PneumoniaCausative Agent:1. Infectious- bacteria (streptococcus pneumonia)virusfungi2.

Noninfectious- inhalation of toxic gases, chemicals- aspiration of foreign substances- secondary to other existing diseaseMode of Transmission: droplet, direct contactIncubation Period: 1 3 daysPneumoniaSigns and Symptoms:fever with chills (rapidly rising)cough characterized by rusty sputumchest pain stabbing aggrevated by respiration & coughingsymptoms of respiratory distressDiagnostic Examinations:Sputum examinationChest x-rayPneumoniaTreatment:Oxygen inhalationAntibiotics- Penicillin G Na for 7-10 days, Tetracycline (Cotrimoxazole) or Erythromycin,Suction secretionExpectorants/MucolyticsCBR Bronchodilators NutritionOral/IV fluidsPneumonia Nursing Care:CBR Turning coughing deep breathing exercisesMeasure to mobilize secretionsMaintain or increase fluid intakeAdequate nutritionSuction secretionsPrevention:Avoid mode of TransmissionBuild resistanceTurn to sidesControl of Acute Respiratory Infection (CARI)Control of Acute Respiratory Infection (CARI) *the no.1 cause of mortality among under five/ infants ?pneumoniaFirst- classify the child (young infant or child)Second- watch out far danger signsThird- make a diagnosisFourth- treat the childVery Severe Pneumonia*coughs and colds plus:Stopped feeding well Not able to drink Ex: throat abscess2. Convulsion (meningitis)3. Abnormally sleepy (meningitis, encephalitis)Decreasing LOC4. Stridor (noisy inspiration)PneumoniaFast breathing means plus cough and coldsYoung infants <2 months: RR 60/min-2-11 months: RR 50/min-1-4 yrs: RR 40/min-ManagementVSD- hospitalizationP- hospital or home management as long as continuous antibiotics and follow upP- Home care + antibiotics NP- home care-give health teachingsIncrease fluid intakeFeed the childWatch danger signsChildren aged 2 month 5 years old with Pneumonia should:Take antibiotics for 5 days cotrimoxazole BID, amoxycillin TIDBring back child after 2 days for reassessmentworse- refer to hospitalSame change antibiotic or refer Improving finish 5 days3. Advised home careManagementtake note also of Wheezing (for younger than 2 months)-bring the child to the hospitalEar problemsAcute ear infectionChronic ear infection(14 days or more)Mastoiditis-painful swelling behind the ear Sore throat

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that is caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. It is characterized primarily byinflammation of the alveoli in the lungs or by alveoli that are filled with fluid (alveoli are microscopic sacs in the lungs that absorb oxygen). At times a very serious condition, pneumonia can make a person very sick or even cause death. Although the disease can occur in young and healthy people, it is most dangerous for older adults, babies, and people with other diseases or impaired immune systems.

In the United States, more than 3 million people develop pneumonia each year, and about 17% of these receive treatment in a hospital. Most people with pneumonia recover, but about 5% will succumb to the condition.

What causes pneumonia?

Bacteria and viruses are the primary causes of pneumonia. When a person breathes pneumoniacausing germs into his lungs and his body's immune system cannot otherwise prevent entry, the organisms settle in small air sacs called alveoli and continue multiplying. As the body sends white blood cells to attack the infection, the sacs become filed with fluid andpus - causing pneumonia. Pneumonia has bacterial, viral, fungal, and other primary causes. A summary is provided below. Bacterial Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. People who suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or alcoholism most often get pneumonia from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae. Atypical pneumonia, a type of pneumonia that typically occurs during the summer and fall months, is caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae. People who have Legionnaire's disease caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumoniae (often found in contaminated water supplies and air conditioners) may also develop pneumonia as part of the overall infection. Another type of bacteria responsible for pneumonia is called Chlamydia pneumoniae. Pneumocystis cariniipneumonia is a form of pneumonia that usually affects both lungs and is found in patients with weakened or compromised immune systems from such conditions as cancer and HIV/AIDS and those treated with TNF (tumor necrosis factor) for rheumatoid arthritis. Viral Viral pneumonias are pneumonias that do not typically respond to antibiotic treatment (in contrast to bacterial pneumonias). Adenoviruses, rhinovirus, influenza virus (flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and parainfluenza virus are all potential causes of viral pneumonia.
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Zalora Philippines - www.Zalora.com.ph Properties For Sale - Find Houses, Apartment, Condominium At Sulit Real Estate Philippines - RealEstate.Sulit.com.ph Signs of Pneumonia - See Common Pneumonia Symptoms Here. Get Free Expert Info on Treatments. - SymptomFind.com/Pneumonia Fungal Histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, blastomycosis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis are fungal infections that can lead to fungal pneumonia. These types of pneumonias are relatively infrequent in the United States. Nosocomial and others Organisms that have been exposed to strong antibiotics and have developed resistance are called

nosocomial organisms. If they enter the lungs, a person may develop nosocomial pneumonia. Resistant bacteria are often found in nursing homes and hospitals. An example isMRSA, or methicillin-resistant Staph aureus, which can cause skin infections as well as pneumonia. Similarly, outbreaks of the H5N1 influenza (bird flu) virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) have resulted in serious pneumonia infections. Anthrax, plague, and tularemia also may cause pneumonia, but their occurrences are rare.

Who gets pneumonia?

Some people are more likely than others to develop pneumonia. Individuals at higher risk include those who:

Smoke. Abuse alcohol. Have other medical conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),emphysema, asthma, or HIV/AIDS. Are younger than 1 year of age or older than 65. Have a weakened or impaired immune system. Take medicines for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Have recently recovered from a cold or influenza infection. Are malnourished. Have been recently hospitalized in an intensive care unit. Have been exposed to certain chemicals or pollutants. Are Native Alaskan or certain Native American ethnicity. Have any increased risk of breathing mucus or saliva from the nose or mouth, liquids, or food from the stomach into the lungs.

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

Symptoms of pneumonia caused by bacteria usually come on more quickly than pneumonia caused by virus. Elderly persons and small children may actually have fewer or more mild symptoms than expected for such high risk groups. Most people with pneumonia begin with cold and flu symptoms and then develop a high fever, chills, and cough with sputum. Although symptoms may vary greatly depending on other underlying conditions, common symptoms include:

Cough Rusty or green mucus (sputum) coughed up from lungs Fever Fast breathing and shortness of breath Shaking chills Chest pain that usually worsens when taking a deep breath (pleuritic pain) Fast heartbeat Fatigue and feeling very weak

Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Sweating Headache Muscle pain Confusion or delirium Dusky or purplish skin color (cyanosis) from poorly oxygenated blood

How is pneumonia diagnosed?

A pneumonia diagnosis usually begins with a physical exam and a discussion about your symptoms and medical history. A doctor may suspect pneumonia if they hear coarse breathing, wheezing, crackling sounds, or rumblings when listening to the chest through a stethoscope. Chest x-rays and blood tests may be ordered to confirm a pneumonia diagnosis. A chest x-ray can confirm pneumonia and determine its location and extent in the lungs. Blood tests measure white blood cell count to determine the severity of pneumonia and can be used to determine whether the infection is bacterial, viral, fungal, etc. An analysis of sputum also can be used to determine the organism that is causing the pneumonia. A more invasive diagnostic tool is the bronchoscopy - a procedure whereby the patient is under anesthesia and a thin, flexible, and lighted tube is inserted into the nose or mouth to directly examine the infected parts of the lung.

How is pneumonia treated?

Pneumonia treatments depend on the type of pneumonia and the severity of symptoms. Bacterial pneumonias are usually treated with antibiotics, whereas viral pneumonias are treated with rest and plenty of fluids. Fungal pneumonias are usually treated with antifungal medications. Over-the-counter medications are also commonly prescribed to better manage pneumonia symptoms. These include treatments for reducing fever, reducing aches and pains, and suppressing coughs. In addition, it is important to get plenty of rest and sleep and drink lots of fluids. Hospitalization for pneumonia may be required if symptoms are especially bad or a patient has a weakened immune system or other serious illness. At the hospital, patients generally are treated with intravenous antibiotics and possibly put on oxygen.

How can pneumonia be prevented?

There are several ways to prevent pneumonia. There are two vaccines that are available to prevent pneumococcal disease (the bacterial infection that is the most common cause of pneumonia): pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar) and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Pneumovax). Prevnar is generally administered as part of the normal infant immunization procedure and is recommended for children less than 2 years of age or between two and four years with certain medical conditions. Pneumovax is provided for adults who are at increased risk of developing pneumococcal pneumonia, such as the elderly, diabetics, those with chronic heart, lung, or kidney disease, alcoholics, smokers, and those without a spleen. The pneumonia vaccine may not

completely prevent older adults from getting pneumonia, but it can reduce the severity of a future pneumonia. In addition to vaccinations, physicians recommend that people wash hands, refrain from smoking, eat healthfully, exercise, and stay away from sputum or cough particles from others with pneumonia. Written by Peter Crosta M.A.

Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection that mainly affects the lungs. The lungs are made up of small sacs calledalveoli, which are filled with air when a healthy person breathes in. When an individual has pneumonia, the alveoli are filled with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful and limits the amount of oxygen they can take into the body. Pneumonia is caused by a number of infectious agents, mainly by certain bacteria and viruses (Box 35.2). In children or adults whose immunity is weak, other organisms such as fungi can cause a rare form of pneumonia, which may be responsible for at least one quarter of all pneumonia deaths in HIV-infected infants.

Box 35.2 Major bacterial or viral causes of pneumonia

Bacterial causes (the major causes of death from pneumonia)

Streptococcus pneumoniae the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) the second most common cause of bacterial pneumonia.

Viral causes Respiratory syncytial virus the most common viral cause of pneumonia.

Pneumonia is the number one cause of death among children in Ethiopia and worldwide: globally, it causes an estimated 1.6 million child deaths every year. It is also among the top five causes of illness and death in adults in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS, 2005) estimated that 13% of children had pneumonia during the survey year, and infants (children up to one year old) were more likely to have pneumonia than older children under the age of five. Viral infections often come on gradually and may worsen over time. The common symptoms include cough, fever, chills, headaches, loss of appetite and wheezing. Which of the bacterial causes of pneumonia can be prevented by immunization?
Reveal answer

As we mentioned earlier, immunization against measles also helps to protect children from complications, which include pneumonia and AOM.

35.4.2 Pneumonia transmission and risk factors

The infectious agents causing pneumonia may reach the persons lungs through different routes. The most common modes of transmission are: Airborne droplets spread when the sick person coughs or sneezes, and inhaled into the lungs (breathed in) by a susceptible person; Direct oral contact with someone who has pneumonia (e.g. through kissing). During or shortly after birth, babies are also at higher risk of developing pneumonia from coming into contact with infectious agents in the birth canal, or from contaminated articles used during the delivery.

These modes of transmission help to explain why certain risk factors increase the probability that children or adults will develop pneumonia. Box 35.3 summarises the common risk factors, some of which also increase the patients susceptibility to fatal complications if pneumonia occurs.

Box 35.3 Common risk factors for pneumonia

Under-nutrition/malnutrition, which weakens the immune system and reduces resistance to infection Inadequate breastfeeding or formula feeding of infants under six months old, which predisposes them to malnutrition and infection Lack of immunization against vaccine-preventable diseases that affect the respiratory system Infection with HIV and/or tuberculosis Living in overcrowded homes, where airborne infection is easily transmitted Exposure to indoor air pollution, especially smoke from cooking fires burning vegetable and animal waste (e.g. dried cow dung), which irritates the lungs and makes it easier for bacteria and viruses to gain a hold.

Pneumonia - Cause
Viruses, bacteria, or (in rare cases) parasites or other organisms can cause pneumonia. In most cases, the specific organism (such as bacteria or virus) cannot be identified even with testing.1 When an organism is identified, it is usually the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae.2 Many types of bacteria may cause pneumonia. Pneumonia caused byMycoplasma pneumoniae is sometimes mild and called "walking pneumonia." Viruses, such as influenza A (the flu virus) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)can cause pneumonia. In people with impaired immune systems, pneumonia may be caused by other organisms, including some forms of fungi, such as Pneumocystis jiroveci (formally called Pneumocystis carinii). This fungus frequently causes pneumonia in people who have AIDS. Some doctors may suggest an HIV test if they think thatPneumocystis jiroveci is causing the pneumonia. How do you get pneumonia? You may get pneumonia:

After you breathe infected air particles into your lungs. After you breathe certain bacteria from your nose and throat into your lungs. This generally occurs during sleep. During or after a viral upper respiratory infection, such as a cold or influenza (flu). As a complication of a viral illness, such asmeasles or chickenpox. If you breathe large amounts of food, gastric juices from the stomach, or vomit into the lungs (aspiration pneumonia). This can happen when you have had a medical condition that affects your ability to swallow, such as a seizure or a stroke. A healthy person's nose and throat often contain bacteria or viruses that cause pneumonia. Pneumonia can develop when these organisms spread to your lungs while your lungs are more likely to be infected. Examples of times when this can happen are during or soon after a cold or if you have a long-term (chronic) illness, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). You can get pneumonia in your daily life, such as at school or work (community-associated pneumonia) or when you are in a hospital or nursing home (healthcare-associated pneumonia). Treatment may differ in healthcare-associated pneumonia, because bacteria causing the infection in hospitals may be different from those causing it in the community. This topic focuses on community-associated pneumonia.

Streptococcus, Group B
Important It is possible that the main title of the report Streptococcus, Group B is not the name you expected. Please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and disorder subdivision(s) covered by this report. Synonyms GBS Group B Streptococcal Septicemia of the Newborn Lancefield Group B Streptococcus Sepsis of the Newborn Streptococcus Agalactiae Disorder Subdivisions Infant Early-Onset Streptococcus, Group B Infant Late-Onset Streptococcus, Group B Adult Onset Streptococcus, Group B General Discussion Group B streptococcus (group B strep) is a type of bacteria that causes infection among newborns, pregnant women or women after childbirth, females after gynecologic surgery, and older male and female patients with other serious diseases. Group B strep remains the most common cause among newborns (neonates) of infection of the blood (septicemia) and of the brain (meningitis). The responsible bacterium, usually S. agalactiae, may be found most often in the vagina and rectum of females and may be transmitted sexually, as well as to a fetus as the infant passes through the birth canal. Group B strep infection of newborns may be prevented by giving pregnant women who are carriers antibiotics through the vein (intravenously) during labor. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that any pregnant woman who has had a baby with group B strep disease

in the past, who has abladder (urinary tract) infection caused by group B strep, or who tests positive for group B strep during pregnancy should receive antibiotics during labor. Prevention and prompt treatment are important because group B strep infections may become lifethreatening among newborns. GBS disease is said to be early onset if it is obvious within the first week of life. It is said to be late onset if the disease is evident after the first week of life and before the end of the first three months. Those at greatest risk of GBS disease are newborn children of infected mothers, women after childbirth, females after gynecologic surgery and older male and female patients with other serious diseases.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a highly contagious virus that causes an infection with symptoms similar to those of a moderate to severe cold. RSV infection usually resolves on its own and does not cause major health concerns, but it can become a problem when it is severe or leads to pneumonia, bronchiolitis, or other complications. Babies (especially those born prematurely or with heart or lung problems), people with immune system problems, and adults age 65 and older have an increased risk of developing complications from RSV infection. Although reinfection with RSV is common throughout life, the first infection usually causes the most severe symptoms. Almost all children become infected with RSV by the age of 2 years.

Pneumococcal Disease (<em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em>)

J. Pekka Nuorti INFECTIOUS AGENT
Pneumococcal disease is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), which has more than 91 known serotypes. The major clinical syndromes include life-threatening infections such as meningitis, bacteremia, and pneumonia. Pneumococcus is the most commonly identified cause of community-acquired pneumonia. It is also a major cause of milder but more common illnesses, such as sinusitis and otitis media.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION
S. pneumoniae is transmitted directly from person to person through close contact via respiratory droplets. The organism frequently colonizes the nasopharynx of healthy people, particularly young children, without causing illness. Transmission is thought to be common, but clinical illness occurs infrequently among casual contacts.