Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 1

POSCO 2001

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 2

Hot-dip galvanized steel products have versatile usage. It is used in civil engineering and construction as well as in automobile and electrical parts. POSCO produces superb quality galvanized steel sheets with excellent corrosion resistance, formability, weldability, and paintability. POSCO will spare no effort to continuously develop world class steel products to fill the needs of our customers.

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 3

Annealing Process AnAny trace of lubrication on cold-rolled coil is removed. The coil is then heated in the annealing furnace to achieve a clean surface and optimal metal properties.

Hot-Dip Galvanizing Process The steel sheet is immersed into the molten zinc pot for coating and the air knife sprays high pressure air to achieve the appropriate coating weight.

Galvannealing Process he galvanized steel sheet is reheated in the galvannealing furnace, the pure zinc coated layer becomes an iron-zinc alloy producing a galvannealed sheet with excellent weldability and paintability.

Shape Formation and Chemical Treatment Process Galvanized sheets pass through the skin pass mill to give them a flat and bright surface. To prevent white rust from forming and to enhance corrosion resistance, the steel sheet is treated with chromate.

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 2

1. Hot-Dip Galvanizing Steel Sheet Line Classification Days of Full Operation Capacity Thickness Product Dimensions Width Weight Coating Weight Surface Finish Product Type Chemical Treatment Furnace Type Diameter Kwangyang 1CGL 88.12 367,000ton/year 0.2~2.3mm 720~1,860mm 5~40ton Both sides:60~720g/m zero spangled galvannealed Kwangyang 2CGL 91.6 367,000ton/year 0.2~2.3mm 720~1,570mm 5~35ton Both sides:60~380g/m zero spangled galvannealed Kwangyang 3CGL 95.6 300,000ton/year 0.2~1.6mm 600~1,270mm 5~33ton Both sides:60~720g/m zero spangled Chromate, Oiling Vertical 508/610mm Kwangyang 4CGL 00.6 450,000ton/year 0.4~2.3mm 900~1,860mm 5~35ton Both sides:60~720g/m zero spangled galvannealed

Commercial, (light) drawing, deep drawing, extra deep drawing, structural quality, high strength steel

2. Hot-Rolled Galvanized Steel Sheet Line Classification Capacity Thickness Product Dimensions Width Weight Coating Weight Surface Treatment Product Type Chemical Treatment Furnace Type Diameter Kwangyang PGS 500,000ton/year 1.4~4.5mm 740~1,570mm Maximum 1.35ton Both sides : 60~600 g/m Zero Spangled Commercial, Structural Quality Chromate, Oiling Horizontal 610mm

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 3

1. Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Product Characteristics Product Coating Layer Structure Characteristics Major Usage

Zero Spangled (Minimized Spangle)

While molten zinc solidifies on the surface of the steel sheet, normal zinc crystalization is suppressed creating fine crystals. The surface is flat and has a fine appearance after painting. Paintability is superior to regular spangle products.

Furniture, office appliances, inner &outer panels of home appliances, substrates for painting, automobile inner plates, pipes, construction materials

Galvannealed

By a thermal diffusion process, steel sheet and zinc react to produce Zn-Fe alloy coating layer. Weldability and paintability is superior to galvanized steel sheets. Iron in the alloy layer enhances corrosion resistance after painting.

Inner&outer panels of home appliances and automobiles

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 4

1. Products Zero Spangled Galvannealed

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Metal furniture Inner & outer panels of home appliances Substrates for painting Inner panel of automobiles Construction materials Pipes

?? Inner& outer panels of automobiles ?? Fuel tanks

2. Applications

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1. Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Product Standard Cold-Rolled Coil Classification / Standards Commercial Lock forming Drawing Deep drawing Non-Aging Deep Drawing Non-Aging Extra Deep Drawing POSCO CGCC CGCF CGCD CGCP CGCN CGCE CGL35 CGC41 CGC45 CGC50 CGC58 KS D3506 SGCC SGCD 1 SGCD 2 SGCD 3 SGCD 3N SGC35 SGC 41 SGC 45 SGC 50 SGC 58 JIS G3302 SGCC SGCD1 SGCD 2 SGCD 3 SGCD 3N SGC 340 SGC 400 SGC 440 SGC 490 SGC 570 A446 ASTM 89 A526 A527 A528 A642 Gr A Gr B Gr C Gr D Gr F Gr E A A A A 95 A 653-CQ A 653-LFQ A 653-DQ A 653-DQSK 653-SQ230 653-SQ255 653-SQ275 653-SQ340 A 653-SQ550 EN10142 DX51D DX52D DX53D DX54D S220 GD S250 GD S280 GD S320 GD S350 GD S550 GD

Structural Quality

CGCHS 35 CGCHS 40 High- strength Steel CGCHS 45 CGCHS 50 CGCHS 60 *1)Standard for En structural quality is En10147 *2)Tensile strength of A446 Grade A is 32kg/m Hot-Rolled Coil Classification / Standards Commercial

POSCO CGHC CGH41 CGH45 CGH50 CGH55

KS D 3506 SGHC SGH41 SGH45 SGH50 SGH55

JIS G 3302 SGHC SGH400 SGH440 SGH490 SGH540

Structural Quality

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 6 2. POSCO Standards Cold-Rolled Coil Elongation? min. % Classification Thickness mm Yield Point min. Kg/m Tensile Strength min. Kg/m 28 28 28 28 28 35 41 45 50 58 35 40 45 50 60 Thickness mm 0.2525and over, under 0.40 20 18 18 16 28 25 23 21 16 0.4025and over, under 0.60 34 36 38 38 40 20 18 18 16 30 27 25 22 17 0.6025and over, under 1.0 36 38 40 40 42 20 18 18 16 32 29 27 23 18 1.025and over, under 1.6 37 39 41 41 43 20 18 18 16 34 31 28 24 18 1.625and over, under 2.3 38 40 42 42 44 20 18 18 16 36 33 29 25 18 No.5, rolling direction Test Piece

CGCC CGCF CGCD CGCP CGCN CGCE CGC35 CGC41 CGC45 CGC50 CGC58 CGCHS35 CGCHS40 CGCHS45 CGCHS50 CGCHS60 0.2~2.3

25 30 34 37 57 20 23 32 34 40

Remark: 1. Non-aging of CGCN and CGCE is guaranteed for 6 months after shipping.

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 7 Hot-rolled Sheet Classification CGCH CGC 35 CGC 41 CGC 45 CGC 50 CGC 55 1.4~4.5 Thickness (mm) Yield Point min.Kg/m(N/m) 25(245) 30(295) 34(335) 37(365) 41(400) Tensile Strength min.Kg/m(N/m) 35(340) 41(400) 45(440) 50(490) 55(540) Elongation min.% 20 18 18 16 16 No.5, rolling direction Test Piece

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 8 3. Coating Weight Minimum Coating Weight (Both-sided coating) Coat Weight Type 060 080 090 100 120 150 180 200 220 250 275 300 350 450 500 600 Remark: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Average Value of Both-Sided, Triple Spots Method 60 80 90 100 120 150 180 200 220 250 275 300 350 450 500 600 Minimum Value of Both-Sided, Single Spot Method 51 68 77 85 102 128 153 170 187 213 234 255 298 383 426 510 Corresponding Standards (Marking Symbol) KS D3506 Z06, F06 Z08, F08 Z10, F10 Z12, F12 Z18, F18 Z20 Z22 Z25 Z27 Z35 Z45 Z60 JIS G3302 Z06, F06 Z08, F08 Z10, F10 Z12, F12 Z18, F18 Z20 Z22 Z25 Z27 Z35 Z45 Z60

"K" is marked for non- alloy products and "S" is added in front of the alloy product code. However, in case of alloy products, coat weight should not exceed 200. For drawing (CGCF,CGCD,CGCP,CGCN,CGCE), marking codes exceeding K350 and S100 are not applied. For both-side, triple spots coating weight, the average value of the measurement of 3 test pieces is applied. For one-side, single spot coating weight, the minimum value of the measurement of 3 test pieces is applied. Separate consultation is necessary for the maximum coating weight on both sides.

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Minimum Coat Weight Type Both side Non- Alloy Alloy Zero Spangle Coating J G

Remark: ?Otherwise specified, both-side zero spangle is used in principal. Chemical Treatment Type General chromate treated Special chromate treated Non-treated Mark CL CH M Oiling Type Oiled Non-oiled mark O X

4. Thickness tolerance Cold-Rolled Coil Thickness / Width under 0.25 0.25 and over, under0.40 0.40 and over, under 0.60 0.60 and over, under 0.80 0.80 and over, under1.00 1.00 and over, under 1.25 1.25 and over, under 1.60 1.60 and over, under 2.00 2.00 and over, under 2.30 Under 630 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.13 630 and over, under1,000 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.14 1,000 and over, under 1,250 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.15 1,250 and over, under 1,600 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.17 1,600 and over 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.19

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 10

Hot-Rolled Coil Thickness / Width 1.60 and over, under 2.30 2.30 and over, under 3.20 3.20 and over, under 4.50 Equal Coating Thickness Coating Weight Marking Code (Zinc) Coating Thickness K060 0.013 K080 0.017 K100 0.021 K120 0.026 K180 0.034 K200 0.040 K220 0.043 K250 0.049 K275 0.054 K350 0.064 K450 0.080 K600 0.102 1,000E 0.17 0.21 0.30 1,000 and over, under 1,250 0.18 0.22 0.32 1,250 and over, under 1,600 0.20 0.27 0.35 1,600 and over 0.22 0.30 -

Coating Weight Mark (Alloy) SO40 SO60 SO80 S100 S120 Coating Thickness 0.008 0.013 0.017 0.021 0.021

5.Width Tolerance Tolerance Width A 1,500 and under 1,500 Over Remark: Unless otherwise specified, A is applied. +25 0 Hot-Rolled Coil B +10 0 +7 0 +10 0 Cold-Rolled Coil

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6. Length Tolerance Cold-Rolled Coil +10 0 Hot-Rolled Coil +10 0

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 12 7. Shape (Camber) Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet Width / Length Under 2,000 Under 630 630 and over Hot-Rolled Steel Sheet Width/ Length Under 2,500 Under 630 630 and over, under 1,000 1,000 and over 5 4 3 Sheet 2,500 and over under4,000 8 6 5 4,000 and over 12 10 8 5 to 2,000 to any given length Coil 4 2 Sheet 2,000 and over 4 to 2,000 to any given length 2 to 2,000 to any given length Coil

((off-squaredness) off-squaredness: A/WX100(%), it shall not exceed 1%

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 13 8. Flatness Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet Width / Type Under 1,000 1,000 and over, under1,250 1,250 and over, under1,600 1,600 and over Hot-Rolled Sheet Width / Type Under1,000 1,000 and over, under1,600 1,600 and over Wave (Bow) 16 and under 18 and under 20 and under Center Wave 16 and under 18 and under 20 and under Edge Wave 16 and under 18 and under 20 and under Wave (Bow) 128 and under 15 8 and under 15 8 and under 20 8 and under Center Wave 8 8 and under 9 8 and under 11 8 and under 13 8 and under Edge Wave 8 and under 9 and under 11 and under 13 and under

Remark: Flatness is measured on top of a flat table. The value is calculated by subtracting the thickness of the steel from the maximum deformation value. It is applied to the upper side of the sheet.

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 14 9. KS standard(KS D 3506 Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Sheet and Coil) Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet Elongation (min.%) Classification Thickness Yield Point min. N/mm 205 245 0.25? 2.3 295 335 365 Tensile Strength min. N/mm 270 270 270 270 340 400 440 490 Thickness 0.25 and over 20 18 18 16 0.40 and over, under0.06 34 36 (38) 20 18 18 16 0.06 and over, under1.0 36 38 40 20 18 18 16 1.0 and over, under1.6 37 39 41 20 18 18 16 1.6 and over, under 2.3 38 40 42 20 18 18 16 Test Piece 1.6 and over 20 18 18 16 No.5, rolling direction (unit::3 )

SGCC SGCD 1 SGCD 2 SGCD 3 SGC 35 SGC 41 SGC 45 SGC 50

0.25? 3.2 0.40? 2.3 0.60? 2.3

SGC 58 0.25? 2.0 560 570 Remark: Prior consultation is required for the values in ( ). Hot-Rolled Sheet Classification SGHC SGH 35 SGH 41 SGH 45 SGH 50 SGH 55 1.6? 4.5 Thickness (3 ) Yield Point min. N/mm 205 245 295 335 365 400

Tensile Strength min. N/mm 270 340 400 440 490 540

Elongation min.% 20 18 18 16 -

Test Piece

No.5, rolling direction

Remark:The yield point and tensile strength of SGHC are 206N/mm and 275N/mm or over, respectively

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 15 10. Thickness Tolerance Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet 630 and over, under1,000 ? l0.04 ? l0.05 ? l0.06 ? l0.07 ? l0.08 ? l0.09 ? l0.11 ? l0.12 ? l0.14 ? l0.16 ? l0.18 1,000 and over, under1,250 ? l0.04 ? l0.05 ? l0.06 ? l0.07 ? l0.09 ? l0.10 ? l0.11 ? l0.13 ? l0.15 ? l0.17 ? l0.20 1,250 and over, under1,600 ? l0.06 ? l0.07 ? l0.07 ? l0.09 ? l0.10 ? l0.12 ? l0.14 ? l0.16 ? l0.18 ? l0.21 (unit::3 )

Thickness/Width Under 0.25 0.25 and over, under 0.40 0.40 and over, under 0.60 0.60 and over, under 0.80 0.80 and over, under 1.00 1.00 and over, under 1.25 1.25 and over, under 1.60 1.60 and over, under 2.00 2.00 and over, under 2.50 2.50 and over, under 3.15 3.15 and over

630 and under ? l0.04 ? l0.05 ? l0.06 ? l0.07 ? l0.08 ? l0.09 ? l0.10 ? l0.11 ? l0.13 ? l0.15 ? l0.17

1,600 and over ? l0.08 ? l0.10 ? l0.12 ? l0.14 ? l0.16 ? l0.18 ? l0.21 -

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 16

Hot-Rolled Sheet

(unit:3 )

General Use

Structural Quality

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11. Width Tolerance Tolerance Width A 1,500 and under Over1,500 ? 25 0 Hot-Rolled Sheet B ? 10 0 Cold-Rolled Sheet ?7 0 ? 10 0

(unit:3 )

12.Length Tolerance Cold-Rolled Sheet ? 15 0 Hot-Rolled Sheet ? 15 0

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 18

1. Galvanized Steel Corrosion Resistance General Properties Electrochemical Protection Hot-dip galvanized steel has strong corrosion resistance. Galvanized steel consists of a zinc coating on a steel substrate. Since zinc is anodic to iron, a break in the coating does not lead to corrosion of the substrate. This sacrificial anode of zinc is a form of galvanic protection. Physical Protection Zinc itself is an "active" metal, thus when exposed to the atmosphere it initially reacts with oxygen in the air to oxidize while contact with carbon gas creates zinc carbonate. These thin films protect the steel from more serious environmental attack. It is tenacious and serves as a barrier between the steel and environment to prevent further corrosion. Corrosion Resistance to atmospheric assault Corrosion of galvanized steel sheets depends on the protective surface film. The thin film can provide better protection when air is less polluted. If the air contains harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide, a porous film forms on the surface and accelerates corrosion. The lifespan of steel sheets is proportionate to the amount of zinc coating, but in the case of identical amount of zinc coating, environment is the most important factor of corrosion. In cities and industrial areas, steel sheets deteriorate faster than out in the country where the air is cleaner. The corrosion resistance rate of steel sheet in industrialized areas stand at only 25~40% of that in rural regions. In addition, the lifespan of steel sheets are 5-10 times longer indoors than in an outdoor environment. Galvannealed Steel Sheet To improve weldability and paintabilty of pure zinc galvanized steel, it is reheated (500~550 C) in a galvanneal furnace to give it a gray Fe-Zn alloy layer. Iron consists of about 10% of the alloy layer, making it a more noble appearing metal and less susceptible to ionization. Galvannealed steel sheet is optimal for preventing local corrosion.

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 19 2. Formability Hot-dip galvanized steel sheet manufactured at continuous galvanizing line has excellent zinc tenacity and the Fe-Zn alloy layer is very thin so coating does not exfoliate during drawing. Galvanized steel sheet produced from vertical furnace has excellent formability compared to that of cold-rolled steel sheet. Mechanical Properties

3.Paintability Galvanized sheets are usually painted before use. Paint adhesiveness and corrosion resistance after painting is heavily influenced by the type of treatment before painting. Generally, oiling is preferred to chromate treatment. It is important to clean the surface before painting to have strong adhesion. Galvannealed steel sheets have a phosphate layer due to the Fe-Zn alloy coating giving steel sheets improved adhesiveness and corrosion resistance. Result of Paintability Test Erichsen test after cross-cutting (adhesive tape flaking test) DURGRIP(Galvanized) Corrosion resistance after painting DURGRIP(Galvanized) DURGRIP(Galvanized) Cold-rolled steel sheet DURGRIP(Galvanized) Cold-rolled steel sheet

Paintabilty Testing Procedure

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 20 4. Weldability Characteristics - zinc coating has better conductivity than iron, thus reducing electrical resistance on the contact area .This leads to lower heat generation. -Since the melting point of zinc is lower than that of iron, continuous welding is impaired by attachment of zinc at the electrode. -Zinc is more ductile than iron so electrical density is reduced as pressure from the electrode is applied onto large contact area of steel sheets. Property of Repeated Welding

The graph shows optimum welding conditions of galvanized steel sheets. Optimum range of galvanized steel sheet is higher than that of the cold-rolled sheet. thickness: 0.8mm electrode:0.5mm (cylinder type with cut edge) time:10seconds When continuously spot welding galvanized steel sheet, zinc attaches onto the electrode, impairing the welding process. This intensifies with increased zinc coating weight. Galvanized steel sheet with thin zinc coating can be continuously welded more than 5000 times. In case of painted sheets, appropriate electrode conditions must be met. Galvannealed steel sheets can be continuously welded more than 5000 times.

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 21 Methods for Improving Weldability Spot Welding Seam Welding

Raise welding current by 10~30% Increase the current flow time by 10% Increase electrode pressure Use conical shaped Cr-Cu alloy electrode Take extra care of electrode and cool sufficiently with water

Set welding current higher Deter internal defects and air bubbles by increasing pressure Adopt alternating current; greater on/off time ratio will produce better welding Cool electrode sufficiently with water

Shield Metal Arc-Welding When shield arc welding, it advisable to use an electrode with high basicity to obtain good fludity and metal properties. For example, KSD 7004 E 4303 (lime titanium type), E 4313 (high titanium oxide), E 4316 (low hydrogen type) are good covers Solderability Galvanized steel sheet can be soldered without exfoliating the surface film. Any simple solvent will remove the film. Chromate-treated steel sheet has excellent solderability. Non-corrosive solvent or mixture of zinc chloride (15~20%) and ammonium chloride(3.3~5%) are favored solvents. It is necessary to thoroughly clean and dry the steel sheet after applying solvent. 5. Galvannealed Steel Sheet

Resistance Welding Welding galvanized steel is more difficult than welding cold-rolled steel because it has lower electric resistance, a lower melting point, and wider contact area under electrode pressure. Galvannealed steel sheet, coated with a Fe-Zn alloy, has a higher melting point and greater hardness than pure zinc coated steel; thus weldability is enhanced. Shield Metal Arc Welding Has similar weldability as cold-rolled sheets.

Change of welded part strength and nugget diameter in accordance to welding current

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Commercial (SJ)

Galvannealed (CQ,DQ)

Galvannealed (DDQ,EDDQ)

High-strength Steel (TS 35,40,50kg)

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 23

Structural Quality (TS41-49kg)

Structural Quality (58kg)

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 24

1. Coil

2. Sheet

Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel 25 3.Marking Label Marking Sheet