as coconut milk and chicken that has been fried. The higher fatty in the food taken will drive to malignant tumours of the colon. This happened when fat metabolism is breakdown and the reaction will produce chemical that could harm the colon. Sharmin took less water in his menu and this will lead to increase the body temperature as water can maintain the normal body temperature as it will cool down the heat of the body and prevent viral to attack the body. The normal body temperature is not suitable for viral and diseases to grow in the body. Water circulated all nutrients and distributes them all over the body. This will ensure Sharmin stays healthy. Lack of vegetables can also cause many diseases as multi vitamins can be found in the fruits vegetables and less in taking will influence the health. For instance, lack of vitamin D can drive to incomplete development of teeth and bone and soft pliable bones (ricket), meanwhile lack taking of vitamin b can cause Beriberi.

Suggestion of menu that need to be added on by Sharmin in order to maintain good health.
Sharmin can prepare a fresh salad for his side dish as it contains a lot of vitamin that good for his health. Sharmin also has to take more fibre that can be gained from oat and barley as they could absorb cholesterol and help in defecating. Besides, Sharmin can also take vegetable soup to increase the liquid in his body that might help to overcome heat. He also can reduce fat by changing the coconut milk into low fat milk. He also can choose to eat mix tom yam as it contain vegetable such as tomato and the sour taste and chilies might help in cutting down cholesterol. Instead of lime juice, he can resort to watermelon or banana juice as these contain vitamin and high in fibre. Sharmin can refer to the food pyramid in order to take balance diet. According to the Malaysian Dietary Guidelines (MDG) 2010, food such as rice, noodle, bread, cereals and tubers should be consumed 4 to 8 serving per day. Three serving of vegetables per day.Two serving of food per day, -2 serving of fish. Hence,
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Poltry, meat and legumes per day and he should consumes less fats, Oil sugar and salt. As the conclusion, Sharmins diet must meet with the requirement of seven classes of food to maintain good health.

Food pyramid shows the balance diet.

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REFERENCES.

Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
J. E. Morton, Guts: The Form and Function of the Digestive System (1967); H. W. Davenport, Physiology of the Digestive Tract: An Introductory Text (3d ed. 1971).

The American Dietetic Association, The American Diabetics Associaton, Inc. (1995). Exchange Lists for Meal Planning.

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Photocopied resource

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