YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 48:163195 (2005)

Juan Comass Summary History of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (19281968)
Marta P. Alfonso and Michael A. Little* (Translation and Editing)
Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000 KEY WORDS physical anthropology; history; AAPA of the Wenner-Gren Foundation to biological anthropology; a history of the Yearbook of Physical Anthropology; and comments on the short-lived PA Newsletter. In addition, there are appendices with the founding AAPA Constitution and By-Laws from 1930 and as they existed in 1968. All of this synoptic information saves the reader with interests in the history of the AAPA considerable effort, especially when few university and college libraries have the full (old and new) series of the AJPA on their shelves. We have tried to provide a translation of Comass history that is faithful to the original Spanishlanguage publication. In a few cases, we shortened sentences and applied a slightly more modern usage than was popular in the late 1960s. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 48:163195, 2005. V 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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ABSTRACT This translation of Juan Comass Summary History of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists was originally published in Spanish by a e Historia, Mexthe Instituto Nacional de Antropolog ico, in 1969 (Departamento de Investigaciones Antropo gicas, Publication 22). Physical anthropologists from lo North America and members of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists owe Juan Comas a debt of gratitude for having labored to produce this Summary History of the AAPA. There is much useful and interesting material in this document: extensive endnotes that are helpful to the historian of the profession; an appendix of the Journal issues where the proceedings of annual meetings can be found; a detailed listing of contributors of papers to annual meetings from 19301968; a warm acknowledgment and history of the contributions

A NOTE ON THE LIFE OF JUAN COMAS

Juan Comas was born in 1900 on Mallorca, one of the Balearic Islands off the coast of Spain. He migrated to Mexico in 1939 as an anti-Franco Spaniard, and became a citizen of his adopted country in 1940. Throughout his life, he championed the social conditions of Native Latin Americans and fought against racism. Although he is generally known as a physical anthropologist, he had broad interests in anthropology (one of his early works was on the prehistory of Mallorca), and was in favor of the four-eld approach. Other interests were in the history of anthropology, the fallacies of race, prehistory, and the origins of Native Americans. One of his major contributions was the Manual of Physical Anthropology, published in the United States (1960), although this was only one of numerous other publications. He died in Mexico City in 1979 after a long and inuential career.

PROLOGUE
Four decades have passed since, despite many problems, a small but enthusiastic group of physicians, biologists, and physical anthropologists were, under the guid Hrdlic ka, able to create and move forward ance of Ales with the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. The AAPA has promoted many activities in different elds of the discipline, so that its sphere of inuence and its activity have increased. However, accessible information is sporadic and fragmentary. Indeed, the proceedings of annual meetings have not always been published, and at other times they are so brief that they only partially reect what happened during the meetings. The absence
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of a permanent secretariat may be the cause of this situation, since its location moves from one city to another, depending on the secretary/treasurers place of residence. This is the reason why a summary history of activities performed by the AAPA since its creation and up to this date has been prepared. We have tried to provide some order in a chronological sequence, so that each one of these activities can be evaluated and compared. In general terms, the role performed by the AAPA in the development of physical anthropology has been of extreme importance, not only in the United States but on the whole American continent, and even at a global scale. This is the case even when policies of the Executive Committee have not always been successful. These AAPA policies, however, have always raised discussion, controversy, and redenition, which, in the end, are essential for scientic evolution and development. In addition to the sources listed in Literature Cited, we acknowledge our colleagues who, with a true spirit of cooperation, have provided informative material and who helped us to complete our photographic collection. We give special thanks to W.M. Cobb, S.M. Garn, F.S. Hulse, F.E. n, Johnston, G.W. Lasker, Lita Osmundsen, M.A. Scho

Grant sponsor: American Association of Physical Anthropologists. *Correspondence to: Michael A. Little, Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000. E-mail: mlittle@binghamton.edu DOI 10.1002/ajpa.20355 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).

WILEY-LISS, INC.

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M.P. ALFONSO AND M.A. LITTLE ogy should exist. The name of this organization will be the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA); 2nd. That the general objective of such an organization must be the development, by all rightful means, of the inherent subjects of physical anthropology, and also of its best utilization (American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 1929). Afterward, all members of the new association proceeded to elect a President and Secretary-Treasurer, appoint Hrdlic ka and Dudley J. Morton, ments that went to Ales respectively. Then major details about the organization were discussed, and it was decided that the AAPA would cooperate with the AAA, with Section H of the AAAS, and with the American Association of Anatomists. Furthermore, it was established that the basic principle of the new organization would be to provide maximum support to the AJPA, which was considered its ofcial publication. The eight anthropologists, already mentioned, were the rst members of the AAPA, and they took it as their responsibility to prepare the Declaration of Principles of the new Association. The Declaration identied activities that were to be orientated, principally, to the following topics: 1. To promote the interaction, cooperation, and assistance, in this country and abroad, within all the subelds of anthropology, as well as with anatomists, physiologists, biologists, physicians, and dentists; 2. To promote, in its broadest sense, research and publications in physical anthropology; 3. To promote the organization of good anthropological education in universities, medical schools, art institutes, and other educational centers in which such training will be benecial; 4. To prepare adequate textbooks, maps, and other types of materials that would be helpful in teaching anthropology; 5. To cooperate in the systematization of anthropometric techniques, as well as in the standardization and production of anthropometric instruments; 6. To obtain standardized measurements through the introduction and application of methods, using adequate anthropometrical instruments, in all institutions where individuals are measured, such as establishments for abnormal or decient children, insurance companies, and recruitment centers for the army or navy; 7. To provide help and support, and to disseminate these methods, instruments, etc., to other countries; 8. To develop physical anthropology as a well-organized science, so that its practical value and educational benet will be ensured for future generations; 9. To communicate to the public the results of research conducted in physical anthropology; 10. To help and support museums, universities, and schools to achieve the best representation of subjects related to phylogeny, ontogeny, and human variation and differentiation; 11. To help the most distinguished and advanced students so that they can carry out original research and eldwork; and 12. To create eventually, in the most appropriate place, an American Institute of Physical Anthropology. Such an institute could be used not only as a headquarters and library of the AAPA, but also as a center of anthropometrics training, and diffusion of anthropological knowledge.

H.L. Shapiro, and M. Trotter. Special thanks go to T.D. Stewart, who in spite of his many obligations, took time to nd (at the Smithsonian Institution) documentation about the AAPA meetings held in Cleveland (1930), Washington, DC (1932), Atlantic City (1932), and New York (1934). These proceedings had never been published. With the information provided by Steward, the gap between December 1930 and April 1935 was closed. We assume full responsibility if the Spanish-language version distorts the original English-language versions, and thus is not an exact translation of the English originals. We stress that, as implied in the title, we have not intended in any way to exhaust the subject. As a result, there are some activities of the AAPA that are not mentioned in this work, since they were not considered pertinent to our immediate goals, and because of the limited space for this work. It will be satisfying to know if in its own time this modest effort will ever be of any help in constructing the history of physical anthropology. (Juan xico) Comas, December 1968, Universidad Nacional de Me

CREATION AND FUNCTIONING OF THE AAPA

Hrdlic ka tried for the rst time to create a In 1908, Ales journal of physical anthropology in the United States. However, it was not until 1916 that this idea took shape, and the project was presented to the Subcommittee of Anthropology under the Committee of One Hundred on Research of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). The AAAS committees unani ka got supmously supported the project. In 1917, Hrdlic port for this project from the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, the Anthropology Committee of the National Council Research (NRC), and from the American Anthropological Association (AAA). At last, in JanuaryMarch of 1918, the rst number of the AJPA was published. This was the rst publication in an English-speaking country to be fully dedicated to this specialty. Not only was ka the creator, promoter, and founder of the AJPA, Hrdlic but he also was its editor until 1942 (29 volumes). The importance and diffusion of the studies published in this journal were principal factors in the recognition of physical anthropology. The journal publications also contributed to an increase in the number of interested professionals, and established a professional environment for the creation of the Association. ka tried for the rst time Six years later, in 1924, Hrdlic to group these researchers into a specialized organization or association, as was happening in other sciences. However, conditions were not yet ripe for this level of organization. Nevertheless, following this time, physical anthropology in the United States continued to advance, both in numbers of professionals and in research and publica ka presented his proposal again tions. This is why Hrdlic at the December 2930, 1928 New York meeting of Section H (Anthropology) of the AAAS. At this meeting, 20 anthropologists and anatomists were in favor of the creation of an Association of Physical Anthropologists. At the same time, an organizing committee was designated (consisting of Fay Cooper Cole, Charles H. Danforth, George A. Dorsey, William K. Gregory, Earnest A. Hooton, Ales ka, and Robert J. Terry). This committee, after brief Hrdlic discussion, unanimously resolved: 1st. That an organization that groups scientists of any sex, American or from other countries, as well as professionals or people interested in physical anthropol-

JUAN COMASS SUMMARY HISTORY OF AAPA

TABLE 1. List of Presidents of AAPA up to 1969 Name Hrdlic ka Ales Adolph H. Schultz Raymond Pearl Earnest A. Hooton T. Wingate Todd Robert J. Terry William K. Gregory Charles B. Davenport Franz Weidenreich Wilton M. Krogman (reelected) Thomas D. Stewart Sherwood L. Washburn William L. Straus Jr. Mildred Trotter W. Montague Cobb W.W. Greulich Carleton S. Coon Gabriel W. Lasker Stanley M. Garn Frederick S. Hulse
1

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TABLE 2. List of Vice-Presidents of AAPA, as of 1968 Name Harry L. Shapiro Franz Weidenreich Wilton M. Krogman Morris Steggerda W. Montague Cobb C. Wesley Dupertuis Mildred Trotter W. Montague Cobb Joseph B. Birdsell J. Lawrence Angel Gabriel W. Lasker Marshall T. Newman F. Clark Howell Alice Brues Richard H. Osborne Election May 2, 1940 April 18, 1942 Spring 1944 April 3, 1946 April 4, 1948 April 3, 1950 April 21, 1952 March 27, 1954 April 8, 1956 April 12, 1958 May 14, 1960 May 2, 1962 June 26, 1964 April 6, 1966 April 23, 1968 End of period April 18, 1942 Spring 1944 March 25, 1945 April 4, 1948 April 3, 1950 April 21, 1952 March 27, 1954 April 8, 1956 April 12, 1958 May 14, 1960 May 2, 1962 June 26, 1964 April 6, 1966 April 23, 1968 Currently in ofce

Election December 29, 19281 March 23, 1932 May 10, 1934 May 2, 1936 April 16, 1938 April 5, 1939 April 8, 1941 Spring 1943 Spring 1944 March 25, 1945 December 29, 1946 April 12, 1949 March 21, 1951 December 27, 1952 April 4, 1955 April 14, 1957 May 16, 1959 May 6, 1961 May 3, 1963 May 29, 1965 April 29, 1967

End of term March 23, 1932 May 10, 1934 May 2, 1936 April 16, 1938 Deceased December 28, 1938 April 8, 1941 Spring 19432 Deceased February 18, 1944 March 25, 1945 December 29, 1946 April 12, 1949 March 21, 1951 December 27, 1952 April 4, 1955 April 4, 1957 May 16, 1959 May 6, 1961 May 3, 1963 May 29, 1965 April 29, 1967 April 12, 1969

His designation as President was conrmed at 1st meeting of AAPA, held in Charlottesville 1930 (American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 1929, p. 520; Proceedings, 1930, p. 323). 2 Due to World War II, there were no meetings held in 1943 and 1944; there is missing information.

It was decided that the AAPA would have active and associate members. In order to be admitted into the rst category, it would be necessary to present an original paper in, or related to, physical anthropology. Professionals in similar elds, and people interested in the objectives of the association, or who wished to participate in its activities, could become associate members. Associate members could participate in the meetings, but could not vote. The headquarters of the Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. Dudley J. Morton, was the Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York (American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 1929). These principles were preliminarily ratied during a meeting held in 1929. At the rst annual meeting of the AAPA (1930) the Declaration of Principles, as the basis of the organization, was unanimously ratied. During this same meeting (1930) the Statutes and Bylaws of the Association were drafted and approved. These are reproduced in Appendix A. Over the years, the Statutes and Bylaws of the AAPA were subject to numerous amendments that corrected, modied, reduced, or broadened the legal principles to improve the functioning of the Association. In the proceedings of the ofcial meetings (see these in Literature Cited), it is possible to nd detailed information about when and how different articles of the Statutes and Bylaws were modied. Appendix B provides the current regulations [as of 1968]. These can be compared with those approved in 1930, to note the changes that these regulations have undergone. The annual meetings, as statutorily established, have mainly a scientic purpose. Thus, administrative subjects

will be dealt with in addition. Administrative subjects include board elections, justication of bills, and increases and decreasse in the number of members of the association, etc. We will begin to refer to the organizational part by specifying the nominated Presidents, Vice-Presidents, and Secretary-Treasurers who have served the AAPA from 1930 up to the present [1968]. Although meetings were generally held annually, and Association ofcer positions were established to reect this,1 different circumstances have prevented this from being fully consistent. In addition, it must be noted that the board of the AAPA is elected at the end of the corresponding meeting, e.g., the President elected in 1967 did not preside over that meeting, but over the meetings held in 1968 and 1969. This has resulted in some confusion in the published rolls of the board (Proceedings, 1961, p. 106, 1965, p. 324). We have tried to correct this problem. Table 1 lists the Presidents of the AAPA from its foundation through 1969. Table 2 lists the Vice-Presidents of the AAPA. This position did not appear in the rst Bylaws of the Association. The creation of this position was approved through an amendment passed at the meeting in the morning held in New York City in 1940. Table 3 lists the Secretary-Treasurers of the AAPA. Table 4 lists the annual meetings of the AAPA. Among Presidents, we nd the exceptional case of W.M. Krogman, who was not only reelected for a second term, but who also replaced Weidenreich during the 1945 meeting. As a result, he presided over the meetings for 5 consecutive years. In addition, there are some presidents who died before they were able to preside over the annual meeting (T.W. Todd in 1938, and C.B. Davenport in 1944). Among Vice-Presidents, even though this position was not created until 1940, William Montague Cobb was exceptional in the sense that he was elected for two terms (19481950 and 19541956). There were several resignations of ofcers before their terms ended: these included E.L. Reynolds in 1951, J.N. Spuhler in 1958, and E.E. Hunt in 1960. It was necessary to appoint substitutes for the Secretary-Treasurers position in order to complete the term of ofce. This was not helpful for the functioning of the Associations administration.
1 Two years for President and Vice-President; 5 years for Treasurer, later reduced to 4 years.

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Name Dudley J. Morton Harry L. Shapiro William W. Howells Sherwood L. Washburn Gabriel W. Lasker Earle L. Reynolds J. Lawrence Angel James N. Spuhler Edward E. Hunt Jr. Thomas D. Stewart Francis E. Johnston Election December 29, 1928 May 10, 1934 April 5, 1939 Spring 1943 December 29, 1946 March 20, 1951 November 1, 19514 April 8, 1956 April 12, 1958 May 12, 1960 May 29, 1965
1

M.P. ALFONSO AND M.A. LITTLE

TABLE 3. List of Secretary-Treasurers of AAPA
End of period May 10, 1934 April 5, 1939 Spring 19432 December 29, 1946 March 20, 1951 October 31, 19513 April 8, 1956 April 12, 19585 May 12, 19606 May 29, 1965 Currently in ofce

administrative and accounting deciencies.6 A successful Executive Committee administration, in the following years, normalized the situation, so that in 1968, a total of 552 members was afliated with the association.7 Of these, 94 (17%) lived abroad, which gave the Association a more international character.8

ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS

Each annual meeting of the AAPA includes a series of scientic contributions that result from laboratory or eld research done by the participants. In some cases, these contributions are independently presented, while in others, they are organized into symposia. Among these contributions, there is, minimally, a record of the title. This is due to the fact that, although recommended by the Secretary, the author(s) did not always send the abstract for publication in the AJPA. Therefore, the available records are incomplete. Possibly many of these research works (if not all) were later published in extenso, but the information we have on this subject is limited. Due to the summary character of this history, it is not possible to account for all of the authors and papers presented at the 37 meetings held by the AAPA between 19301968. We shall be limited here to the names of authors in alphabetical order, along with the number of papers read, and the papers in which the abstract was published in the AJPA. The intention is to facilitate the readers search for references in which s/he may be especially interested. Some prestigious colleagues gave plenary talks added to the annual meetings. In these talks, some issues of general interest were presented. We will specify the authors and the topics they presented. Exceptions to the normal schedule were meetings 2, 3, 4, and 5, in which proceedings were not published at that time. We have been able to identify the unpublished proceedings, thanks to Dr. T.D. Stewart. Because this is unpublished information, we will name the author and title of each of the scientic papers read in these four meetings of the AAPA. Those cases in which the paper was later published will be mentioned. 1st (Inaugural) Meeting The 1st (Inaugural) Meeting was held at the University of Virginia (Charlottesville, VA), April 1718, 1930, in conjunction with the American Association of Anatomists. This ka. The followmeeting was under the presidency of Hrdlic ing authors presented 30 monographic studies: R. Bennett Bean,9 F. Boas, J.C. Boileau Grant, H. Cohn, C.J. Connolly,10 C.M. Charles, C.B. Davenport, W.W. Graves, W.K. Gregory, ka, E. Hubert, C.M. Jackson, T. MichelG.E. Grim, A. Hrdlic son, D.J. Morton, C.V. Noback, J.W. Papez, S.H. Sankas, R.E. Scammon, A.H. Schultz, H.L. Shapiro, T.D. Stewart,11
AJPA (new series) 20:5960, 1962. AJPA (new series) 29:139143, 1968. Geographic distribution of these members was: Europe, 9; Asia, 17; Latin America, 16; Canada, 10; Australia, 8; and Africa, 4. Trotter (1956) mentioned that the Association did not have any members in France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Scotland, or Spain. This has improved; nevertheless, the number of members from the aforementioned countries is very small. 9 Paper published in AJPA 15:355419, 1931. 10 Paper published in AJPA 15:477491, 1931. 11 This paper by Stewart was published in AJPA 15:315326, 1931.
7 8 6

1 This election was conrmed at the rst meeting of the AAPA, held in Charlottesville, 1930 (Proceedings, 1930, p. 323). 2 See note 2, Table 1. 3 Reynolds resigned due to a trip to Japan. 4 Nominated by Executive Committee in order to complete Reynolds term. His nomination was certied at meeting held May 21, 1952. 5 Due to a trip abroad, Spuhler resigned from this position at this date. E.E. Hunt substituted for him. 6 Hunt resigned from position at this time. President of Association appointed T.D. Stewart to complete Hunts assigned term. During session held May 2, 1962, Steward was nominated for a new term.

The Association acknowledged that some of its members had a special interest, enthusiasm, and efciency in serving the AAPA: several members were elected, in different periods, for different executive positions. Thus, we nd that G.W. Lasker was appointed Secretary-Treasurer (19461951), Vice-President (19601962), and President (19631965); W. Montague Cobb was appointed Vice-President (19481950, 19541956) and President (19571959); W.M. Krogman was appointed Vice-President (19441945) and President (19451949); H.L. Shapiro was appointed Secretary (19341939) and Vice-President (19401942); T.D. Stewart was appointed Secretary (19601965) and President (19491951); J.L. Angel was appointed Secretary (19511956) and Vice-President (19581960); and S.L. Washburn was appointed Secretary (19431946) and President (19511952). In relation to the regularity of meetings, it should be noted in some years, two meetings were held (1930, 1932, 1946, and 1952). These extra meetings were held in December, so they would coincide with the AAA meeting, or with one organized by Section H (Anthropology) of the AAAS. As a result, no meetings were held during the years 1931, 1933, 1947, and 1953. Due to World War II, no meetings were held in 1943 and 1944. The increase in number of members belonging to the AAPA has changed through time; at the end of the rst meeting held in Charlottesville (1930), there were 84 members, who may be considered the founding members (Charter members).2 Year-by-year details of how the number of members who belonged to the Association has changed can be consulted in AJPA. Let us remember, as a curiosity, that the number of afliated members in 1942 was 153, 300 in 1952, 404 in 1956,3 and 438 in 1958.4 However, in 1961, the number of associate members was 337,5 due to an anomalous case of
2 3 4

AJPA AJPA AJPA 5 AJPA

14:326, 1930. (new series) 14:365, 1956. (new series) 18:329, 1960. (new series) 19:107113, 1961.

JUAN COMASS SUMMARY HISTORY OF AAPA

TABLE 4. Annual Meetings held by AAPA: place, date, and ofce Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
1 2

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City Charlottesville Cleveland Washington, DC Atlantic City New York Philadelphia New Haven Cambridge Pittsburgh Philadelphia New York Chicago Cambridge Philadelphia Cleveland Chicago Washington, DC Philadelphia Boston Ann Arbor New York Philadelphia Yellow Springs Philadelphia Chicago Ann Arbor Cambridge Madison Washington, DC Columbus Philadelphia Boulder Mexico City Penn State Berkeley Chapel Hill Detroit Mexico City

Date April 1930 December 1930 March 1932 December 1932 May 1934 April 1935 May 1936 April 1937 April 1938 April 1939 May 1940 April 1941 April 1942 March 1945 April 1946 December 1946 April 1948 April 1949 April 1950 March 1951 March 1952 December 1952 March 1954 April 1955 April 1956 April 1957 April 1958 May 1959 May 1960 May 1961 April 1962 May 1963 June 1964 May 1965 April 1966 April 1967 April 1968 April 1969

President ka A. Hrdlic ka A. Hrdlic ka A. Hrdlic A.H. Schultz A.H. Schultz R. Pearl R. Pearl E.A. Hooton E.A. Hooton E.A. Hooton2 R.J. Terry R.J. Terry3 W.K. Gregory F. Weidenreich4 W.M. Krogman W.M. Krogman W.M. Krogman W.M. Krogman T.D. Stewart T.D. Stewart S.L. Washburn S.L. Washburn W.L. Straus Jr. W.L. Straus Jr. M. Trotter M. Trotter W. Montague Cobb W. Montague Cobb W.W. Greulich W.W. Greulich C.S. Coon C.S. Coon G.W. Lasker G.W. Lasker S.M. Garn S.M. Garn F.S. Hulse F.S. Hulse

Vice-President1

Secretary-Treasurer Dudley Morton Dudley Morton Dudley Morton Dudley Morton Dudley Morton H.L. Shapiro H.L. Shapiro H.L. Shapiro H.L. Shapiro H.L. Shapiro W.W. Howells W.W. Howells W.W. Howells S.L. Washburn S.L. Washburn S.L. Washburn G.W. Lasker G.W. Lasker G.W. Lasker G.W. Lasker J.L. Angel5 J.L. Angel J.L. Angel J.L. Angel J.L. Angel J.N. Spuhler J.N. Sphuler E.E. Hunt E.E. Hunt T.D. Stewart T.D. Stewart T.D. Stewart T.D. Stewart T.D. Stewart F.E. Johnston F.E. Johnston F.E. Johnston F.E. Johnston

H.L. Shapiro H.L. Shapiro W.M. Krogman Morris Steggerda Morris Steggerda Morris Steggerda W. Montague Cobb W. Montague Cobb C.W. Dupertuis C.W. Dupertuis M. Trotter M. Trotter W. Montague Cobb W. Montague Cobb J.B. Birdsell J.B. Birdsell J.L. Angel J.L. Angel G.W. Lasker G.W. Lasker M.T. Newman M.T. Newman F.C. Howell F.C. Howell A. Brues A. Brues R.H. Osborne

This position was not established until May 4, 1940. At end of Meeting 11 (1938), T.W. Todd was named President. He died December 28, 1938, without having presided over any annual meeting. Hooton presided, pro tem, in 1939. At end of Tenth Meeting, Robert J. Terry was appointed new President. 3 Due to R.J. Terrys absence, H.L. Shapiro, who was Vice-President, presided over meeting. 4 At end of W.K. Gregorys presidency in 1943, Executive Committee appointed C.B. Davenport president of AAPA. Meetings were not held in 1943 and 1944. Davenport died February 18, 1944 (AJPA, n.s., 2:132 and 167, 1944). Thus it is erroneous to assign to Davenport presidency of meeting held in Philadelphia in 1945 (AJPA n.s., 19:106 and 23:324). F. Weidenreich, appointed president by Executive Committee in spring 1944, was not present at meeting held in Philadelphia. In his absence, W.M. Krogman presided over meeting. 5 E.L. Reynolds was appointed Secretary during meeting held March 20, 1951. For personal reasons, he resigned this position on October 31. To replace him, president appointed J.L. Angel on November 1, 1951. This nomination was conrmed during meeting held March 21, 1952.

W.L. Straus Jr., R.J. Terry, T.W. Todd, P. Tompkins, M. Trotter, T.F. Whayne, C.D. Williams, and J.J. Wimp. Twenty of these abstracts were published (Abstracts, 1930, p. 8390). Only the titles of the other 10 were given (Proceedings, 1930, p. 328329). The information mentioned above refers to the proceedings of this rst meeting. However, in the same volume of the AJPA, eight of the presented papers were published as a group. These included papers by Harold A. Cohn and James W. Papez, Cecil M. Charles, William W. Graves, Charles V. Noback, S.H. Sankas, Robert J. Terry, M. Trotter, and G.D. Williams et al.12

2nd Meeting The 2nd Meeting was held at Western Reserve University (Cleveland, OH) on December 2931, 1930, in conjunction with the meeting held by Section H of the AAAS. ka, as President, gave a short report concerning the Hrdlic advances made by the Association in its 2 years of exis ka, entitence.13 There was a plenary talk given by Hrdlic tled Animal-Like Manifestations in the Human Child. In addition, the following 24 papers were presented and

AJPA 14:405415, 177253, 483486, 165176, 305316, 459 462, 433446, and 4558, respectively, 1930.

12

13 Association had been in existence since December 1929, although rst formal Meeting was held only 9 months before this second Meeting.

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M.P. ALFONSO AND M.A. LITTLE cus S. Goldstein, Caries and Attrition in the Molar Teeth of the Eskimo;23 E.M. MacEwen, Movements of the Temporo-Mandibular Articulation; Truman Michelson, Notes on Cheyenne Anthropometry; C.E. Palmer, The Center of Gravity in Relation to Certain External Dimensions of the Human Body; L.D. Redway, An Inquiry into the Antiquity of the Forms of the Transparent Ocular Media, and the Tears in Vertebrates; R.E. Scammon, The Postnatal Involution of the Frontal Fontanelle in Man; A.H. Schultz, The Body Proportions of Adult Catarrhine Primates, with Special Reference to the Anthropoid Apes; T.D. Stewart, Form of the Tympanic Bone and External Auditory Meatus in the Eskimo;24 R.J. Terry, The Clavicle of the American Negro; M. Trotter, The Relations of the Sciatic Nerve to the Piriformis Muscle in American Whites and Negroes; and C.D. Williams, The Nose of the American Negro. 4th Meeting The 4th Meeting was held in Atlantic City, New Jersey, December 2930, 1932. This was held in conjunction with both the meetings of the AAA and Section H of the AAAS. These were held under the presidency of Schultz. The following papers were presented and discussed: M.F. AshleyMontagu, The Evolution of the Pterion in the Primates; W.M. Cobb, Cleveland History from Anatomical Records; C.B. Davenport, The Crural Index; H.S. England, Proposed Experiments in Hybridization for the Purpose of Throwing Greater Light upon the Problem of Human Origin; W.K. Gregory, A Museum Exhibit Illustrating the Evolution of the Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles; M. Hellman, A Study of Human Facial Proles; M. Hellman, Concern ka, Observations on ing the Third Molar Tooth; A. Hrdlic ka, Report on Sixty Male Chinese Skeletons; A. Hrdlic Most Recent Anthropological Work in Alaska; G.G. MacCurdy, The Latest Old World Discoveries of Fossil Man; R.A. Miller, Comparative Studies on the Distribution of the Brachial Plexus; D.J. Morton, The Angle of Gait: A Study Based upon Examination of the Feet of Central African Natives; B. Oetteking, A Skull from Eastern Island; B. Oetteking, A New Instrument for Hair Measurement and Hair Control; C.E. Palmer, Seasonal Variations of Average Growth in Weight of Elementary School Children; H.C. Raven, Dissection of the Feet (Plantar Aspect) of Bear, Chimpanzee, Gorilla and Man; E. Singer, Embryological Pattern Persisting in the Arteries of the Arm; and T.D. Stewart, Reduction of Personal Error in Determination of Crania Capacity by Mechanical Methods.25 5th Meeting The 5th Meeting was held at the American Museum of Natural History, New York, May 810 1934, under the presidency of Schultz, and in conjunction with the meeting held by the American Society of Mammalogists. The following papers were read and discussed: M.F. AshleyMontagu, The Determination of the Nasion in the Living;26 M.F. Ashley-Montagu, The Problem of Metopism; W.C. Boyd, Attempts to Determine the Blood Groups of
23 M.S. Goldstein, Caries and Attrition in the Molar Teeth of the Eskimo, AJPA 16:421430, 1932. 24 T.D. Stewart, The Tympanic Plate and External Auditory Meatus in the Eskimo, AJPA 17:481496, 1933. 25 T.D. Stewart, Cranial Capacity Studies, AJPA 18:337361, 1934. 26 M.F. Ashley-Montagu, The Location of the Nasion in the Living, AJPA 20:8193, 1935.

discussed: James C. Brash, Studies of Bone Growth; C.J. Connolly, Anthropological Studies of the Brain;14 C.C. Francis, The Signicance of Ossication Centers; H.A. Gates, The Plane of the Center of Gravity of the Human Body in the Erect Posture; W.W. Graves, Scapular Types as an Indication of Community Health and Disease; W. Gregory, Notes of the Evolution of the Lower and Upper Jaws from Fish to Man; Burt Held, The Signicance of the Ossifying Epiphysis; Milo Hellman, Growth Changes in the Fossa and Teeth of Children; M.J. Herskovitz, The Physical Form of Some Negroes of Hrdlic ka, Anthropological Notes of the Black Belt; Ales the Humerus;15 E. Huber, Racial Anatomical Studies in the Muscular and Skeletal Systems; J.H. MacGregor, Gorilla Studies; D.J. Morton and E.T. Engle, Foot Studies of African Natives; C.V. Noback, Digital Epiphyses and Carpal Bones in the Growing Infant Gorilla, with a record of Sitting Height, Weight and Dentition; Bruno Oetteking, The Nasion and the Measurement of the Nose in the Living;16 L.D. Redway, Instantaneous Color Photography of the Living Human Eye; R.E. Scammon, Quantitative Studies on the Growth of the Human Spine; H.H. Shapiro, Similarity in the Sequence of Dentition in the Human Infant and Young Cat; T.D. Stewart, Dental Caries among Ancient Peruvians;17 T.D. Stewart, Incidence of Separate Neural Arch in the Lumbar Region;18 R.J. Terry, On the Clavicle of the American Negro;19 T. Wingate Todd, The Signicance of the Uniting Epiphysis; H.U. Williams, What Can Be Seen in the Tissues of Mummies; and T.T. Zuck, The Signicance of Errors in the Skeletal Time Schedule. 3rd Meeting The 3rd Meeting was held at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, March 2123, 1932, under the pres Hrdlic ka. Dr. Carl von Hoffman presented a idency of Ales talk entitled Wild Native Types of Formosa. A second ka, was entitled The Present talk, presented by Hrdlic Needs of Physical Anthropology in America. The following papers were presented and discussed: M.F. AshleyMontagu, Distribution of the Types of Pterion in the Primate Skull.20 Edith Boyd, Effect of Personal Error on Individual and Composite Growth Curves of Various Dimensions of the Heads of Living Children; H.B. Collins Jr., Dental Caries in Living Alaskan Eskimo;21 C.J. Connolly, Brain Indices of Anthropoid Apes;22 Harold Dummins, Dermatoglyphics in Shoshoni Arapaho Indians; H. Elftman, Evolution of the Pelvic Floor of Primates; Mar14 C.J. Conolly, Contribution to the Anthropology of the Brain, AJPA 15:477491, 1931. This is same title of paper presented at 1st Meeting. See note 24. 15 ka, Anthropological Notes on the Humerus, AJPA A. Hrdlic 16:431450, 1932. 16 B. Oetteking, The Nasion and the Measurement of the Nose in the Living, AJPA 15:469476, 1931. 17 T.D. Stewart, Dental Caries in the Peruvian Skulls, AJPA 15:315326, 1931 18 T.D. Stewart, Incidence of Separate Neural Arch in the Lumbar Vertebrate of Eskimos, AJPA 16:5162, 1931. 19 R.J. Terry, The Clavicle of the American Negro, AJPA 16:351 379, 1932. 20 M.F. Ashley-Montagu, Type of Pterion in the Primate Skull, AJPA 18:159336, 1933. 21 H.B. Collins Jr., Caries and Crowding in the Teeth of the Living Alaskan Eskimo, AJPA 16:451462, 1932. 22 C.J. Connolly, Brain Indices in Anthropoid Apes, AJPA 17:57 69, 1932.

JUAN COMASS SUMMARY HISTORY OF AAPA Mummies; C.R. Carpenter, A Report of Field Studies on Some New World Primates; W.M. Cobb, Wolf Snout in Monovular Twins: A Case Report; C.J. Connolly, Comparative Studies on the Brain of Lower Primates; W.M. Copenhaver, Initiation of Pulsations in the Embryonic Heart, Normal and Transplanted; C.B. Davenport, Variety in Proportions among Mammals, with Special Reference to Man; H. Elftman, A Cinematic Study of Pressure Distribution in the Foot; C.M. Goss, Pulsations in the Hearts of Early Rat Embryos and in Cardiac Muscle Differentiated in Tissue Cultures; W.K. Gregory, On Willinstons Law of the Progressive Reduction in the Number of Primary Skull Elements from Fish to Man;27 M. Hellman, Observations of the Form of the Dental Arches and Malocclusion of the Teeth in Anthropoid Apes; A. ka, The Pueblo Indians and Their Afnities; A. Hrdlic ka, Contribution to the Study of the Primate Hrdlic Femur; R.A. Miller, Functional Adaptations of the Forelimb in the Sloths as Compared with Certain Other Mammals; B. Oetteking, American Palaeanthropology: A Discussion of Principles and Factors Underlying the Concept of a Specically American Palaeanthropology; R. Pearl, An Experiment on Personal Equation in Anthropometry; W.A. Price, Nutrition and Facial Forms of Eskimos and Indians; A.A. Schultz, Characters Common to Higher Primates and Characters Specic to Man; A.H. Schultz, The Sequence of Eruption of Permanent Teeth in Primates; H.H. Shapiro, Comparative Studies of the Masticatory Movements of the Temporo-Mandibular Joint, Human and Monkey E. Singer, The Fascia of the Human Body and their Interpretation in the Literature of Different Nations; and T.D. Stewart, Sequence of Epiphysial Union, Third Molar Eruption and Beginning Closure in Eskimos and American Indians.28 6th Meeting The 6th Meeting was held at the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology (Philadelphia, PA), April 2527, 1935, under the presidency of Raymond Pearl. In total, 29 scientic papers were presented by the following authors: C.U. Ariens Kappers, M.F. Ashley-Montagu, A. Ciocco, C.J. Connolly, C.B. Davenport, R. DeWitt Pearl, H. Elftman, M.S. ka, J. ManGoldstein, W.K. Gregory, M. Hellman, A. Hrdlic ter, T. Michelson, B. Oetteking, C.E. Palmer, R. Pearl, R.H. Post, W.A. Price, A.H. Schultz, H.L. Shapiro, F.L. Stanton, T.D. Stewart,29 W.L. Straus, R.J. Terry, H. Thompson, T.W. Todd, and W. White. Only the titles of these papers were published (Proceedings, 1935, p. 78). 7th Meeting The 7th Meeting, under the presidency of Raymond Pearl, was held at the Institute of Human Relations (Yale University, New Haven, CT), April 30May 2, 1936. E.A. Hooton and George Grant MacCurdy gave plenary talks entitled What Is an American? and Man in Palestine, respectively.30
W.K. Gregory, Willinstons Law Relating to the Evolution of Skull Bones in the Vertebrates, AJPA 20:123152, 1935. 28 T.D. Stewart, Sequence of Epiphysial Union, Third Molar Eruption and Suture Closure in Eskimos and American Indians. AJPA 19:433452, 1935. 29 Stewarts paper was published in AJPA 20:210231, 1935. 30 What is an American? by E.A. Hooton was published in AJPA 22:126, 1936. Prehistoric Man in Palestine by G.G. MacCurdy was published in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 76:523541, 1936.
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In total, 32 scientic papers were presented and discussed by the following authors: M.F. Ashley-Montagu, F. Boas, G.R. Cowgill, C.B. Davenport, H. Elftman, J.J. Fulton, C. Gini, M.S. Goldstein, W.K. Gregory, H.M. Halver ka, W.M. Krogman, son, H. Hamlin, E.A. Hooton, A. Hrdlic G.G. MacCurdy, J. Manter, C.A. Mills, M.T. Newman, C.V. Noback, B. Oetteking, C.E. Palmer, R. Pearl, C.C. Seltzer, A.H. Schultz, F.K. Shuttleworth, F.L. Stanton, T.D. Stewart, H. de Terra, and C. Wissler. The abstracts of these 26 papers were published. Some of them are very extensive (Proceedings, 1936, p. 419).

8th Meeting The 8th Meeting was held at the Faculty Club of Harvard University (Cambridge, MA), April 810, 1937, under the presidency of E.A. Hooton. On April 8, at night, H.L. Shapiro gave a talk entitled The Pitcairn Islanders. On April 9, Professor W.F. Petersen spoke on Environmental Effect and Organic Differentiation. When all the different scientic sessions are considered together, 27 papers were presented by the following authors: M.F. Ashley Montagu,31 L.W. Baker, W.C. Boyd, R. Broom, C.J. Connolly, C.S. Coon, C.B. Davenport,32 D.B. Dill, H. Field, M.S. Goldstein, H.T.E. ka, E.E. Hunt, H.I. Hertzberg, W.W. Howells,33 A. Hrdlic Margolis, C.T. Nelson, W.F. Petersen, R.H. Post, W.A. Price, C.C. Seltzer,34 H.L. Shapiro, F.L. Stanton, T.D. Stewart, and G.H. Wright. The abstracts of 22 of these papers were published (Proceedings, 1937, p. 412).

9th Meeting The 9th Meeting was held in conjunction with the 54th meeting of the American Association of Anatomists, at the University of Pittsburgh, April 1416, 1938. The meeting was under the presidency of Earnest A. Hooton. On the evening of April 14, F. Weidenreich spoke on Sinanthropus pekinensis and His Signicance for the Problem of Human Evolution. On April 15, A.H. Schultz discussed the subject To Asia after Apes. During the scientic sessions, 34 presentations were given by: M.F. Ashley-Montagu,35 J.L. Cauhey, A. Ciocco, E.R. Clark, W.M. Cobb,36 C.J. Connolly, C.B. Davenport, G. Draper, S.Q. Duntley, W.C. Dupertuis, E.A. Edwards, M.S. Goldstein, H.N. ka, C.M. Gould, W.W. Graves, W.W. Greulich, A. Hrdlic Jackson, W.M. Krogman, T. Michelson, J.W. Papez, W.F. Petersen, W.A. Price, M. Russel Stein, R.E. Scammon, I. Schour, A.H. Schultz, W.H. Sheldon, K. Simmons, T.D. Stewart, H. Thoms, T.W. Todd, W.B. Tucker, F. Weidenreich, and T.T. Zuck. In total, 32 abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1938, p. 490503).

31 Instrumental technique demonstration prepared by Ashley Montagu was published in AJPA 23:123125, 1937. 32 Study conducted by Davenport, Some Principles of Anthropometry, was published in AJPA 23:9199, 1937. This study was dedicated to Miss Tildesley, who was present at meeting and who was President of International Committee for Standardization. 33 His study was published in its entirety in AJPA 23:1929, 1937. 34 Seltzers study was published in AJPA 23:101109, 1937. 35 This paper by Ashley-Montagu was published in AJPA 25:281 295, 1939. 36 His article was published in AJPA 26:87111, 1940.

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10th Meeting

M.P. ALFONSO AND M.A. LITTLE Montagu, R. Benton, J.B. Birdsell, G. von Bonin, W.C. Boyd, A.G. Brodie, A.M. Brues, C.J. Connolly, E.W. Count, ka, B.O. Hughes, M. C.F. De Garis, W.W. Graves, A. Hrdlic Massler, C.H. McCloy, H.V. Meredith, G.K. Neumann, M.T. Newman, W.C. Olson, W.F. Petersen, S.G. Rosenbaum, I. Schour, H.L. Shapiro, R.N. Snodgrasse, C.E. Snow, M. Steggerda, and S.L. Washburn. Only 21 of these abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1941, p. 516).

The 10th Meeting was held at the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology (Philadelphia, PA), April 45, 1939, Hrdlic ka, founder in honor of the 70th birthday of Ales and rst president of the AAPA. Due to the death of T.W. Todd, E.A. Hooton chaired the meeting, pro tem. During the special session, E.A. Hooton and R. Pearl spoke about ka as a leader and guide of the remarkable work of Hrdlic physical anthropology. Additionally, T.D. Stewart outlined a plan for volume 26 of the AJPA to serve as an homage to its founder. The scientic program included 23 papers read by the following authors: M.F. Ashley-Montagu, P.B. Candela,37 A. Ciocco, C.J. Connolly, E.W. Count, C.B. Davenport, C.W. Dupertuis, H. Elftman, M.S. Goldstein, P.S. Lawrence, G.K. Neumann, W.F. Petersen, W.A. Price, A.H. Schultz, C. Seltzer, W.H. Sheldon, T.D. Stewart, R.J. Terry, H. Thompson, and W.B. Tucker. Twenty-two of the abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1939, p. 818). On December 30, 1939, the AAPA interim meeting was held at the University of Chicago, in conjunction with the annual meeting of the AAA. During this scientic session, chaired by H.L. Shapiro, the following papers were presented: F. Weidenreich, Ancient Man; T. McCown, Antiquity of Man in the New World; T.D. Stewart, Interrelationship of Archaeology and Physical Anthropology, and W.W. Howells, The Biology of the American Indian (American Anthropologists, 1940, p. 322). 11th Meeting The 11th Meeting was held at the American Museum of Natural History (New York, NY) on May 24, 1940, under the presidency of R.J. Terry. On May 2, Dr. John F. Fulton of Yale University talked about the Functional Approach to the Evolution of the Primate Brain. On the same day, W.K. Gregory and M. Hellman offered a talk about the Extinct South African Man-Apes. During the scientic session, 27 papers were presented by: M.F. Ashley-Montagu, R. Bennett Bean, F. Bernstein, J.B. Birdsell, P.B. Candela,38 W.M. Cobb,39 J.W. Colvin, E.W. Count, C.B. Davenport, M.S. Goldstein, W.K. Gregory, W.W. Greulich, M. Hellman, H.S. Howe, Eleanor P. Hunt, R.C. Mackaye, C.A. Mills, R. Peral, H.C. Raven, A.H. Schultz, C.E. Snow, M. Russell Stein, T.D. Stewart, F. Weindenreich, G.D. Williams, and H.B. Wright. Twenty-ve abstracts of these papers were published (Proceedings, 1940, p. 617). 12th Meeting The 12th Meeting was held under the presidency of H.L. Shapiro (Vice-President) due to the absence of R.J. Terry. The meeting was held in Chicago on April 78, 1941, on the occasion of the ftieth anniversary of the University of Chicagos foundation. During the evening of April 7, and in front of a large ka presented The Physical Characaudience, Dr. Hrdlic teristics of the Alaskan People. The scientic program included 32 papers by the following authors: M.F. AshleyStudy by Candela was published in AJPA 27:209221, 1940. Paper presented by Candela was published in AJPA 27:209221, 1940. 39 Paper presented by Cobb was published in AJPA 29:113223, 1942.
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13th Meeting The13th Meeting was held at the Harvard University Club (Cambridge, MA), April 1618, 1942, under the presidency of W.K. Gregory. On the evening of April 17, Dr. C.R. Carpenter gave a public talk entitled The Behavior and Social Relations of the Rhesus Monkey. On April 18, during the dinner conference, H.L. Shapiro talked about Eskimo Life on Point Hope, Alaska. The scientic program included 27 papers by the following authors: M.F. Ashley-Montagu, P.B. Candela, C.R. Carpenter, C.J. Connolly, E.W. Count, E.D. Chapple, C.B. Davenport, C.W. Dupertuis, H. Elftman, M.S. Goldstein, W.K. Gregory, M. Hellman, C. Kluckhohn, G.W. Lasker, H.H. Plough, H.L. Shapiro, C.E. Snow, M. Steggerda, T.D. Stewart, S.L. Washburn, and F. Widenreich. Only 19 of the abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1942, p. 318 326).

14th Meeting The 14th Meeting was held at the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology (Philadelphia, PA), March 2425, 1945, and was presided over by W.M. Krogman (Vice-President), due to the absence of F. Weidenreich. The scientic program included 23 papers whose authors were: J.L. Angel, R.E.G. Armattoe, W.B. Atkinson, J.K. Bodel, A.K. Bullen, A.A. Dahlberg, C.W. Dupertuis, H.E. Elftman, F.G. Evans, S. Kilgore, V.E. Krahl, G.W. Lasker, C.R. Noback, E.L. Reynolds, C.C. Seltzer, F. Wagner, S.L. Washburn, and R.L. Azwemer. Of these papers, only one abstract was published (Proceedings, 1945, p. 218223).

15th Meeting The 15th Meeting was held at the Department of Anatomy, Case Western Reserve University (Cleveland, OH), April 23, 1946, under the presidency of Krogman. On April 3, at dinner, E.A. Hooton talked about the Reminiscences of an Ageing Anthropologist. The scientic program was composed by 37 papers by J.L. Angel, R.E.G. Amattoe, W.B. Atkinson, D.L. Bassett, G. von Bonin, W.M. Cobb, C.J. Connolly, E.W. Count, H. Cummins, C.W. Dupertuis, H. Elftman, J.F. Ewing, S.M. Garn, M.S. Goldstein, E.S.C. Handy, J.E. Hill, E.B. Kaplan, W.M. Krogman, P.F. Lanier, G.W. Lasker, P. Levine, A.B. Lewis, R.A. Matthews, T.D. McCown, E.M. McMillan, G.K. Neumann, C.R. Noback, K. Paschkis, F.E. Randall, R. Schopbach, H.H. Shapiro, C.E. Snow, W.M. Shanklin, T.D. Stewart, W.L. Straus, M. Steggerda, P.S. Swenson, M. Trotter, S.L. Washburn, F. Weidenreich. N.C. Wetzel, and R.L. Zwemer. In total, 36 abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1946, p. 252267).

JUAN COMASS SUMMARY HISTORY OF AAPA 16th Meeting The 16th Meeting was held at the Palmer House Hotel (Chicago, IL), December 2729, 1946, under the presidency of Krogman, and in conjunction with the annual meeting of the AAA. On December 28, both associations (AAPA and AAA) held a symposium sponsored by the Viking Fund, in which the principal subject was Early Man in the Far East. Participants included H. de Terra, H.L. Movius Jr., G.H.R. von Koenigswald, E.A.Colbert, and F. Weidenreich. The results of this symposium were published later.40 The scientic program included 31 papers by: J.L. Angel, R.E.G. Armattoe, M.F. Ashley-Montagu, J.B. Birdsell, V. von Bonin, A.A. Dahlberg, A. Damon, C.F. De Garis, C.O. Dummett, C.W. Dupertuis, R.W. Ehrich, F.G. Evans, J.F. Ewing, P. Fleasch, S.M. Garn, J.A. Gaban, H.N. Gould, G.W. Lasker, E. McMillan, O. Mikkelsen, George K. Neumann, J.K. Peden, Earle L. Reynolds, S. Rothman, William H. Sheldon, C.E. Snow, M. Steggerda, T.D. Stewart, W.L. Straus, Jr., H. de Terra, and S.L. Washburn. All the abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1947, p. 229244). 18th Meeting

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17th Meeting The 17th Meeting was held at the US National Museum (Washington, DC), April 24, 1948, under the presidency of Krogman. A symposium chaired by F.E. Randall, entitled Applied Physical Anthropology, was organized, with a total of 10 papers presented at that symposium: T.D. Stewart, Medico-Legal Aspects of the Skeleton: Sex, Age, Race and Stature; W.M. Krogman, Medico-Legal Aspects of the Skeleton: Related Factors as a Condition of Interment, Action of Fire, Reconstruction; H.L. Shapiro, Anthropology in the U.S. Army Reburial Program; C.E. Snow, The Processing of the Pacic Unknown War Dead; J.A. Gavan, Relative Variability of Anthropometric Measurements; G.M. Morant, Applied Physical Anthropology in Great Britain in Recent Years; B.G. King, Measurements of Man for Making Machinery; M. Lonie, Anthropometry and Apparel; H.T.E. Hertzberg, Present Day Anthropometry at Wright Field; and Francis E. Randall, Anthropometry in the Quartermaster Corps. Nine of the abstracts41 of these papers were published in the proceedings of the meeting (Proceedings, 1948, p. 244247). In addition, seven (except for Gavans and Krogmans papers) were edited in extenso.42 Independently, another 28 papers were presented by J.L. Angel, R.E.G. Armattoe, M.F. Ashley-Montagu, W.M. Cobb, C.J. Connolly, A.A. Dahlberg, O.H. Duggins, C.W. Dupertuis, F.G. Evans, S.M. Garn, W.S.C. Handy, W.W. Howells,43 V.E. Krahl, P.W. Lapidus, G.W. Lasker, W.S. Laughlin, V.E. Levine, G.K. Neumann, E.L. Reynolds, H.H. Reynolds, A.H. Schultz, R.M. Snodgrasse, J.N. Sphuhler, W.L. Straus Jr., N.C. Turner, F.Weidenreich, A.S. Wiener, and Woo Ju-Kang. All the abstracts of these papers were published (Proceedings, 1948, p. 234251).
40 Early Man in the Far East, a symposium sponsored by Viking Fund. Edited by W.W. Howells, published by AAPA, Detroit, 1949, 157 pp. 41 For Shapiros paper, only title was included. 42 AJPA (new series) 6:313380, 1948. 43 His work appeared in AJPA (new series) 7:101108, 1949.

The 18th Meeting was held at the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology (Philadelphia, PA), April 1113, 1949, under the presidency of Krogman. On the evening of April 12, S.L. Washburn presented a talk on Three Stages in Human Evolution. In conjunction with the American Association of Anatomists, F. Gaynor Evans organized a symposium about Human Anatomy and Biomechanics, with the following authors participating: E.S. Gurdjian and H.R. Lissner, Anatomy and Some Principles of Mechanics; J.C. Koch, The Laws of Bone Architecture; E. Gardner, Nerve Supply of Diarthrodial Joints, with Particular Reference to Possible Functions in Locomotion; H. Elftman, The Biomechanics of Muscles; A. Steindler, The Vertebral Column; W.T. Dempster, The Forearm and Hand; F.G. Evans, The Femur; and J. Manter, Biomechanics of the Foot.44 The scientic program included 33 papers by the following authors: R.E.G. Armattoe, M.F. Ashley-Montagu, W.C. Boyd, E.W. Count, A.A. Dahlberg, O.H. Duggins, C.W. Dupertuis, F.G. Evans, H. Field, S.M. Garn, M.M. Gertler, C.W. Goff, H.T.E. Hertzberg, Ju-Kang Woo, K. Koski, V.E. Krahl, B.S. Kraus, R. Noback, J.W. Papez, F.E. Randall, E.L. Reynolds, A.H. Schultz, C.E. Snow, M. Steggerda, W.L. Straus Jr., F.P. Thieme, M. Trotter, A.S. Wiener, and C.G. Wilber. Twenty-nine abstracts of these papers were published (Proceedings, 1949, p. 278291).

19th Meeting The 19th Meeting was held at the Forsyth Dental Inrmary for Children (Boston, MA), April 13, 1950, under the presidency of T.D. Stewart. W.K. Gregory was in charge of the plenary session with the theme, Some Anthropological Consequences of Mans Place in Nature. In addition, Dr. P.O. Pedersen showed a lm about his expedition to eastern Greenland. In the scientic session, 30 papers were presented by: J.L. Angel, M.F. Ashley-Montagu, E.L. DuBrul, O.H. Duggins, C.W. Dupertuis, E.A. Edwards, G.W. Erickson, N.A. Finklestein, S.M. Garn, M.M. Gertler, J.W. Gruber, M.G. Howorth, E.E. Hunt Jr., V.O. Hurme, W.M. Krogman, P.W. Lapidus, V.E. Levine, G. Maranjian, M.B. Markus, C.F.A. Moorrees, D. Van C. Nourse, J.W. Papez, P.S. Peckos, P.O. Pedersen, S. Quimby Duntley, E.L. Reynolds, A.H. Schultz, E.L. Schuman, R.F. Sognnaes, F.P. Thieme, M. Trotter, S.L. Washburn, and R.M. White. Twenty-ve abstracts of these papers were published (Proceedings, 1950, p. 259272).

20th Meeting The 20th Meeting was held at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI), March 1921, 1951, under the presidency of T.D. Stewart. W.M. Krogman presented a talk about The Role of Physical Anthropology in Dental and Medical Research.45 The scientic program included 42 papers by J.L. Angel, C.W. Asling, M.J. Baer, R. Bennett Bean, G.
44 Papers of this symposium were published in Anatomical Record, volume 103, number 3, March 1949. 45 Published in AJPA (new series) 9:211218, 1951.

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M.P. ALFONSO AND M.A. LITTLE Methods of Determining Signicant Degrees of Relationship. In total, 30 papers were read, six of which corresponded eks symposium, and seven to W.S. Laughlins to J. Broz symposium. The authors were J.L. Angel, P.T. Baker, J. ek, P.B. Candela, C.J. Connolly, C.S. Coon, G.E. Broz Erickson, J.A. Gavan, E.S.C. Handy, G.A. Harley, F.C. Howell, W.W. Howells, E.E. Hunt, B.S. Kraus, W.M. Krogman, W.S. Laughlin, V.E. Levine, D.J. Morton, M.L. Moss, M.T. Newman, R.W. Newman, C.R. Noback, R.H. Osborne, J.W. Rion, E.L. Schuman, B. Skerlj, R.M. Snodgrasse, C.E. Snow, W.L. Straus Jr., F.P. Thieme, and R.J. Wedgwood. Twenty-eight abstracts of these papers were published (Proceedings, 1953, p. 249264). 23rd Meeting The 23rd Meeting was held at the Fels Research Institute (Yellow Springs, OH), March 2628, 1954, under the presidency of W.L. Straus Jr. Stanley M. Garn organized a symposium about Bone Age. Applications of physical anthropology to the design of airplanes, seats, instruments, and oxygen masks were demonstrated through a visit to the Wright Air Development Center, attached to the Wright-Patterson military air base. The scientic program included 47 papers, 19 of which were a part of the Bone Age symposium. The authors were S.B. Aginsky, J.L. Angel, J.T. Barter, A. Breitbach, S.T. Brooks, R. Butters, D.D. Clary, M.R. Crawford, T.K. Cureton, E. Churchill, W.T. Dempster, O.H. Duggins, F.G. Evans, E. Gardner, S.M. Garn,52 R.V. Harper, H.T.E. Hertzberg, L.E. Hoyme, E.E. Hunt, V. Kanareff, B.A. Kaplan, E.A. Koch, B.S. Kaus, W.M. Krogman, G.W. Lasker, P. Levine, A.B. Lewis, H.R. Lissner, P.B. Mack, D.S. Marshall, G.A. Matson, L.W. Mednick, R.W. Newman,53 R. ORahilly, L.Oschinsky, J.W. Papez, D.C. Rife, F.P. Saul, P.B. Sawin, Ailon Schulman, S. Selby, D. Shoemaker, F.N. Silverman, R. Singer,54 C.E. Snow, L.W. Sontag, J.N. Spuhler, T.D. Stewart, N.C. Tappen, F.P. Thieme, M. Trotter, S.L. Washburn, and R. Young. Thirty-six abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1954, p. 282300). 24th Meeting The 24th Meeting was held at the invitation of Jefferson Medical College, the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, and the University Museum (Philadelphia, PA), April 46, 1955, under the presidency of W.L. Straus Jr. The American Association of Anatomists held its meeting at that same time and place. J.N. Spuhler organized the symposium Population Genetics and the Races of Man. G.W. Lasker organized a second symposium entitled Anthropology and Medical Education. W.L. Straus presented a talk entitled Development of Physical Anthropology that covered the development of the discipline since Darwins times (i.e., 1850). The scientic program included 48 papers, six of which were read at the symposium organized by J.N. Spuhler,

von Bonin, B. Campbell, E.W. Count, G.S. Daniels, O.H. Duggins, F.G. Evans, S.M. Garn, G. Gleser, M.S. Goldstein, J.W. Gruber, R.E. Hanna, H.T.E. Hertzberg,46 D.A. Hooijer, F.C. Howell, W.W. Howells, L.E. Hoyme, E.E. Hunt, C. Kluckhohn, W.M. Krogman, G.W. Lasker, W.S. Laughlin, V.E. Levine, M. Lebow, G.K. Neumann, R.W. Newman, R. ORahilly, D.C. Rife,47 A. Santiana, C.E. Snow, J.N. Spuhler, T.D. Stewart, G.G. Stille, W.L. Straus Jr., N.C. Tappen, F.P. Thieme, S.O. Thomsen, M. Trotter, S.L. Washburn, and R.W. White. Thirty-seven abstracts of these papers were published (Proceedings, 1951, p. 234262). 21st Meeting The 21st Meeting was held at the New York Academy of Sciences (New York, NY), by invitation from Hunter College, March 2123, 1952, and under the presidency of S.L. Washburn. Harry L. Shapiro presented a paper on The Unesco Statement on Race.48 A Symposium on the Back was organized by E. Carl Sensenig and sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation. The scientic program included 49 papers (20 of which corresponded to Symposium on the Back), by the following authors: J.L. Angel, D. Apostolides-Talmers, R.E.G. Amattoe, C.W. Asling, G.B. Barbour, J. Buettner-Janush, W.M. Cobb, H.J. Colby, C.S. Coon, W.S. Cornwell, M.P. Crawford, G.S. Daniels, W.T. Demster, F.G. Evans, H.M. Evans, P.C. Fry, S.M. Garn, G.C. Gleser, C.W. Goff, M.S. Goldstein, W.K. Gregory, R.D. Grill, M. Gusinde, L. Hadley, O.O. Heard, H.T.E. Hertzberg, H. Holtzer, W.W. Howells,49 B. Howorth, E.E. Hunt, V.O. Hurme, R.B. Jackson, W.M. Krogman, G.W. Lasker, M. Lasker, G. Maranjian, C.F.A. Moorrees,50 M.L. Moss, G.K. Neumann, C.R. Noback, G.H. Ramsey, C.F. Reather, R.B. Reed, G.G. Robertson, M.B. Roche, G.G. Rowe, P.B. Sawin, E.L. Schuman, G. Selin, E.C. Sensenig, M.E. Simpson, R. Singer, R.F. Sognnaes, T.D. Stewart, G. Suzuki, N.C. Tappen, F.P. Thieme, M. Trotter, D.G. Walker, F.D. van Wart, and S.L. Washburn. Forty-two abstracts of these papers were published (Proceedings, 1952, p. 243263). 22nd Meeting The 22nd Meeting was held at the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, in conjunction with a meeting of the AAA, on December 2730, 1952, and under the presidency of S.L. Washburn. In the Human Nature symposium, S.L. Washburn presented a paper on the subject Evolution and Human ek Nature, which was discussed by L.C. Eiseley. J. Broz organized another symposium entitled Measuring Nutriture.51 W.S. Laughlin directed a third symposium on
Two papers by this author in collaboration with G.S. Daniels were published in their entirety in AJPA (new series) 10:201215, 1952. 47 Complete paper was published in Human Biology 24:5356, 1952. 48 H.L. Shapiro was member of a committee of experts, appointed by Unesco. In June 1951, this committee prepared, in Paris, the Declaration on the Problem of Race. 49 Paper by W.W. Howells was published in its entirety in AJPA (new series) 11:121140, 1953. 50 Paper by C.F.A. Moorrees and R. Reed was published in its entirety in AJPA (new series) 12:7788, 1954. 51 ek, Measuring NutriEntire text of study executed by J. Broz ture, was published in AJPA (new series) 11:147180, 1953.
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52 Paper by this author, in collaboration with S. Selby and M.R. Crawford, was published in its entirety in AJPA (new series) 14:101117, 1956. 53 This paper was published in its entirety in Human Biology 27:5364, 1955. 54 This paper was published in its entirety in AJPA (new series) 12:345362, 1954.

JUAN COMASS SUMMARY HISTORY OF AAPA while seven were presented at the symposium organized by G.W. Lasker. The authors of the papers were B. Aginsky,55 J.L. Angel, M.F. Ashley-Montagu, C.W. Asling, P.T. Baker, R. Ceppellini, W.M. Cobb, E. Churchill, W.T. Dempster, L.C. Dunn, L.C. Eiseley, F.G. Evans, J. Finkle de a, H.R. Frank, E.I. Fry, S.M. Garn, J.A. Gavan, C.W. Pen Goff, M.S. Goldstein, W.W. Greulich, M. Gusinde, H.T.E. Hertzberg, F.C. Howell, F.S. Hulse, E.E. Hunt, V.O. Hurme, R.C. Hutchinson, W.M. Krogman, G.W. Lasker, H.R. Lissner, N.A. Michels, M. Miles, M.L. Moss, G.K. Neumann, R.W. Newman, C.R. Noback, J.W. Papez, B.D. Paul, R.R. Peterson, K.V. Sarnas, F.P. Saul, A. Schulman, J.N. Spuhler, T.D. Stewart, W.L. Strauss Jr., W.R. Sullivan, E. Sutton, F.P. Thieme, M. Trotter, and G. van Wagenen. In total, 37 abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1955, p. 381400). 25th Meeting The 25th Meeting was held at the University of Chicago, April 68, 1956, under the presidency of M. Trotter. On April 7, a symposium organized by S.L. Washburn, entitled Ecological, Evolutionary and Taxonomic Position of South African Australopithecines, was held. F. Clark Howell, K.P. Oakley, J.T. Robinson, D.D. Davis, C.W. Goff, A.A. Dahlberg, C.S. Coon, and P.V. Tobias participated in this symposium. On April 8, an open discussion about the Identication program was held. R.W. Newman directed the discussion with the participation of Albert A. Dahlberg, J.A. Brown, P.J. Epling, M. Klatsky, L.E. Hoyme, T.D. Stewart, T.W. McKern, J.T. Barter, and F.D. van Wart. The president, Mildred Trotter, gave an interesting talk about the history of the AAPA between the years 19281955 (Trotter, 1956). The scientic program included a total of 38 papers by R.M. Acheson, J.L. Angel, B.W. Aginsky, D. Baugh, J.B. ek, O.H. Duggins, C.W. Dupertuis, L. Birdsell, J. Broz Estel, J. Enzmann, F.G. Evans,56 J.O. Fluegel, A.S. Fox, E.L. Fry, S.M. Garn, E.B. Gordon, E.L. Gorman, L.J. Goss, D. Hewitt, G. Holcomb, B.S. Kraus, W. Lansmesser, G.W. Lasker, A.J. Lewis, M.N. MacIntyre, D.S. Marshall, G.K. Neumann, J.W. Papez, R.D. Smith, W.L. Straus Jr., N.C. Tappen, F.P. Thieme, B. Truett, C. Westropp, R.M. White, A.S. Wiener, and R.W. Young.57 In total, 33 abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1956, p. 372389). 26th Meeting The 26th Meeting was held at the Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI), April 1214, 1957, under the presidency of M. Trotter. A super-conference, sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, about Natural Selection in Man was held. Dr. Curt Stern gave a presidential address entitled On Porcupine Men and Hairy Ears, or the Alleged Sins of the Y-Chromosome. In total, 71 papers were included in the scientic program. The authors were B. Aginsky, G. Allen, J.L. Angel, P.T. Baker, J.T. Barter, C.L. Beale, J.A. Buckwalter, J. Buettner-Janusch, J. Burks, D.G. Cogan, C. Collazos, C.S. Coon, J.F. Crow, E.H.Y. Chu, E. Churchill, A.A. Dahlberg, E. Doidge, T.E. De Jonge, C.A. Dempsey, V. Derbes, D.
55 Papers presented by Aginsky at 1954 and 1955 meetings were published in Human Biology 27:301329, 1955. 56 Paper published in AJPA (new series) 15:5989, 1957. 57 Paper published in AJPA (new series) 15:367386, 1957.

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Driscoll, J. Duddy, G.E. Erickson, F. Falkner, W.J.L. Felts, I. Lester Firschein, A. Freire-Maia, N. Freire-Maia, S.M. Garn, S. Gartler, B.C. Gay, N.H. Giles, J.B. Graham, B.L. Hanna, R.G. Heath, R.E, Hoene, R.E. Hostetter, F.C. Howell, W.W. Howells, L.E. Hoyme, F.S. Hulse, E.E. Hunt, C.E. Jackson, E.R. Kerley, H.W. Kloepfer, K. Koski, J. Krafchuck, A.M. Kuby, H.G. Kupfer, W.S. Laughlin, P. Levine, A.B. Lewis, F.B. Livingstone, T.W. Mckern, C.W. McNutt, D.B. Meyer, W. Mickle, N.E. Morton, J.V. Neel, M.T. Newman, R.W. Newman, R. ORahilly, L. Oschinsky, C.M. Otten, R. Paine, S. Peller, W.S. Pollitzer, W.T. Pommerenke, R.H. Post, T.E. Reed, R.H. Reis, M.B. Roche, B. Sarlin, H. Schraer, W.J. Schull, M.J. Schwarz, H.P.G. Seckel, R.F. Shaw, F. Silverman, H.M. Slatis, L.W. Sontag, J.N. Spuhler, A.G. Steinberg, T.D. Stewart, H.H. Strandskov, H.E. Sutton, R. Tashian, F.P. Thieme, R.T. Tidrick, R.L. Tips, D.P. Tucker, I. Uchida, S.G. Vandenberg, N.F. Walker, F.D. van Wart, R.M. White, A.S. Wiener, C.J. Witkop, and D. Yi-Ying Hsia. Only 40 abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1957, p. 430453). 27th Meeting The 27th Meeting was held at the Department of Anthropology, Harvard University (Cambridge, MA), April 1012, 1958. The following authors participated in a special program, organized by President W.M. Cobb, entitled Physical Anthropology and Modern Life: W.M. Cobb, The Present, an Hour of Destiny for Physical Anthropology; W.M. Krogman, Our Giants of Yesterday; W.E. Scheele, Functions of Teaching Museum in Modern Society; and D.B. Karrick, Physical Anthropology and Modern Life. The round table, entitled Current Physical Anthropology, organized by Sol Tax and sponsored by the WennerGren Foundation, included the participation of H.H. Plough, An Appraisal of the Status and Needs of Physical Anthropology; W.S. Laughlin, Aspects of Current Physical Anthropology: Method and Theory; F.P. Thieme, Some Experimental Approaches in Physical Anthropology; G.E. Erikson, Anatomy and Physical Anthropology: Common Concerns; and J.N. Spuhler, Man as a Domestic Animal. In addition, the scientic program included 42 papers by B.W. Aginsky, F.H. Allen, J.L. Angel, W.H. Barton, W.M. Bass, S.J. Behrman, G.E. Broman, J. BuettnerJanusch, W.S. Cornwell, M. Charnery, A.A. Dahlberg, A. Damon, C.W. Dupertuis, W.E. Edwards, I. Emanuel, L. Estel, F.G. Evans, E.I. Fry, S.M. Garn, W.W. Greulich, H. Hamlin, H.T.E. Hertzberg, F.C. Howell, F.S. Hulse, E.E. Hunt, M.R. Kean, K. Koski, A.B. Lewis, E.A. Lusterman, R.A. McFarland, T.W. McKern, R.M. Menegaz-Bock, C.F.A. Moorrees, G.K. Neumann, M.T. Newman, L. Oschinsky, D.L. Polacheck, R.R. Peterson, R. Ruggles Gates, V. Sassouni, R.G. Snyder, T.D. Stewart, H.W. Stoudt Jr., M. Trotter, S.L. Washburn, A.S. Wiener, R.W. Young, and H. Zapfe. Only 25 abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1960a, p. 333352). 28th Meeting The 28th Meeting was held jointly with the Central States Anthropological Society and the Society for Applied Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, May 1416, 1959, under the presidency of W.M. Cobb.
58

Paper published in AJPA (new series) 16:381396, 1958.

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M.P. ALFONSO AND M.A. LITTLE J. Scudder, G.W.H. Schepers, E. Sibthorpe, R. Singer, R. Smithurst, C.E. Snow, Clyde C. Snow, R.G. Snyder, H.W. Stoudt, R.J. Terry, F.P. Thieme, S.L. Washburn, R.W. White, W.H. Wilson, and R.S. Zeigen. Fifty-one of the abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1961, p. 93105). 30th Meeting The 30th Meeting was held in Columbus, Ohio, at the Ohio State Museum by invitation from the Ohio Historical Society and the Ohio State University, May 46, 1961. The meeting was held in conjunction with the Central States Anthropological Society, the Society for American Archaeology (SAA), and the American Ethnological Society (AES). The meeting was organized under the presidency of W.W. Greulich. The AAPA in collaboration with the SAA organized a symposium about Cultural and Biological Continuities in Eskimos and Indians. W.S. Laughin and M.T. Newman participated in this symposium. Three talks were presented: J.L. Angel spoke about the Application of Physical Anthropology to Archaeology and History; E.C. Sensenig, C. Monthrop, and W.J. Grifn presented their work on Growth in the Chimpanzee: Pelvis and Vertebral Column; and the third talk, by T.D. Stewart, was entitled: First Product of the Casting Program of the American Institute of Human Paleontology. The authors of the 35 papers read at the meetings were J.E. Anderson, B. Apfelbaum, J.T. Barter, W.M. Bass, H. , C.L. Brace, K.P. Chen, A.A. Dahlberg, Beibtreu, B. Bonne A. Damon, O. Elliot, F.G. Evans, E.A. Fanning, G.B. Forbes, J.E. Frisch, S.M. Garn, E. Giles, M. Goodman, D. Gratton, F.P. Heald, E.E. Hunt, J.B. Hursh, W.S. Laughlin, A.B. Lewis, H.R. Lissner, F.B. Livingstone, G.A. Matson, R.M. Menegaz-Bock, D. Morse, G.K. Neumann, M.T. Newmann, C.R. Noback, L. Oschinsky, L.M. Patrick, R.R. Peterson, W.S. Pollitzer, C.G. Rohmann, V. Sassouni, E.L. Simons, C.E. Snow, T.D. Stewart, H.W. Stoudt, J. Swanson, D.R. Swindler, Neil C. Tappen, and Mildred Trotter. All of the abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1962, p. 6372). 31st Meeting The 31st Meeting was held in Philadelphia, April 30 May 2, 1962, by invitation of the Medical College and the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, and the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, under the presidency of C.S. Coon. Nine works were presented at a symposium entitled Medical Anthropology, which was organized by J.L. Angel.61 Five papers were read at the NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization] Anthropometric Survey round table. In addition, the following papers were presented: Radiologic Evidence for Syphilis and Yaws in Pre-Columbian Mexico by C.W. Goff; Decalcied Monkey Femur Block, Stained with Hematoxylin for Subsequent Sectioning by N.C. Tappen; The Axillary Border of the Scapula in Modern Man and Neanderthal by T.D. Stewart; and Closed-Circuit Television as an Aid in Teaching Microscopic and Gross Anatomy in the Laboratory by A.J. Ramsay and S. Zitzlsperger. The following authors presented a total of 53 papers: M. Aborn, J.E. Anderson, J.L. Angel, N.D. Banik, W.M. Bass, P.B. Beery, W.H. Birkby, H.K. Beibtreu, S.H. Boyer, H.
61 All papers presented in this symposium were published in extenso in AJPA (new series) 22:347391, 1964.

An anonymous donor gave $100 to the president of the AAPA, W. Montague Cobb, to be given as a prize for the best paper presented. The committee created to select the paper decided to divide the prize among the three authors Marion Lewis, Richard W. Young, and Demarest L. Polancheck. Thanks to the initiative of W.S. Laughlin, Editor of the AJPA, it was agreed to dedicate one of the Journals volu te mes to the celebration of the centenary of the Socie dAnthropologie de Paris (18591959), with the cost of the edition covered by a generous contribution from the Wenner-Gren Foundation. It was also agreed that W.W. Howells, G.W. Lasker, and M. Trotter would collaborate in the preparation of the materials, by collecting papers written by authors who had been awarded a Viking Fund Medal. Although a decade has passed since, and although Laughlin was Editor of the AJPA until 1963, we have no information that the volume was ever edited. The scientic program included 41 papers by the following authors: F.H. Allen, A.C. Allison, J.L. Angel, P.T. Baker, A.C. Blanc, B.S. Blumberg, C.L. Brace, G.E. Broman, V. Carbonell, P.A. Corcoran, B. Chown, A.A. Dahlberg, W.E. Edwards, L. Estel, F.G. Evans, E.A. Fanning, I. Fowler, E.I. Fry, S.M. Garn, C.W. Goff, M.P. Gray, J.A. Haskell, J. Hildes, G.R. Holcomb, F.S. Hulse, E.E. Hunt, H. Kaita, J. Kelso, W.G. Kinsey, G.W. Lasker, A.B. Lewis, M. Lewis,59 F.B. Livingstone, R.M. Menegaz-Bock, M.L. Moss, G.K. Neumann, M.T. Newman, R.W. Newman, C.R. Noback, L. Oschinsky, C.M. Otten, R.R. Peterson, L. Pettay, D.L. Polacheck, C.G. Rohmann, T.M. Schuster, R.G. Snyder, J.N. Spuhler, T.D. Stewart, N.C. Tappen, F.P. Thieme, M. Trotter, R.M. White, and R.W. Young. In total, 37 abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1960b, p. 356 365). 29th Meeting The 29th Meeting was held in Washington, DC, by invitation of the Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Howard University, May 1214, 1960, under the presidency of W.W. Greulich. Two symposia were held. The rst, directed by J. Buettner-Janusch, was entitled Evolutionary and Experimental Biology of the Primates. G.W. Lasker organized the second symposium, entitled The Teaching of Physical Anthropology. In the scientic section, 63 papers were read, of which 13 corresponded to the symposium organized by BuettnerJanusch, and seven to the symposium organized by Lasker. The authors were M. Alexander,60 D. Albrook, S.A. Altman, F.H. Allen, J.L. Angel, M.F. Ashley-Montagu, ek, J. Buettner-Janusch, W.M. Bass, M. Bender, J. Broz V.M. Carbonell, A.K. Clark, W.M. Cobb, E.H.Y. Chu, A. Damon, B.I. DeVore, W.E. Edwards, O. Elliot, I. Emanuel, G.E. Erikson, L.A. Estel, F.G. Evans, J.E. Frisch, L.M. Fromme, S.M. Garn, E. Giles, C.W. Goff, J.W. Gruber, K. Hanihara, R. Heglar, B. Howorth, F.S. Hulse, E.E. Hunt, T. Jacob, F.E. Johnson, E.B. Kaplan, J. Kelso, A.I. King, W.M. Krogman, L. Landkof, K.O. Lange, G.W. Lasker, W.S. Laughlin, D. Mandelbaum, R.A. McFarland, C.F. Merbs, R.A. Mich, W. Montagna, M.L. Moss, C.R. Noback, H.W. ODell, L. Oschinsky, D.L. Polacheck, C. Rohmann,
59 Paper by this author, in collaboration with J.A. Hildes, H. Kaita, and B. Chown, was published in AJPA (new series) 19:383389, 1961. 60 This presentation, in collaboration with I. Emanuel and R.S. Zeigen, was published in AJPA (new series) 19:147157, 1961.

JUAN COMASS SUMMARY HISTORY OF AAPA ek, J. Buettner-Janusch, C. Collazos, K. Brieger, J. Broz Chandler, E. Churchill, A. Damon, A.A. Davis, C.W. Dupertuis, W.E. Edwards, F. Falkner, M.L. Fleischman, S.M. Garn, J.A. Gavan, E. Giles, C.W. Goff, M. Goldstein, H. Hamlin, R. Heglar, H.T.E. Hertzberg, J. Hiernaux, F.C. Howell, L.E. Hoyme, F.S. Hulse, D.A. Hungerford, F.E. Johnston,62 J. Judd, J. Kelso, R.J. Kleiner, W.S. Laughlin, J. Mavalwala, R.W. McNeill, R.M. Menegaz-Bock, E.H. Munro, R. Murrill, M.T. Newman, R.W. Newman, L. Oschinsky, S. Parker, Z.A. Piotrowski, W.S. Pollitzer,63 C.G. Rohmann, J.G. Roney, D.S. Sade, C.C. Seltzer, C. Snow, T.D. Stewart, D.R. Swindler, N.C. Tappen, C.G. Turner, W. Turner, S.G. Vandenberg, R. Westland, and R.M. White. Of these papers, 51 abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1963a, p. 402415). 32nd Meeting The 32nd Meeting was held in Boulder, Colorado, May 24 1963, by invitation of the Department of Anthropology of the University Museum, and by the Society for American Archaeology, under the presidency of C.S. Coon. A.C. Spaulding presented a talk at the University Memorial Center entitled Current Concepts in Prehistoric Research. W.S. Laughlin organized and chaired a symposium on the Origin of Mongoloids and EskimoAleut Cultures. In total, 42 scientic papers were presented by the following authors: R.M. Acheson, F.H. Allen, J.E. Anderson, J.L. Angel, P.T. Baker, W.M. Bass, K. Benirschke, S.T. Brooks, A.M. Brues, A.E. Casey, C. Collazos, E. Churchill, A.A. Dahlberg, A. Damon, C. Denniston, W.E. Edwards, G.B. Fowler, R.B. Franklin, E.I. Fry, J.A. Gavan, M.S. Goldstein, M. Goodman,64 B.L. Hanna, J.M. Hanna, J.A. Hartle, D. Hoefnagel, P. Holder, B. Howorth, E.E. Hunt, F.E. Johnston,65 S. Kobayashi, P. Kunstadter,66 G.W. Lasker, J. Mavalwala, H.A. McCoy, C.F. Merbs, V.K. Moses, M.T. Newman, R.W. Newman, C.J. Norton, L.P. Novak, L. Oschinsky, M.P. Papworth, W.A. Schulls, C. Snow, F.F. Stephan, T.D. Stewart, D.R. Swindler, N.C. Tappen, K. Tomita, S.G. Vandenberg, S.L. Washburn, W.I. Welker, C. Welt, Charles F. Westoff, Robert M. White, and Joyce Wike. Of these papers, 40 abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1963b, p. 420428). 33rd Meeting The 33rd Meeting was held in Mexico City, June 2226, 1964, by invitation of the Instituto Nacional de Antropolo n de Antropolog a e Historia and the Seccio a of the Unig noma, under the presidency of versidad Nacional Auto G.W. Lasker. This was the rst time that the AAPA held its meeting outside the United States. This event stimulated the appointment of the Mexican Juan Comas as Honorary President for 1 year; this honor was made to the host country, Mexico, and not to the individual designated.67
62 Paper by F.E. Johnston was published in Human Biology 35:192202, 1963. 63 Paper by W.S. Pollitzer was published in Human Biology 36:362373, 1964. 64 Paper by Goodman was published in Human Biology 35:377 436, 1963. 65 Paper by Johnston was published in Human Biology 36:1627, 1964. 66 Talk by this author, in collaboration with R. Buler, F.F. Stephan, and C.F. Westoff, was published in AJPA (new series) 21:511519, 1963. 67 AJPA (new series) 21:419, 1963.

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Other anthropologists, besides the North American and Mexican ones, attended the conference, including: J. Munizaga (Chile), A. Demirjian (Canada), J. Pons and M. (Spain), N.A. Banicot and J.M. Tanner (UK), L.S.B. Fuste Leakey (Kenya), J. Tacoma (Holland), and H. de Villiers (South Africa). A lm by Jane Goodall, entitled My Life Among the Chimpanzees was shown. L.S.B. Leakey gave a talk about The Place of Africa in Human Evolution. In addition, a round table entitled New Orientations and Currents of Physical Anthropology was held. In total, 40 scientic papers were discussed. The papers were presented by J.E. Anderson, J.L. Angel, M. van Ars , C.L. Brace, S.T. Brooks, dale, N.A. Barnicot, B. Bonne A.M. Brues, V.M. Carbonell, A.E. Casey, J.G. Casey, C.K. Chai, F.H. Chapman, A.A. Dahlberg, T.E. Dahlberg, A. , A.L. Demirjian, J. Faulhaber, S. Funderburk, M. Fuste s, M.K. Ghantus, M. Goodman, K. de Garay, S. Genove Hale, A. Hogg, L.E. Hoyme, E.E. Hunt, S. Ibarra, S.B. Jahina, F.E. Johnston, J. Kelso, L.S. Leakey, W.A. Lessa, R. Lisker, A. Loria, J. Mavalwala, L. Oschinsky, J. Pons, nchez Medal, B.S. Savara, J.H. Prost, A. Romano, L. Sa W.M. Shanklin, I. Jit Singh, C. Snow, R.G. Snyder, D.R. Swindler, J. Tacoma, J.M. Tanner, N.C. Tappen, W.E. Tracy, M. Trotter, S.G. Vandenberg, R.M. White, and J.W. Young. Only 29 abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1964, p. 501508). 34th Meeting The 34th Meeting was held at Pennsylvania State University (University Park, PA), May 2729, 1965, under the presidency of G.W. Lasker. A major presentation sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, on The Human Adaptability Section of the International Biological Program, was given. Paul T. Baker led the discussion, and G.A. Harrison, Shiro Kondo, F. Salzano, W.S. Laughlin, and Douglas K. Lee participated in this exchange of ideas. C.R. Carpenter, who gave a talk entitled Naturalistic Behavior of Non-Human Primates, led the rst Morris Steggerda Memorial Lecture. The following authors presented a total of 50 scientic papers: R.M. Acheson, J.E. Anderson, G.J. Armelagos, H.L. Bailit, P.T. Baker, W.M. Bass, C.L. Brace, A.M. Brues, R. Burnett, V.M. Carbonell, C.K. Chai, A.A. Dahlberg, A. Damon, W.E. Edwards, G. Fowler, J.S. Friedlaender, A.R. Frisancho, E.I. Fry, S. s, E. Giles, M. Goodman, T.J. Grand, H. Hamlin, Genove L.E. Hoyme, P. van Hornbeck, E.E. Hunt, F.E. Johnston, H.J. Keene, J. Kelso, K.A.R. Kennedy, F.B. Livingstone, R.M. Malina, D.S. Marshall, H.A. McCoy, R.M. MenegazBock, C.F. Merbs, G.K. Neumann, L.P. Novak, S.N. Nygren, L. Oschinsky, J. Otsubo, C.M. Otten, W.S. Pollitzer, B. Pope, M. Prokopec, C.C. Seltzer, A.T. Steegmann, D.R. Swindler, F.N. Syner, R.B. Thomas, C.G. Turner, R.H. Tuttle, J. Vicinus, G. Walker, and M.H. Wolpoff. In total, 44 abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1965, p. 326339). 35th Meeting The 35th Meeting was held at the University of California at Berkeley, April 46, 1966, under the presidency of S.M. Garn. In his presidential address, Garn spoke about Nutrition in Physical Anthropology.68 Two symposia were organized. The rst was about Applied Physical Anthro68

Published in AJPA (new series) 24:289292, 1966.

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M.P. ALFONSO AND M.A. LITTLE F.J. Orlosky, R.H. Osborne, C.M. Otten, C.E. Oxnard, R.R. Peterson, T.W. Phenice, W.S. Platner, G.H. Prescott, J.T. Robinson, C.G. Rohmann, A.W. Rott, D.S. Sade, V. Sarich, T. Saramoto, B.G. Sarnat, F.P. Saul, B.J. Schneider, L.R. Setty,72 J.E. Shriver, B.A. Sigmon, G.P. Smith, P.H.A. Sneath, A.T. Steegmann, W.A. Stini, H.W. Stoudt, A.J. Sublett, D.R. Swindler, J.M. Tanner, R.B. Thomas, M. Trotter, S.G. Vandenberg, G.F. Walker, R.K. Wetherington, R.W. Whitehouse, B.J. Williams, M.H. Wolpoff, and J. Zarins. Sixty-eight of the abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1967, p. 234249). At the end of his presidential term, Stanley M. Garn wrote an interesting report in which the activities of the Association were critically reviewed. We may refer to this document later, but it is enough to place it on record for now.73 No document like this had ever been prepared by any other president. 37th Meeting The 37th Meeting was held (in Detroit, MI) April 2224, 1968, jointly with the Society for the Study of Human Biology. The symposium Human Biology, sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation and Wayne State University, had the participation of James V. Neel, who talked about Genetics, Anthropology and Medical Science: The Relations of Various Disciplines in Research in Human Population Biology. In addition, two symposia were organized. Richard Mazess, M. Trotter, and S.M. Garn directed the symposium entitled Skeletal Mineralization. K. Bennett organized the second, about Methodology in Skeletal Populations. A special committee was designated to select and award the best paper presented by a student. Henry Mc Henry (University of California at Davis) was selected for his paper Transverse Lines in Long Bones of Prehistoric California Indians.74 The scientic program consisted of 81 papers by U.S.V. Acharya, J.L. Angel, V. Alexanderson, G.J. Armelagos, W. Ascoli, H.G. Bandi, M.H. Bartley, W.M. Bass, K.A. Bennett, R.M. Biggerstaff, B.S. Blumberg, J. Bohlen, A.J. Boyce, C.A. Bramblett, A.M. Brues, J. Buettner-Janusch, M. Cartmill, A.E. Casey, C. Colbert, W. Coleman, N.S. Cornwell, M.H. Crawford, E. Churchill, A. Damon, G.N. vila, L.R. Da vila, J.R. Dewey, A. Dhariwal, E.L. Da Downey, W.E. Edwards, J.S. Friedlaender, A.R. Frisancho, H.M. Frost, S.M. Garn, R.M. George Jr., H.E. von Gierke, M. Goodman, D.H. Goose, C.D. Hadden, J.L. Hamerton, H. Harpending, G.A. Harrison, B.H. Heath, K.P. Hertzog, J. Hiernaux, W.W. Howells, K.B. Hunter, W. Hylander, H. Israel, R.L. Jantz, D.P. Jenkins, D.C. Johanson, F.E. Johnston, L.E. Kazarian, S.H. Katz, J. Kelso, D.F. Ku chemann, W.S. Laughlin, J.T. Littleton, F.B. Livinsgstone, J.K. Long, Lynda Long, R.M. Malina, J.T. Mayhall, R.B. Mazees, V. McBeath, Henry McHenry, H.J. Mehta, L. Malartin, R.M. Menegaz-Bock, O. Mickelsen, S. Molnar, U.V. Mostosky, P.M. Neely, G.K. Neumann, M. K. Neville, L.P. Novak, P.E. Nute, D.J. Ortner, D. Osborne, C. Otten, D.G. Owen, Chales E. Oxnard, William J. Pollitzer, E. Poulik, L.G. Quade, L.M. Robbins, C.G. Rohmann, A. Root, S.S. Saksena, Melvin Schaneld, R. Schemmel, P.M.
72 Paper by Setty was published in AJPA (new series) 29:5155, 1968. 73 Report of Retiring President, AJPA (new series) 25:229233, 1966. 74 Published in AJPA (new series) 29:118, 1968.

pology: A Survey, a Prospectus, and a Call to Increased AAPA Activity. The second was entitled Physical Anthropology of the Americas. The following authors presented 79 papers in a very broad scientic program: J.E. Anderson, J.L. Angel, G.J. Armelagos, P.T. Baker, W.M. Bass, H.K. Bleibreu, R. Bosanquet, S.T. Brooks, J. Buettner-Janush, J.D. Cadien, M. Cartmill, C. Clauser, L.C. Collins, M.H. Crawford, J. Chaffee, A.A. Dahlberg, A. Damon, F. Daniels, A.P. Dhariwal, F.L. Dunn, J.O. Ellefson, G.H. Ewing, M. Feer, E.I. Fry, M.A. Galbraith, S.M. Garn, J.A. Gavan, E. Giles, P.C. Gizzi, M. Goodman, D.L. Greene, H. Hamlin, R.B. Heizer, P.G. Heltne, L.E. Hoyme, T.C. Hutchinson, P.C. Jay, T.W. Jenkins, F.E. Johnston, S.H. Katz, H.J. Keene, K.A.R. Kennedy, K.W. Kennedy, E.R. Kerley, J.B. Lancaster, W.S. Laughlin, M.M.C. Lee, D.G. Lindburg, M. Mavalwala, R.B. Mazess, S.M. McCann, R.M. Menegaz-Bock, C.F. Merbs, S. Molnar, R.Y. Moore, M.T. Morgan, A.C. Morrow, A.G. Motulsky, L.L. Newell, C.R. Noback, L.P. Novak, D.J. Ortner, W.S. Pollitzer,69 P.W. Post, R.H. Post, J.H. Prost, S.C. Prost, E.K. Reed, C.M. Rogers, C.G. Rohmann, A.W. Root, T. Sakamoto, V. Sarich, J. Sbirek, J. Sehmsdorf, L.R. Setty,70 J.E. Shriver, R. Singer, G.P. Smith, C.E. Snow, R.G. Snyder, R.N. Stanley, A.T. Steegmann, V.G. Stenger, J.T. Stern, T.D. Stewart, H.W. Stoudt, A.J. Sublett, R.W. Sussman, D.R. Swindler, N.C. Tappen, C.G. Turner II, R.H. Tuttle, S.L. Washburn, A.W. Weiss Jr., R.W. White, P. Wiggins, A.P. Wilson, B.J. Williams, M. Winton, and M.W. Wolpoff. Seventy-four of the abstracts were published (Proceedings, 1966, p. 200218). 36th Meeting The 36th Meeting (held in Chapel Hill, NC), was sponsored by the University of North Carolina and Duke University, April 2629, 1967, under the presidency of Stanley M. Garn. Bone Growth as Revealed by In Vivo Markers was a symposium sponsored by the National Institute of Dental Research. The Wenner-Gren Foundation sponsored a Symposium on Primate Studies in Anthropology organized by J. Buettner-Janusch, with participation by N.A. Barnicot, C.J. Jolly, H. Kummer, E.L. Simons, P.T. Wade, and S.L. Washburn.71 T. Dobzhansky gave the Morris Steggerda Lecture, entitled Genetic Architecture of Some Behavior Traits. In total, 69 scientic papers were presented by the following authors: V. Alexandersen, M. Anderson, J.L. Angel, P.T. Baker, T.S. Baker, A. Bjork, J.E. Blumberg, G.T. Bowles, J.D. Cadien, J.F. Cleall, M.H. Crawford, A.A. Dahlberg, A. Damon, F.V. Dumond, W.E. Edwards, A.R. Frisancho, H.M. Frost, E.I. Fry, S.M. Garn, R.A. Goepp, C.W. Goff, P.P. Goland, M. Goodman, N.G. Grand, R.C. Greulich, A.G. Hendrick, W.W. Howells, D.A.N. Hoyte, Thomas Hursch, T.C. Hutchinson, W.L. Hylander, M. Irie, H. Israel, F.E. Johnston, S.H. Katz, H.J. Keene, J. Kelso, W.G. Kinzey, M.C. Lee, A.V. Little, M.A. Little, J.T. Mayhall, R.B. Mazess, J.P. McClung, R.J. Meier, C.F. Merbs, D.F. Mitchell, H.M. Myers, R.W. Newmann, C.R. Noback,

69 Paper by Pollitzer et al. was published in AJPA (new series) 26:514, 1967. 70 Paper by Setty was published in AJPA (new series) 25:131138, 1966. 71 All these papers were jointly published in AJPA (new series) 27:305373, 1967.

JUAN COMASS SUMMARY HISTORY OF AAPA Schwager, L.R. Setty, B.A. Sigmon, J.E. Sirianni, E.L. Smith, G. Smith, P. Smith, J.J. Spruit, R.P. Srivastava, Thomas D. Stewart, William A. Stini, Audrey J. Sublett, Daris R. Swindler, Mildred Trotter, Christy G. Turner, Russell H. Tuttle Jr., B. Wagner, and Geoffrey F. Walker. All the abstracts of these papers were published (Proceedings, 1968, p. 121139). 38th Meeting The 38th Meeting is planned to be held, for the second time, in Mexico City, on April 912, 1969. We found great heterogeneity in relation to the importance of these scientic meetings. Not only were they heterogeneous in terms of the number of papers presented, but also in relation to the publication of abstracts. A great variability is also perceived in the subjects and titles of the communications, as well as in the organization of symposia and round tables whose subjects were chosen due to their special interest. Symposia and round table discussions organized around subjects of special importance seemed to provide the most congruent and satisfactory results for the advancement of our discipline.

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Our attitude to other national or international efforts directed towards unication and precision of anthropometric methods will be one of the best will and openness, and anything devised by efforts abroad that would be of advantage to us will be welcomed; but American anthropology in all modesty may, in view of all the work accomplished and going on in this country, regard itself as fairly competent for at least the most ordinary parts of the task at hand and should undertake to regulate its own house, but will be grateful for any help from other competent bodies and in turn offer freely everything that it itself may succeed in accomplishing. If every country where anthropological research has reached a status comparable to that in the USA will proceed along similar lines, the time will come, though perhaps not in the life of those of us who are older, when whatever differences have arisen can readily be settled by an international agreement. To begin with an effort at such an international agreement from the start, except in items that are of the most obvious, would be much like trying to build a house from the top instead of from the foundations.79

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AND TECHNIQUES

During its 6th annual meeting (1935), the AAPA designated a committee to evaluate the report written by the International Committee for the Standardization of Techniques in Physical Anthropology.75 The members of the ka (President), Hooton, designated committee were Hrdlic Pearl, and Shultz.76 In their account, they implicitly rejected the International Committee, and proposed the creation of a national committee for anthropometric issues (Advisory Committee on Anthropometric Interests). E.A. Hooton, A.H. Schultz, R.J. Terry, and T.W. Todd constituted the Advisory Committee on Anthropometric Inter Hrdlic ka. This commitests, under the presidency of Ales tee had consultative duties. During the 7th meeting (1936), a report presented by the Advisory Committee on Anthropometric Interests to the AAPA was unanimously approved.77 In this report, a series of practical suggestions was offered. American anthropologists were advised to use, as far as these may serve,78 the techniques approved by the agreements of Monaco (1906) and Geneva (1912). What is interesting to note, is the attitude taken by the American anthropologists when one goal of the International Committee was to evaluate and unify the techniques explained in these agreements, which were already considered obsolete. In addition, the Committee wished to qualify its isolationist position, from an anthropological point of view. The transcription is in English [i.e., in the Spanish-language original by Comas] to avoid errors of translation:

ka preDuring the next years meeting (1937), Hrdlic sented a report which led to a wide-ranging discussion about whether or not the creation of an International Committee would be convenient. Miss Tildesley, president of the International Committee, explained the purpose and goals of the International Committee, and urged the AAPA to cooperate with its activities with the utmost urgency. The approved resolution follows:
A motion was proposed that the Executive Committee, on the recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Anthropometric Interests, be empowered to select a consul de tative delegate to represent the AAPA on the Comite Standardization de la Technique Anthropologique (C.S.T.A.) of the International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, with the understanding that on all matters he refer back to the Advisory to be decided by the Comite Committee on Anthropometric Interests of this Association. The Association accepted this motion as read.80

However, since this agreement was not effective until the annual meeting of the AAPA in 1938, a new motion was adopted. This new motion modied and canceled out the previous agreement:
That the AAPA approves the participation of American Anthropologists in the discussion of the sub-committee of the International Committee of Standardization because there is real constructive value in such discussions for the promotion of enhanced precision and reliability of techniques. The American Association of Physical Anthropologists, however, feels, as it intimated last year, that the establishment of any techniques in the form of standard procedures to be required of investigators without regard to the problem in hand, limits opportunity and menaces scientic progress. For this reason the AAPA must continue to dissociate itself ofcially from the deliberations, activities and conclusions of the International Committee of Standardization.81

75 Created at International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, London, 1934 (p. 9, 11, and 150 of Proceedings of the aforementioned Congress, Royal Anthropological Institute, London, 1934). Members of Committee were M.L. Tildesley, President (UK); H.V. Vallois, Secretary (France); G.P. Frets (Netherlands); S. Sergi (Italy); R.R. Gates (England); C.B.S. Hodson (England); K. Hilden (Finland); and O. Schlaginhaufen (Switzerland). 76 AJPA [Suppl] 20:45, 1935. 77 AJPA 21:287300, 1936. 78 AJPA 21:298, 1936.

Internationally, Morant, Tildesley, and Buxton originally brought up the problem in reference to the standardization of anthropometric measurements. The Royal Anthropological Institute in England, as well as anthropolo-

79 80

AJPA 21:289290, 1936. AJPA [Suppl] 22:3, 1937. 81 AJPA 23:489490, 1938.

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M.P. ALFONSO AND M.A. LITTLE cal Briefs, edited by Shapiro, ended up being sponsored by the AAPA. Due to the war, only three numbers were published, with the following content: 1. Number 1 (17 p., April 1942): H.L. Shapiro, A Program for the Standardization of Anthropological Techniques; S.L. Washburn, Technique in Primatology; W.W. Howells, Head Height; and T.D. Stewart, Equivalent Denitions of Cranial Measurements. 2. Number 2 (32 p., August 1942): T.D. Stewart, Variation in the Technique of Measuring Skulls; M. Steggerda, Anthropometry of the Living: A Study of Checking of Techniques; H.L. Shapiro, Variation in Samples of Identical Populations, and S.L. Washburn, Technique in Primatology. 3. Number 3 (17 p., June 1943): M.S. Goldstein, Suggested Means for Checking Comparability of Anthropometric Results; J.L. Angel, Treatment of Archaeological Skulls; and S.L. Washburn, Technique in Primatology. In addition, before and after the dissolution of the Advisory Committee, several papers about anthropometric techniques were published in AJPA. Ashley-Montagu, Ciocco, Goldstein, Howells, Stewart, and Trotter, among many others, wrote some of these papers. Moreover, during the Fifth Summer Seminar (1950), suggestions were made for the standardization of in vivo measurements and craniometric techniques (Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 1950;5:31). In March 2830, 1967, the conference Standardization of Anthropometric Techniques and Terminology was held at the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, in Ohio.88

gists from France, immediately accepted the idea.82 In June 1934, the journal Man published a declaration in relation to this subject, signed by 22 anthropologists of 22 countries; among them was Hooton, from the United States. The declaration was also published in other specialized journals in France (LAnthropologie), Austria (Anthropologischer Anzeiger), Russia (Anthropological Journal of the USSR), and Japan (Journal of the Anthropological Society of Tokyo). Curiously, the declaration was never published through the AAPA in the United States.83 A report written by Tildesley was published in the Proceedings of the II International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences,84 held in Copenhagen (1938). In this report, Hootons withdrawal from the International Committee, as agreed by the AAPA during the meeting held in 1938, is mentioned. However, in the same volume, a list of 34 anthropologists (from 34 countries) who formed the International Committee can be found. W.M. Krogman, from the United States, is in that list.85 Was Krogman participating in spite of the 1938 AAPA resolution? Did he participate independently? We have not been able to nd information to clarify this issue. The activities of the International Committee were reduced due to World War II (19391945) and problems during the postwar period. The Committee nally disappeared in 1960. We are interested in showing the changes and indecision by the AAPA in relation to the usefulness and utility of actively participating in the goals of the International Committee. This is especially interesting if we consider goals 5 and 6 mentioned in the Declaration of Principles (see p. 2 of this article) that serve as the basis for the creation of the Association. The new International Committee, created in 1960, consisted of R. Sauter as President (Switzerland); G.F. Debetz, Thomas D. Stewart (USA), and Emil Breitinger (Austria) as Vice-Presidents; and Georges A. Heuse as Secretary General (Paris).86 The new Committee was not efcient, apparently, in terms of its activities or its results. It was noted, during the meeting held in 1942, that H.L. Shapiro was directing a new publication entitled Anthropological Briefs. This publication was exclusively dedicated to the standardization of anthropometric techniques. Thus, the publication did not interfere with the AJPA, and it had its editorial expenses subsidized. Shapiro asked for the AAPA to sponsor this publication through the Advisory Committee on Anthropometric Interests. This suggestion was not only rejected, but Hooton proposed that the Advisory Committee be dissolved. This proposition was accepted.87 In spite of everything, North American anthropologists individually incorporated the standardization of anthropometric techniques, with excellent results. AnthropologiMan, number 193, July 1932 (London); LAnthropologie 46:634 637, 1932 (Paris). 83 We are familiar with the version published in LAnthropologie 44:429434, 1934. 84 Proceedings of aforementioned Congress, p. 7073, Copenhagen, 1939. 85 Proceedings of aforementioned Congress, p. 1920, Copenhagen, 1939. 86 Proceedings of VI International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Volume I, p. 105107, Paris, 1962. 87 Literally, The suggestion being made that the existing Committee on Anthropometric Interests should sponsor the publication, Dr. Hooton moved, instead, that this committee be discharged. Motion was carried (AJPA 29:315, 1942).
82

SUMMER SEMINARS (VIKING FUND SUMMER SEMINARS IN PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY)

Annual meetings held during the summer vacation period were organized in order to discuss specic subjects in the specialty. The AAPA and the Viking Fund sponsored these meetings. S.L. Washburn successfully organized and directed these meetings. What follows is a brief description of these seminars. First Summer Seminar: July 9August 15, 1946 at Columbia University, New York The following themes were discussed: Blood Groups, Parallelism in Races, Constitution, and Basis of Measurements. J.L. Angel, J.B. Birdsell, J.K. Bodel, A. Bullen, C.W. Dupertius, T.D. McCown, G.K. Neumann, M.T. Newman, S.L. Washburn, and A.S. Wiener presented papers.89 Second Summer Seminar: July 831, 1947, at the headquarters of the Viking Fund, Inc., New York The subjects discussed were Primates, Fossil Man, Races, and Constitution. Papers were presented with discussions by R.P. Ball, J.B. Birdsell, W.C. Boyd, C.W.

88 See report by H.T.E. Herzberg. AJPA (new series) 28:116, 1968. 89 B. Kaplan, E. Richards, and G.W. Lasker, A Seminar in Physical Anthropology, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 1945, p. 511, edited by G.W. Lasker, Viking Fund, Inc., 1946.

JUAN COMASS SUMMARY HISTORY OF AAPA Dupertius, S.M. Garn, H.R. von Koenisgswald, W.M. Krogman, W.S. Laughlin, Theodore D. McCown, Javier Romero, William H. Sheldon, Thomas D. Stewart, William L. Strauss Jr., and Sherwood L. Washburn.90 Third Summer Seminar: June 22July 1, 1948, also at the site of the Viking Fund, Inc., New York The subject of this seminar was Growth and Evolution. J.L. Angel, E.A. Hooton, W.M. Krogman, W.E. Le Gros Clark, P.B. Mack, F.E. Randall, A.H. Schultz, H.C. Stuart, and J.M. Tanner presented papers.91 Fourth Summer Seminar: August 29September 3, 1949, at the site of theViking Fund, Inc., New York The main topics were Status of Australopithecus and American Indians. G.B. Barbour, J.B. Birdsell, W.C. Boyd, C.L. Camp, A.A. Dahlberg, R. Dart, A. Galloway, W.K. Gregory, W.S. Laughlin, T.D. McCown, M.T. Newman, B. Patterson, C. Snow, J.N. Spuhler, M. Steggerda, T.D. Stewart, W.L. Straus Jr., S.L. Washburn, and S. Zuckerman participated with presentations.92 Fifth Summer Seminar: June 1924, 1950, at the site of the Viking Fund, Inc., New York The subject of this seminar was New Techniques in Physical Anthropology. M. Baer, D. Collier, A.A. Dahlberg, C.W. Dupertuis, E. Edwards, S.M. Garn, J. Gavan, C. Goff, H. Kern, W.M. Krogman, W.S. Laughlin, T.D. McCown, C. Noback, K.P. Oakley, E.L. Reynolds, J.N. Spuhler, T.D. Stewart, N.C. Tappen, F. Thieme, R.M. White, and A.S. Wiener presented papers.93 Sixth Summer Seminar: June 2430, 1951, held at the Viking Fund, Inc., New York The main discussion topic was The Scope of Physical Anthropology: What Is to Be Taught? J.L. Angel, M. e, L. Eiseley, S.M. Bates, W.C. Boyd, C.S. Coon, L. Dupre Garn, C. Goff, D.A. Hooijer, E.A. Hooton, F. Clark Howell, G.W. Lasker, P.W. Leser, H. Movius, R. Osborne, W.S. Pollitzer, J.T. Robinson, H.L. Shapiro, J.N. Spuhler, T.D. Stewart, W.L. Straus Jr., F. Thieme, S.L. Washburn, and A.S. Wiener participated in this seminar.94 The seminar was not held in 1952 because the WennerGren Foundation organized and sponsored the International Symposium on Anthropology, chaired by A.L. Kroeber. This symposium was held on June 920, 1952. S.L. Washburn, at that time President of the AAPA, was among the international group of anthropologists who participated in this symposium. The following authors
90 B. Kaplan, Second Summer Seminar in Physical Anthropology, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 1946, p. 917, New York, 1947. 91 B. Kaplan, Third Summer Seminar in Physical Anthropology, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 1947, p. 1124, New York, 1948. 92 B. Kaplan, Fourth Summer Seminar in Physical Anthropology, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 1948, p. 2229, New York, 1949. Papers presented in the second half of this seminar were published under title The Physical Anthropology of the American Indian, edited by W.S. Laughlin, Viking Fund, Inc., New York, 1951, viii 202 p. 93 B. Kaplan, A Report of the Fifth Summer Seminar in Physical Anthropology, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 1949, p. 1333, New York, 1951. 94 B. Kaplan, A Report of the Sixth Summer Seminar in Physical Anthropology, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 1950, p. 2537, New York, 1951.

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participated both in the sessions as well as in the two publications that resulted from the symposium:95 E.H. Ackerknecht, W.C. Boyd, G.S. Carter, R.W. Newman, K.P. Oakley, W.L. Straus Jr., J.M. Tanner, H.V. Vallois, S.L. Washburn, and Hans Weinert. Seventh Summer Seminar: June 2225, 1953 This was organized and directed by W.M. Krogman, in collaboration with the Forsyth Dental Inrmary for Children in Boston. The central theme of the seminar was The Role of Physical Anthropology in Medical and Dental Research. Presentations were made by J.L. Angel, P.T. Baker, A.C. Brader, P. Colonna, C. Craft, M.R. Crawford, C.C. Chapple, A. Damon, C.W. Dupertuis, S.M. Garn, C.W. Goff, M.S. Goldstein, E.A. Hooton, E.E. Hunt, V.O. Hurme, A. Keys, P. Lapidus, P.B. Mack, H.I. Margolis, C. Moorrees, D.J. Morton, M.L. Moss, J.V. Neel, R.W. Newman, C.R. Noback, R.H. Osborne, E.L. Schuman, E. Sobel, J.N. Spuhler, M. Trotter, N. Turner, R.J. Wedgwood, P.D. White, and R. White.96 During the AAPA meetings held in 1955, T.D. Stewart announced that, with the support of the Wenner-Gren Foundation, a new Summer Seminar was going to be held. The seminar was scheduled for September 79 in Washington, DC. The subject to be analyzed was The Role of Physical Anthropology in the Field of Human Identication. Some federal agencies, such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Federal Public Health Service, among others, were going to participate. In reality, this seminar was independent of the series of seminars sponsored by the Viking Fund, Inc. Five practical subjects were discussed: Physical Anthropologists and Specialists in Human Identication, Identication of Small Remnants of the Human Body, Sex and Age, Reconstruction of Stature, Body Build and Facial Features, and Educational and Administrative Aspects. Mildred Trotter and T.D. Stewart prepared a report on this symposium.97 In time, the summer seminars became unnecessary, since the annual meetings presented a more organized scientic selection, through symposia and round tables structured around specic subjects. Moreover, the short intervals between the Annual Meetings and Summer Seminars did not allow for research to be conducted and results to be analyzed. The 36th (Chapel Hill, 1967) and 37th (Detroit, 1968) AAPA Annual Meetings are an excellent example of how careful organization allowed (with optimal results) for the elimination of the Summer Seminars, without any detriment to the development of the discipline. Both the leaders of the AAPA and the WennerGren Foundation understood this.

VIKING FUND PRIZES AND MEDALS

In 1946, the Viking Fund created three annual prizes in anthropology for specializations in archaeology, general anthropology, and physical anthropology.98 Different pro95 Anthropology Today: An Encyclopedic Inventory, prepared under the chairmanship of A.L. Kroeber. University of Chicago Press, xv 966 p., 1953. An Appraisal of Anthropology Today, edited by Tax, Eiseley, Rouse, and Boegelin; University of Chicago Press, xiv 395 p., 1953. 96 Neil C. Tappen and J.C. Goodale, A Report of the 1953 WennerGren Foundation Summer Seminar in Physical Anthropology, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 8:302329, 1954. 97 AJPA (new series) 13:379, 1955, Science 122:883884, 1955. 98 AJPA (new series) 4:412, 1946.

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M.P. ALFONSO AND M.A. LITTLE Next, we offer the bibliographic references of the different volumes of the Yearbook, published up to the present. These volumes correspond to two periods: 1. Between 19461954, eight volumes were published, corresponding to the years 19451952. The volumes were largely sponsored by the Viking Fund, Inc. (later known as the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research). The AAPA also contributed small sums of money. On March 5, 1954, the Wenner-Gren Foundation agreed to publish a more ambitious version of the Yearbook of Anthropology, which would cover all specialties of the anthropological discipline. For this reason, it was decided to suspend publication of the Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. The rst volume of this new series appeared in 1955, was edited by W.L. Thomas, and was sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation.102 2. Due to a variety of circumstances, no other volumes of the Yearbook of Physical Anthropology were published. This period corresponds to the time when the WennerGren Foundation focused its efforts on sponsoring the new journal, Current Anthropology. On May 4, 1963, at the annual meeting of the AAPA in Boulder, Colorado, J. Kelso suggested, and it was unanimously agreed, to reestablish the Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. G.W. Lasker was appointed editor for volume 9. Volume 9 was done as a transition for the period 19531962, to then reconstitute the annual editions beginning in 1962. The funds for this publication were provided through the following agreement:
That the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, recognizing the need to revive the publication known as the Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, agrees to contribute $2,000 for a revolving fund to this end, on the condition that the publication plans are acceptable to the Executive Committee.103

fessional associations were in charge of the awardee nominations. The AAPA was in charge of physical anthropology nominations. This task was performed by an Ad Hoc Committee, which evaluated the background and scientic work of candidates. The Committee, after evaluation, had to present a proposal, which had to be approved by the General Assembly. A medal in addition to a nancial incentive constituted the prize. The prizes were given each year at a formal dinner held in New York, sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation. From the very beginning, this recognition of the scientic work of different colleagues was considered a signicant honor. The Committee and the AAPA evaluated every case with a high degree of objectivity. The Viking Fund awards, between 19461960, went to:99 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 1946: Franz Weidenreich (5:107108, 1947) 1947: Earnest A. Hooton (6:225226, 1948) 1948: Adolph H. Schultz100 1949: William K. Gregory (8:237240, 1950) 1950: Wilton M. Krogman (9:107111, 1951) 1951: Carleton S. Coon (10:227228, 1952) 1952: William L. Straus Jr. (11:225228, 1953) 1953: Thomas D. Stewart (12:253255, 1954) 1954: William W. Howells (13:345348, 1955) 1955: Wilfrid E. Le Gros Clark (14:309313, 1956) 1956: Mildred Trotter (15:287291, 1957) 1957: Raymond Dart (16:235239, 1958) 1958: Henri V. Vallois (17:163166, 1959) 1959: William W. Greulich (18:231234, 1960) 1960: Sherwood L. Washburn (19:405407, 1961)

In 1961, the Wenner-Gren Foundation (formerly the Viking Fund) decided that the selection of awardees had to be made on a worldwide basis. Thus, the AAPA no longer played a role in the selection process.101 Therefore, considering the goal of this document, we hereby nish our report about this award. This list of 15 Viking Fund Medal physical anthropologists, compared with the roll of AAPA presidents, shows a total of 11 matches. In three cases (Le Gros Clark, Dart, and Vallois), the AAPA nominated foreign scientists, independent of their AAPA membership. Photographs of many of the AAPA presidents, as well as physical anthropologists who were recipients of the Viking Fund Medal, are given in Appendix C.

With the cooperation of the Instituto Nacional de Antro xico (INAH) and the Universidad a e Historia de Me polog noma de Me xico (UNAM), funds were creNacional Auto ated. These funds allowed for the continuing, uninterrupted, annual publication of the Yearbook.104 Since 1964, volumes 914 have been published. The bibliographic references of these volumes are: 1. Volume 1, for 1945, edited by G.W. Lasker, Viking Fund, Inc., New York, 1946, vi 214 p. Preface, Introduction, First Summer Seminar in Physical Anthropology Report, and 25 papers. 2. Volume 2, for 1946, edited by G.W. Lasker, Viking Fund, Inc., New York, 1946, vi 242 p. Preface, Physical Anthropology During the Year, Second Summer Seminar in Physical Anthropology Report, and 21 papers. 3. Volume 3, for 1947, edited by G.W. Lasker and J.L. Angel, Viking Fund, Inc., New York, 1948, vi 278 p. Preface, Physical Anthropology During the Year, Third Summer Seminar in Physical Anthropology Report, and 23 papers.
102 Yearbook of Anthropology, 1955, edited by William L. Thomas. New York: Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, 1955, xv 386 pp. Three papers in physical anthropology were published by L.C. Eisley, W.W. Howells, J.S. Huxley, and A.H. Schultz. 103 AJPA (new series) 21:420, 1963. 104 n de AntroThese institutions gave $3,201, through the Seccio ricas, Universidad a del Instituto de Investigaciones Histo polog noma de Mexico (AJPA (new series) 24:198). In addiNacional Auto ton, the Wenner-Gren Foundation contributed $1,500 (AJPA (new series) 22:498499).

THE YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

In 1946, Sherwood L. Washburn, at that time Professor in the Department of Anatomy at Columbia University and Secretary of the AAPA, took the initiative to create a yearbook. The goal of this publication was to reproduce important papers in the specialty of physical anthropology, published during the year, in journals of difcult access to many interested readers. Dr. Paul Fejos, research director of the Viking Fund, understood the importance of such an enterprise, and thus the Viking Fund sponsored the publication. Gabriel W. Lasker took on the responsibility of editing this periodical.
99 In parentheses, after the name, the volume of AJPA in which a biography of each prize winner was published is presented. 100 Inexplicably, no information about this prize winner was published. Only 2 years later, a brief note, with the Editors apologies for the omission, was published (AJPA 8:240, 1950). 101 Current Anthropology 2:136, 1961, and 3:1, 1962.

JUAN COMASS SUMMARY HISTORY OF AAPA 4. Volume 4, for 1948, edited by G.W. Lasker and F.P. Thieme, Viking Fund, Inc., New York, 1949, vi 217 p. Preface, Physical Anthropology During the Year, Fourth Summer Seminar in Physical Anthropology Report, and 15 papers. 5. Volume 5, for 1949, edited by G.W. Lasker and C.I. Shade, Viking Fund, Inc., New York, 1951, vi 304 p. Preface, Physical Anthropology During the Year, Fifth Summer Seminar in Physical Anthropology Report, and 21 papers. 6. Volume 6, for 1950, edited by G.W. Lasker and J.L. Angel, Viking Fund, Inc., New York, 1951, vi 314 p. Preface, Physical Anthropology During the Year, and 19 papers. 7. Volume 7, for 1951, edited by G.W. Lasker and W.L. Strauss Jr., Viking Fund, Inc., New York, 1953, vi 298 p. Preface, Physical Anthropology During the Year, and 19 papers. 8. Volume 8, for 1952, edited by J.N. Spuhler, WennerGren Foundation, New York, 1954, vi 394 p. Preface, Seventh Summer Seminar in Physical Anthropology Report, Physical Anthropology During the Year, and 20 papers. 9. Volume 9, for 19531961, edited by G.W. Lasker, no press information, 1964, viii 322 p. Preface and 22 papers. 10. Volume 10, for 1962, edited by G.W. Lasker and J. Kelso, no press information, 1964, x 373 p. Preface and 28 papers. 11. Volume 11, for 1963, edited by G.W. Lasker, J. Kelso, and S.T. Brooks, no press information, 1965, ix 300 p. Preface, Physical Anthropology Bibliography, and 18 papers. s, 12. Volume 12, 1964, edited by G.W. Lasker, S. Genove and S.T. Brooks, no press information, 1967, v 280 p. Preface and 15 papers. 13. Volume 13, for 1965, edited by G.W. Lasker, S. Gen s, and S.T. Brooks, no press information, 1967, v ove 280 p. Preface and 15 papers. 14. Volume 14, for 1966, edited by G W. Lasker, S. Gen s, and S.T. Brooks, no press information, 1968, v ove 320 p. Preface and 15 papers. G.W. Lasker, sometimes by himself and on other occasions in collaboration with colleagues, has been Editor of the Yearbook for all of the volumes, except for one (volume 8). The continuity and success of this important and useful publication, to all those dedicated to physical anthropology, is the result of G.W. Laskers perseverance and organizational skills. However, this does not mean that we fully accept either the way in which these editions have been edited, or the criteria used to select the papers published.105 Nevertheless, treatment of these questions can be dealt with easily in the future, e.g., the inclusion of an annual anthropological bibliography, evidently useful, the publication of which was suppressed in recent volumes.106

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THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Information about how, when, and who funded the AJPA was already provided at the beginning of this paper. Different editorial houses published volumes 19 (19181926).107 From volume 10 (1927), the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology (Philadelphia) has been in charge of the AJPA. As early as 1928, the AJPA was considered a possible ofcial publication of the recently created AAPA:
A still further basic principle of the new organization will be the fullest possible support of the AJPA, which will be its ofcial medium.108 It was then moved and seconded that the AJPA be designated as the ofcial organ of the Society.109

However, the front cover of the AJPA carried the statement Organ of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in volume 20 (1935) for the rst time. This reading was transformed to Ofcial Organ of the American Association of Physical Anthropology from volume 18 and in the new series (1960). In volume 14 (1930), the same year the AAPA was ka founded, the cover of the Journal indicates that A. Hrdlic was Editor,110 along with 16 Associate Editors.111 The same editorial team, with slight modications, continued until volume 20, when T.D. Stewart appears as Assistant Editor, along with 14 Associate Editors. Stewart continued as Assistant Editor, while the number of Associate Editors was reduced to 11112 in volume 29 (1942); this is the last ka before his retirement. volume published under Hrdlic The AJPA volumes of the old series (19181942) appeared in quarterly issues. Thus, four numbers per year, and therefore per volume, were published. However, on many occasions, possibly due to economic reasons, a volume would only include three issues. The other quarterly issue was then usually included in the previous or following volume. Thus, between 19181942, 29 volumes were published, instead of the 25 that should have been edited according to the number of years. Volume 26, for example, is a typical case. This volume, which corresponds Hrdlic ka to the rst quarter of 1940, was dedicated to Ales on his 70th birthday, whereas the three issues that correspond to that same year compose volume 27. kas constant worry, from 1918 when he founded Hrdlic the Journal, and for the AAPA since 1930, was how to obtain nancial support for the Journal. Due to the fact that the number of specialists in the eld was small, subscriptions were not enough to cover editorial expenses. The nancial decit had been brought up for three decades at all meetings held by the Association. Constant attempts to cover it with volunteer contributions as well as advertising to attract a higher number of subscriptions,
Presses of New Era Printing Co. (Lancaster, PA), Shaw Printing Co. (Battle Creek, MI), Banta Publishing Co. (Menasha, WI), and W.F. Humprey (Geneva, NY). For more information, see Trotter (1956, p. 350356). 108 AJPA 12:520, 1929. 109 AJPA 14:322, 1930. 110 Equivalent to the word Director in Spanish. 111 R. Bennett Bean, D. Black, F. Boas, C.H. Danforth, H.H. Donaldson, C.B. Davenport, E.A. Hooton, A.E. Jenks, A.L. Kroeber, G.G. MacCurdy, J.H. MacGregor, R.E. Scammon, A.H. Schultz, R.J. Terry, T.W. Todd, and C. Wissler. 112 R. Bennett Bean, F. Boas, C.H. Danforth, C.F. De Garis, E.A. Hooton, C.B. Davenport, W.M. Krogman, G.G. MacCurdy, R.E. Scammon, A.H. Schultz, and R.J. Terry.
107

105 See, for example, critical reviews by J. Comas (BBAA 10:157 159, 1948), R. Singer (AJPA 23:44243, 1965), E.I. Fry (Human Biology, 38:334336, 1966), J.L. Angel (AJPA (new series) 24:281 282, 1966), J. Buettner-Janusch (AJPA (new series) 27:403405, 1967), and D.R. Hughes (American Anthropologist, 70:639, 1968). Also see commentaries by Stanley M. Garn (AJPA (new series) 25:232, 1966). 106 Such a bibliography was not published in volumes 1214.

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M.P. ALFONSO AND M.A. LITTLE The format and presentation of the AAPA, since its beginnings in 1918, have been only slightly modied. The most important change is that up until volume 16 of the new series (1958), the printed space in each page was 11 3 18 cm, whereas from volume 17 on (1959), the printed space has been 14 3 20 cm, with double columns. As a result of this margin reduction, more text can be included on the same amount of paper. AJPA Index In 1935, W. Montague Cobb, under the direction of A. ka, started the preparation of an Index of the volHrdlic umes published in the Journal to that date. A way to fund its publication was explored at the annual meeting of 1938. It was agreed that the AAPA Secretary would request a subsidy of $600 from the National Research Council or the American Philosophical Society. The requests were unsuccessful. However, the Instituto Panaa e Historia, in Mexico, offered to mericano de Geograf ka to prepare the publication without any cost to Hrdlic the Association. At the meeting held on April 8, 1941, ka presented the corresponding formal document, Hrdlic dated April 4, signed by Daniel F. Rubin de la Borbolla, nchez, Director of representing the engineer Pedro C. Sa a e Historia.115 At the Instituto Panamericano de Geograf this time, the rst volume of the Index was distributed. Volume II was published later.116 The Index prepared by Cobb is very useful. However, it was prepared 30 years ago, and only covers 22 volumes. To date, 58 volumes comprise the AJPA collection. Is it not time to start thinking about the preparation of a new, complete index, by author and subject?

since the AAPA membership fee did not include the Journal, were also reported. However, since the number of Association members was small, a mandatory subscrip ka, tion to the Journal would not have been enough. Hrdlic in a constant effort to maintain the publication, had the support of some private contributions, but he also contributed with his own money. The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, as well as the Viking Fund, Inc., are the two institutions that undoubtedly can be considered the permanent benefactors of the AJPA. The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology absorbed some of the decit caused by this publication. The AJPA has placed on record, in its Proceedings, its gratitude for such a valuable contribution. The Viking Fund, Inc. (later known as the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research), from 1945 on, has partially subsidized the expenses of the AJPA every time these could not be covered with other funds. Without the Wenner-Gren support, the Journal would have had to suspend publication, or at least delayed it and reduced its content. The nancial situation of the AJPA was improved in later years, not only due to the increased number of members in the Association, but also because the cost of a Journal subscription has been included in the membership fee. Thus, there are as many members in the association as there are subscriptions for the Journal.113 ka announced his intention In 1942, at age 73, Dr. Hrdlic of resigning from the AJPA editorship. This issue was discussed with E.J. Farris, Executive Director of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology. It was agreed that ka himself would suggest his replacement. It was Hrdlic thus agreed that beginning with the 1943 volume, a new series of AJPA would be edited by T.D. Stewart for a period of 6 years. It was also agreed that Stewart would have the assistance of four direct collaborators (Associate Editors): M. Trotter, W.M. Krogman, W.W. Greulich, and C.C. Seltzer.114 Under these conditions, volumes 16 (19431948) were published. The subsequent editors of the AJPA were: William W. Howells, volumes 712 (19491954) Sherwood L. Washburn, volumes 1315 (19551957) William S. Laughlin, volumes 1621 (19581963) Frederick S. Hulse, volumes 2229 (19641968) The four Associate Editors, noted above, continued to function as such until 1952. The number of Associate Editors was raised to ve in volumes 11 (1953) to 21 (1963). A total of seven Associate Editors worked on volumes 22 (1964) and 23 (1965), and the number was increased to nine in volumes 24 (1966) to 29 (1968). Volumes 1 (1943) to 23 (1965) of the new AJPA series have four issues each, one for each quarter, to coincide with the solar year. The length of each volume is variable. For example volume 13 (1955) is 755 pages long, whereas volume 17 (1959) is only 338 pages long, i.e., less than half the 1955 volume. As of 1966, the AJPA became a bimonthly publication, so that six issues are published each year in two volumes of three issues each. Volumes 24 and 25 correspond to 1966. Volumes 26 and 27 correspond to 1967, while volumes 28 and 29 correspond to 1968. The length for each volume varies between 350400 p.

ACADEMIC FREEDOM AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

At different times, and with discordant criteria, the AAPA dealt with, discussed, and adopted different resolutions with respect to two fundamental problems in the anthropological eld: research and academic freedom, and racial discrimination. Let us analyze this briey. During the meeting held in April 1939, Ashley-Montagu suggested the adoption of a resolution that not only rejected all interference with research freedom, but also condemned the improper political use of anthropological concepts and terms. The motion was transferred to the Executive Committee, which was charged with resolving the issue.117 However, we have not found any information about whether or not the Executive Committee took any action on this motion. During the meeting held in 1942, Greulich referred to the treatment to which some racial minorities were subjected. Greulich asked the Association to authorize the creation of a special committee (Standing Committee on Race Relations). The goal of the Standing Committee on Race Relations was to study racial issues in order to (along with other institutions) improve the status of these minorities through a plan of action. This motion was
115 116

113 See Appendix B (Article VI, Section 1, and Chapter IV, Section 1). 114 AJPA 29:313315, 1942.

AJPA 23:488, 1938; [Suppl] 25:23, 1939; [Suppl] 28:34, 1941. Index of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, volumes IXXII (19181937). Compiled by W.M. Cobb under the direc ka. Instituto Panamericano de Geograf a e Historia, tion of A. Hrdlic Mexico. Part One, 330 p., 1939. Part Two: 394 p., 1941. 117 AJPA [Suppl] 25:3, 1939.

JUAN COMASS SUMMARY HISTORY OF AAPA approved by 13 votes vs. 8, which indicates the existence of divided opinions. This is also evidenced by the unanimous approval of a complementary text in which it was established that the actions of the Standing Committee must be subordinated to the approval of the Executive Committee of the AAPA. In addition, by 16 votes vs. 5, it was agreed that a member of the Executive Committee, other than its President, must be included in the Standing Committee.118 We have no information that indicates that such a Committee was formed. Due to the violation against academic freedom in 1950 by the Regents of the University of California, the AAA prepared a resolution that condemned and protested this violation. The AAPA Executive Committee, at the meeting held on March 20, 1951, proposed:
That the AAPA adopts the resolution of the AAA condemning the action of the Regents of the University of California in violation of the rights of academic freedom and tenure.

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was rejected, based on the argument that the Association had already established its criteria on this issue, regarding the agreements previously transcribed in 1955 and 1956.122 However, Edward I. Fry brought the subject back dur ek, S.M. Garn, ing the meeting held in May 1962. J. Broz and E.I. Fry, after a controversial exchange of opinions, were elected to form a committee in charge of resolving the controversy. A resolution was drafted, and adopted as follows:
We, the members of the AAPA, professionally concerned with differences in man, deplore the misuse of science to advocate racism. We condemn such writings as Race and Reason that urge the denial of basic rights to human beings.We sympathize with those of our fellow teachers who have been forced by misguided ofcials to teach race concepts that have no scientic foundation, and we afrm, as we have in the past, that there is nothing in science that justies the denial of opportunities or rights to any group by virtue of race.123

This Resolution was unanimously approved.119 Section H (Anthropology) of the AAAS is mostly composed of AAPA members; in fact, on many occasions they have acted as leaders of Section H. For example, G.W. Lasker was Secretary in 1953, while in December 1964, the Chairman was W.M. Cobb. When the AAAS decided to hold its 1955 annual meeting in Atlanta, Georgia, where practices of racial discrimination were evident, the General Assembly of the AAPA, congregated in Philadelphia on April 4, 1955, unanimously adopted the resolution suggested by W.W. Howells and J.N. Spuhler:
Whereas the AAPA cannot by principle hold meetings or participate in meetings in places where racial segregation is practiced, be it resolved that the Association hereby associate[s] itself with the action of the committee members of Section H in declining to participate in the meetings of the AAAS in Atlanta in 1955.120

OTHER ACTIVITIES
In agreement with its Statutes and Bylaws, the AAPA is authorized to create committees with practical goals. Some of these committees are transitional, e.g., the committee created to nominate candidates for ofcers positions, or the nancial committee. Other committees have scientic functions and an undened duration, e.g., the Advisory Committee on Anthropometric Interests, as discussed above. Two other committees, created during the rst meeting in April 1930, are worthy of mention. The Committee on Anthropoid Material, chaired by J.H. MacGregor and with members R.J. Terry, A.H. Schultz, C.V. Novack, and G.S. Miller Jr., is one of them. The goal of this committee was to collect all available information about osteological and in vivo anthropoid material in the US, in order to preserve it, and if possible, conduct comparative anthropological and anatomical studies. The Committee on Human Material, chaired by T.W. Todd, and with R.J. Terry, E.A. Hoo ka as members, had the ton, Henry Field, and A. Hrdlic same goals as the Anthropoid committee, but in this case applied to human remains. Both committees initiated their activities immediately, in order to create the inventory.124 During the March 1932 meeting held in Washington, DC, it was announced that the National Academy of Sciences had contributed $1,000 for the publication of this inventory prepared by each of these committees. In December that same year, it was announced that the rst inventory, prepared by the Committee on Human Material, would appear in May 1933.125 Todd, in 1936, reported that the Committee he was chairing was still compiling data to enhance the catalog of human material. It is highly probable that Todds death (1938) incapacitated that Committee, since we have not been able to nd information about the activities of this Committee.

At the meeting held in Chicago in April 1956, the Executive Committee presented the following declaration in relation to the problem of racial discrimination:
Having received and read in the PA Newsletter the statements by Dr. John Gillin on the absence of scientic proofs of innate superiority of any race, as quoted in the Daily Tar Heel (Chapel Hill), March 8, 1956, the members of the AAPA meeting in Chicago on April 6, 1956, afrm that Dr. Gillin has presented the scientic position of professional anthropologists with clarity and accuracy.

This issue produced great controversy, and opposing opinions. In the end, the following resolution was drafted and enthusiastically approved:
The members of the AAPA meeting in Chicago, Illinois, on April 6, 1956, afrm that they know of no evidence that any group is inferior to any other group by virtue of race. They support Dr. John Gillin in his recent position in this respect.121

During the meeting of 1960, J.L. Angel presented a new project, in which the goal was to clarify the racial issue. After lengthy commentaries and modications, the text

118 119

AJPA 29:316317, 1942. AJPA (new series) 9:229230, 1951. AJPA (new series) 13:377, 1955. 121 AJPA (new series) 19:92, 1961.
120

AJPA (new series) 19:92, 1961. AJPA (new series) 21:400 and 402, 1963. 124 AJPA 14:322323, 1930. 125 Published in AJPA [Suppl] 17, 1933, Human Materials in American Institutions Available for Anthropological Study, by W. Montague Cobb, 43 p.
123

122

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M.P. ALFONSO AND M.A. LITTLE Physical Anthropology Bibliography, July 1943June 1944. Prepared by W.M. Cobb, in collaboration with R.J. Braidwood, J. Comas, G.W. Lasker, R.S. Lloyd, H.V. Meredith, M.F. Ashley-Montagu, R.M. Snodgrasse, M. Steggerda, T.D. Stewart, and M. Trotter (AJPA n.s. 2:381 421). Physical Anthropology Bibliography, July 1944June 1945. Prepared by W.M. Krogman, in collaboration with E. Bernoff, R.J. Braidwood, J. Comas, B. Green, F. Jones, G.W. Lasker, R.S. Lloyd, H.V. Meredith, M. Steggerda, and T.D. Stewart (AJPA n.s. 3:367417). However, this useful innovation was suspended in 1945, due to an agreement with the journal Biological Abstracts, in which Section H was dedicated to human biology abstracts. This section fullled the same (or an even a broader) goal. Hence the Association agreed to eliminate the bibliographic section of the AJPA.135 Naturally, anyone who wanted access to such bibliographies had to subscribe to Biological Abstracts instead of being able to access them as a member of the AAPA. We believe that the Association should have continued with the preparation of annual bibliographies, since they are essential tools for every researcher. This is evident when we consider that once the Yearbook of Physical Anthropology started to be published, it included a bibliographic section in many of its volumes, although (as mentioned before) this was eliminated in the most recent numbers. On October 1945, a document entitled Proposal for an Organization of Professional Anthropologists circulated among many anthropologists in the United States. The document was the result of a wide discussion held by a group of 25 anthropologists (among whom were physical anthropologists G. Bowles, Clyde Kluckhohn, and Thomas D. Stewart) who formed a provisional committee organized by J.H. Steward, J. Provinse, C. Kluckhohn, F.H.H. Roberts, and H. Barnett. The committee examined the possibility and convenience of creating a Society of Professional Anthropologists.136 The AAPA addressed this issue, and created a committee chaired by the President at the time (W.M. Krogman), as well as H.L. Shapiro, T.D. McCown, and T.D. Stewart. The goal of the committee was to prepare a report which was to be discussed at the following annual meeting. Indeed, during the meeting held in 1946 in Cleveland, the aforementioned committee presented the report as requested.137 In their report, the committee proposed to leave the problems in the hands of the Committee of Nine, which, with representation of all specialties, had been nominated by the AAA in December 1945 to report to professional membership on proposals for reorganization of the AAA, the establishment of a secretariat and other means of furthering professional interests. S.L. Washburn, as a physical anthropologist, was a member of that Committee.138 Apparently, this initiative did not result in a favorable resolution, at least in relation to the AAPA. During the meeting held in April 1948, J.B. Birdsell reported on the actions that the AAA139 took in order to help anthropologists from the Old World in the postwar
AJPA (new series) 3:217218, 1945. AJPA (new series) 3:365, 1945. 137 AJPA (new series) 4:251, 1946. 138 American Anthropologist 48:319, 1946. 139 Committee to Investigate Possibility of Strengthening Non-Nazi Anthropologists in Enemy Countries, American Anthropologist 49:352353, 1947, and 50:389, 1948.
136 135

In order to collect required information, the Committee on Anthropoid Material had prepared a questionnaire in 1934. In April 1934, MacGregor resigned as the committees chair. The resignation was accepted, and it was further agreed that the committee be disbanded. A new Anthropoid Committee, chaired by A.H. Schultz and W.M. Krogman,126 was created. In 1938, this new committee provided information about its activities, which were approved, and published the corresponding report.127 Krogman, during the meeting held in 1945, proposed the publication of an information bulletin entitled the PA Newsletter.128 The General Assembly approved of this initiative, and granted $50 to implement it.129 The PA Newsletter was published regularly, and the AAPA continued to sponsor it. During the 1949 Annual Meeting held in Philadelphia, Krogman announced that his many activities prevented him from continuing as PA Newsletter editor. The Assembly accepted his resignation, thanked him for his excellent work, and requested that someone volunteer for the position. B.K. Kraus was appointed.130 In the years that followed, the Association continued to sponsor the bulletin, and in 1954 it increased its support to $125 in order to expand the PA Newsletter content.131 However, in 1955, the Assembly critically evaluated the bulletin. Hunt, Moss, Krogman, and Kraus contributed to the discussion. Krogman, Hunt, and Moss were selected to form a committee whose function was to come up with suggestions to improve the bulletin.132 In 1957, the assembly decided to eliminate the PA Newsletter in its current format. J.L. Felts and P.T. Baker were nominated to modify and improve both the format and content of this publication.133 In 1958, the AAPA approved the continuation of the PA Newsletter. However, in 1959, Felts and Baker acknowledged their failure in trying to restore the bulletin. Thus, after a short discussion, the assembly decided to eliminate the bulletin permanently.134 We believe that the bulletin started by Krogman served an important function. Thus, it would be useful and desirable for the AAPA to reconsider its decision at some point so that the bulletin could be published again. We remind the readers that the AAA Newsletter is widely accepted, and a newsletter in the more limited and specialized area of physical anthropology would be as well. When the AJPA was restarted in 1943, an important innovation was made: this was the preparation of a worldwide annual bibliography in physical anthropology, organized by subject and geographic area. What follows is the detailed information: Physical Anthropology Bibliography, January 1942June 1943. Prepared by W.M. Krogman, in collaboration with R. Braidwood, W.M. Cobb, J. Comas, H.V. Meredith, M.F. Ashley-Montagu, I. Schour, Carl C. Seltzer, M. Steggerda, T.D. Stewart, and M. Trotter (AJPA new series (n.s.) 1:437486).

AJPA [Suppl] 21:2, 1936. AJPA 23:488, 1938. Also by Krogman and Schultz, Anthropoid Ape Materials in American colletions, AJPA 24:199234. 128 PA, acronym used for Physical Anthropology. 129 AJPA (new series) 3:218, 1945. 130 AJPA (new series) 7:275, 1949; 8:255, 1950. 131 AJPA (new series) 12:280, 1954. 132 AJPA (new series) 13:379, 1955. 133 AJPA (new series) 15:429, 1957. 134 AJPA (new series) 18:354, 1960.
127

126

JUAN COMASS SUMMARY HISTORY OF AAPA environment. Birdsell invited the AAPA to collaborate in these efforts. In the same sentiment, G. Bowles, representative of the Committee on International Cooperation in Anthropology, expressed his support.140 Shapiro, Collins, and other colleagues reported on steps already taken, thanks to the contributions of the Viking Fund, to send packages to anthropologists whose names and addresses had been given. Moreover, they mentioned the intention to obtain an additional list of anthropologists to help, by sending books and journals that were not available in Europe.141 A similar problem was discussed at the AAPA in 1957, when W.W. Howells reported on the difcult situation that affected physical anthropologists in Hungary, especially those who worked at the National Museum in Budapest, due to the destruction and loss of collections and instruments. But the solution was different in this case. A suggestion to donate $100 to replace the material was rejected because the Association did not desire to make a contribution to an agency of the Hungarian government at this time. However, many anthropologists who attended this meeting expressed their desire to make individual donations to their Hungarian colleagues.142

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At the annual meetings, the AAPA has repeatedly expressed its gratitude for the institutional support received from the Wenner-Gren Foundation. It is evident, however, that this support is also the result of the personal interest that the Research Directors of the WennerGren Foundation had for our scientic inquires. These Directors include Paul Fejos, from 1941 until his death in 1963, and Lita B. Osmundsen, from 1963 to the present. Here are some of the examples that can be found in the proceedings of the AAPA:
Be it resolved that the ofcers be authorized to include the following words in the ofcial description of the Association: Benefactor, the Viking Fund, Inc.145 (Proceedings, 1948, p. 231). Be it resolved also that the Association expresses its appreciation to the Viking Fund for the continuing support it has given to the profession both through its publications, through the Summer Seminar, through fellowships and through the support it has given to the research of individual scientists (Proceedings, 1951, p. 232).

THE WENNER-GREN FOUNDATION AND THE AAPA

We will only refer to the importance that the WennerGren Foundation has had, and continues to have, for the activities of the AAPA and for anthropological research, particularly since 1945.143 As previously mentioned, there are many cases in which the Wenner-Gren Foundation has funded research and teaching projects in physical anthropology as proposed by the AAPA. These include the regular publication of the AJPA; publication of the Yearbook of Physical Anthropology; the Summer Seminars in Physical Anthropology; symposia held in Burg Wartenstein, European headquarters of the Foundation; publication of the series Studies in Physical Anthropology; numerous volumes about physical anthropology in the series Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology;144 the prizes and medals given, according to the suggestions offered by the AAPA, to the most prominent physical anthropologists; the economic support given for attendance at congresses and other international meetings, as well as a series of grants for the promotion of our discipline that, although given to individuals or institutions other than the AAPA, has positively inuenced and strengthened the development of our Association.

At the Viking Fund Awards ceremony on May 7, 1958, the AAPA, along with the AAA and the Society for American Archaeology, offered a scroll to Doctor Paul Fejos in appreciation for his long devotion to anthropology and anthropologists (Proceedings, 1960a, p. 331). On occasion of his death in 1963, the AAPA stated:
Paul Fejos, in his role as Director of Research of the Wenner-Gren Foundation, provided nancial support for, and aided publication in, physical anthropology. As a friend of this Association, his constant personal encouragement and support of the work of its members was appreciated and will be greatly missed (Proceedings, 1963b, p. 419). The Association thanks the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research and its Director of Research Mrs. Lita B. Osmundsen for continuing support to many projects and of the general aims of physical anthropology on the international scene (Proceedings, 1966, p. 198).

Since the Wenner-Gren Foundation is an institution exclusively dedicated to promote research and education in anthropology, what it may have done for physical anthropology should come as no surprise. However, we believe these actions are praiseworthy since this is a specialty that, for decades, has received limited attention, especially in comparison with archaeology and ethnology. For this reason, we want to emphasize the importance that the constant and understanding action, as well as the economic and moral support, provided by the WennerGren Foundation and its Director for Research has had, and still has, in the development of the AAPA.

140 Dependent on Division of Anthropology and Psychology, which is part of the National Research Council. 141 AJPA (new series) 6:230231, 1948. 142 AJPA (new series) 15:428429, 1957. 143 Viking Funds new name, adopted on May 1, 1951. Those interested in the history of the Foundation must consult the 20th Annual Report on the Foundations Activities, 19411961, New York, 301 p., Report on the Foundations Activities for the Year Ended January, 31, 1961, New York, 71 p., Report on the Foundations Activities for the Year Ended January, 31, 1963, New York, 67 p., Report for 1963 and 1964, New York, 137 p., Report for 1965 and 1966, New York, 185, p., and Annual Report 1967: February 1, 1967, to January 31, 1968, New York, 91 p. 144 Volumes 11 (Tepexpan Man, 1943), 31 (Social Life in Early Man, 1961), 36 (African Ecology and Human Evolution, 1963), and 45 (Genetic Diversity and Human Behavior, 1967).

CONCLUSIONS
Here we nalize this synthesis of history about the main activities of what we consider the most important and broad scientic association of physical anthropologists. We have objectively summarized the facts, although in each case, or at least in most of them, we have subjectively evaluated their impact. The reader must provide her/his own evaluation.

145 Same Benefactor title was give by AAPA to Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology.

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M.P. ALFONSO AND M.A. LITTLE all members at least one month before the meeting. Additional nominees for any ofce may be offered in writing to the Secretary by any ve members at any time previous to the election. Article III. Section 1. The management of the affairs of the Association in the interim of the meetings is delegated to the Executive Committee, consisting of ve members, including the two ofcers. Article IV. Section 1. The Association shall meet at least once a year, the time and place to be determined by the Executive Committee. Article V. Section 1. Membership shall be of two classes; namely, A) Professional or Active; B) Non-Professional or Associate. Section 2. Candidates for active membership must be persons engaged in the investigation of physical-anthropological or cognate sciences, and shall be proposed in writing to the Executive Committee by two members, who shall accompany the recommendation by a list of the candidates publications. The election to be effective must be ratied by the Association in open meeting. Section 3. Candidates for associate membership are persons whose interests prompt them to endorse and support the purpose and activities of the Society. Their acceptance to membership is passed upon by the Executive Committee. Section 4. Honorary members may be elected from those who have signally distinguished themselves in anthropological research. Nominations by the Executive Committee must be unanimous and their proposal with a reason for recommendations shall be presented to the Association at an annual meeting, a three-fourths vote of members present being necessary for an election. Article VI. Section 1. Dues: annual, active, and associate memberships. The annual dues of both active and associate members shall be $2.00. A member in arrears for dues for three years shall be dropped after due nal notication, but may be reinstated at the discretion of the Executive Committee on payment of his arrears. Section 2. Life membershipactive. The life-membership fee for active members shall be $25.00. Twenty percent of such life-membership fees may be employed for current expenses of the Society. Not less than 80 percent shall be added to permanent endowment of the Society. Section 3. Life membershipassociate. Associate members may become sustaining life members on the payment of $100.00. Section 4. Benefactors. Upon approval of the Executive Committee, any person may, on payment of $500.00 or more, become a benefactor. Benefactors have the status of either active or associate life members according to denitions in Article V. Section 5. All receipts from sustaining life members and benefactors shall, in entirety, be added to the permanent endowment of the Society or be accepted and used under the approval of the Executive Committee for such special purpose as may be indicated by the donor.

In the almost four decades of existence of the AAPA, there has been an increasing effort to improve the goals, research methodologies, and education in physical anthropology. This is done in order to keep pace with other biological sciences. In this sense, we believe that Stanley M. Garn made a great contribution by publishing his report at the end of his presidential period.146 His critical evaluation of different topics, all of them directly associated with the activities of the association, should allow future presidents of the AAPA to establish a starting point from which to continue working. We wish, for the well-being of our Association, that future presidents of the AAPA will continue and reinforce the excellent example set by Garn.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We who translated and edited this work (M.P.A. and M.A.L.) thank several Mexican anthropologists who provided great assistance to us in performing this task: Dra. a Reyes, Escuela Nacional de AntropoloMa. Eugenia Pen a e Historia and Instituto Nacional de Antropolog a e g Historia; Sr. Hector Toledano, Director of Publications, a e Historia; and Dr. Instituto Nacional de Antropolog nchez, Director, Instituto de InvestigaCarlos Serrano Sa gicas. We also acknowledge the AAPA for ciones Antropolo a grant awarded to M.P.A. to assist in translation expenses.

APPENDIX A Constitution of the American Association of Physical Anthropology, Approved During the Meeting Held on April 19, 1930. Published in AJPA 14:325326, 1930
Article I. Section 1. The name of the Society is The American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Section 2. The purpose of the Association is the advancement of the science of physical anthropology. Article II. Section 1. The ofcers of the Association shall be a President and a Secretary-Treasurer. The President will be elected for two years; the Secretary-Treasurer, for ve years. The nominations shall be made by the Nominating Committee. Election of the ofcers shall be effected by a vote of the members present at the next annual meeting of the Association. But if, as specied in section 2, there should be more than one nominee for either ofce, the election shall be by ballot. The ofcial term of newly elected ofcers shall commence with the close of the annual meeting. Section 2. At the annual meeting preceding that of election, the President shall appoint a Nominating Committee of three members. This committee shall report its nominations to the Secretary not less than two months before the annual meeting. The Secretary will then mail the list to

146

See note 73.

JUAN COMASS SUMMARY HISTORY OF AAPA Article VII. Section 1. Any proposed change in the constitution of the Association must be presented in writing by at least ve members at one annual meeting. Such proposal shall be referred to the Executive Committee, and if approved will be presented for vote at the next annual meeting. Due notice of the proposed change will be sent to each member at least one month in advance of the meeting. A two-thirds vote of members present will be necessary for adoption. Article VIII. Section 1. Committees. Members of the Executive Committee will be elected at the annual meeting of the Society on nomination by the Nomination Committee. One member of the Executive Committee shall be elected annually. Section 2. All other committees, including the Nominating Committee, will be appointed by the President after approval by the Executive Committee.

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qualication by publication or other professional activities. Section 2. Institutions or organizations desiring to support the work of the AAPA may upon written application and approval by the Executive Committee, be granted institutional membership. The fee for such a membership shall be $100.00 per annum. Article VI. Dues. Section 1. There shall be annual dues in an amount xed by the Association at an annual meeting and duly incorporated into the By-Laws of the Association. This shall include the amount of subscription to the ofcial organ and other publications of the Association. Article VII. Amendment. Section 1. Any change in the Constitution or By-Laws of the Association must be proposed in writing by at least ve members at one annual meeting. Such proposal shall be referred to the Executive Committee, and if approved will be presented for vote at the next annual meeting. A two-thirds vote of members present will be necessary for adoption. Article VIII. Publications. Section 1. Ofcial Organ. The ofcial organ of the Association is the American Journal of Physical Anthropology. The Association may by resolution change the title or the publisher of its ofcial organ. Section 2. Editor. At proper intervals the Association shall nominate the Editor of its ofcial organ to serve for a term of six years. Section 3. Editorial Board. The Association shall nominate for the assistance of the Editor of its ofcial organ an editorial board of eight Associate Editors, of whom two shall be nominated annually to serve for four years. Article VIII. Dissolution. Section 1. Procedure. In the event of dissolution of this organization, all remaining assets will be distributed only to organizations which qualify for exemption under section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code to be used for scientic or educational purposes.

APPENDIX B Constitution and By-Laws of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, in effect December, 1968
Article I. Name and Purpose. Section 1. Name. The name of this society is the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Section 2. Purpose. The purpose of the Association is the advancement of the science of physical anthropology. Article II. Ofcers. Section 1. Ofcers. The ofcers of the Association shall be a President, a Vice Present and a Secretary-Treasurer. Section 2. Terms. The president and Vice President shall be elected for terms of two years each in alternate years. The Secretary-Treasurer shall be elected for a tern of four years. Article III. Executive Committee. Section 1. The management of the affairs of the Association in the interim between meetings is delegated to the Executive Committee, which shall consist of seven members, including the three ofcers, and the Editor of the ofcial organ. Section 2. One member of the Executive Committee, exclusive of the ofcers of the Association, shall be elected annually to serve for three years. Article IV. Meetings. Section 1. The Association shall meet once a year, except when special circumstances require otherwise, at a time and place to be determined by the Executive Committee. Article V. Membership. Section 1. Membership shall be open to professional anthropologists, advanced graduate students showing evidence of professional capacity, professionals in cognate sciences, and others who have demonstrated

By-Laws
Chapter I. Nomination and Election of Ofcers. Section 1. Nominating Committee. Regular nominations for ofce shall be made by the Nominating Committee, which shall consist of three members appointed annually by the President not less than three months before the annual meeting of the Association. Section 2. Duties of the Committee. In its selection of members to be proposed for ofce, it shall be the duty of the Nominating Committee to endeavor to ascertain by mail poll the wishes of the membership. The Committee, however, is not bound by popular opinion but is charged with the exercise of its most mature and considered judgement.

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M.P. ALFONSO AND M.A. LITTLE Chapter IV. Dues. Section 1. Amount. The annual dues of the Association shall be $5.00 plus the amount of the annual subscription rate to the ofcial organ and other publications of the Association offered to members. Section 2. Editorial Board. The Editor and Editorial Board of the ofcial organ shall not be required to pay the subscription fee for this organ. Section 3. Spouses. In cases where husband and wife are both members of the Association, only one subscription to the ofcial organ and other publications shall be required. Section 4. Retirement. After 25 years in good standing, members reaching the age of 65, upon written request shall be relieved of payment of dues without impairment of standing. Section 5. Voting Privilege. Only members whose dues have been paid for a given year are considered in good standing for that year and entitled to vote in the annual business meeting. It shall be the duty of the SecretaryTreasurer to ensure proper compliance with this provision. Section 6. Delinquents. A member in arrears of dues after two years shall be dropped automatically. Section 7. Reinstatement. A member dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues may be automatically restored to membership by the payment of dues in any subsequent year without reinstatement fee.

Section 3. Nominating Procedure. At each annual meeting the Nominating Committee will submit a nomination or nominations for each ofce for which a term expires. The names of candidates so submitted shall be made known to the membership at least three weeks in advance of the annual meeting. Additional nominations for any ofce may be made from the oor if submitted in writing over the signature of ve members. Section 4. Election. Election shall be by written ballot at the annual meeting of the Association. Section 5. Terms. All terms of ofce shall commence with the close of the annual business meeting at which election takes place.

Chapter II. Nomination and Election of Members. Section 1. Proposal. Candidates for membership shall be proposed in writing with the endorsement of two members of the Association. The names of candidates must be submitted to the Secretary-Treasurer of the Association together with a statement of their qualications. Section 2. Consideration. At its regular meeting the Executive Committee shall consider all candidates duly proposed. Those approved shall be recommended for election by the Association at the business session of the ensuing annual meeting. Section 3. Election. At the annual business session the Secretary-Treasurer shall present the list of candidates for membership approved by the Executive Committee. In the absence of objection from the oor to any name presented, the Secretary-Treasurer shall be instructed to cast a unanimous ballot for the list submitted. Any name challenged from the oor may be withdrawn upon proper motion for further consideration, provided the reason for the objection is stated. If the motion to withdraw a name is lost, the candidate shall be voted upon separately. A three-fourths vote of the members present shall be necessary for election.

Chapter V. Publications. Section 1. Editor. At the regular expiration of term, the Executive Committee shall nominate the Editor of the ofcial organ of the Association. This nomination shall be presented to the annual business meeting of the Association for its action. Section 2. Associate Editors. The Editor with the advice and consent of the Executive Committee shall nominate each year two Associate Editors of the ofcial organ for the approval of the Association at the annual business meeting.

Chapter III. Meetings. Section 1. Business Meeting. One session of the annual meeting shall be devoted to the business affairs of the Association, including election of ofcers and members, reports of ofcers, committees and delegates, the nances of the Association and such other business as may properly be brought before it. Section 2. Quorum. Forty members in good standing shall constitute a quorum at the annual business meeting. Section 3. Executive Committee. The Executive Committee shall meet regularly just prior to the annual meeting of the Association and at such other times as the business of the Association may require. The session of the Executive Committee just prior to the annual meeting shall be called its regular meeting. Section 4. Agenda. At its regular meeting the Executive Committee shall determine the agenda for the annual business session and the candidates for membership to be recommended for election.

Chapter VI. Vacancies. Section 1. In the event of a vacancy in the ofce of President, the Vice President shall become President. Section 2. The Executive Committee shall appoint a member in good standing to ll any vacancy among the Vice President, Secretary-Treasurer and Executive Committee. Such appointment shall hold until the next annual meeting when any unexpired term shall be lled by regular nomination and election procedure. Section 3. In the case of vacancy among the Editor and Associate Editors of the ofcial organ, the Executive Committee shall be empowered to designate a member in good standing for the unexpired term of the place left vacant, subject to the approval of the Association at its next annual meeting.

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APPENDIX C Photographs of AAPA Presidents, Viking Fund Medal Awardees, and Wenner-Gren Presidents

Fig. 3. Raymond Pearl (18791940), President of AAPA, 19341936.

Hrdlic ka (18691943), founder and rst PresiFig. 1. Ales dent of AAPA, 19281932.

Fig. 2. Adolph H. Schultz (18911976), President of AAPA, 19321934; Viking Fund Medal, 1948.

Fig. 4. Earnest A. Hooton (18871954), President of AAPA, 19361938; Viking Fund Medal, 1947.

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Fig. 7. William K. Gregory (18761970), President of AAPA, 19411943; Viking Fund Medal, 1949. Fig. 5. Thomas W. Todd (18851938), President of AAPA, 1938.

Fig. 6. Robert J. Terry (18711966), President of AAPA, 19391941.

Fig. 8. Charles B. Davenport (18661844), President of AAPA, 19431944.

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Fig. 9. Franz Weidenreich (18731948), President of AAPA, 19441945; Viking Fund Medal, 1946.

Fig. 11. Thomas D. Stewart (19011997), President of AAPA, 19491951; Viking Fund Medal, 1953.

Fig. 10. Wilton M. Krogman (19031987), President of AAPA, 19451949; Viking Fund Medal, 1950.

Fig. 12. Sherwood L. Washburn (19112000), President of AAPA, 19511952; Viking Fund Medal, 1960.

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Fig. 13. William L. Straus Jr. (19001981), President of AAPA, 19521955; Viking Fund Medal, 1952.

Fig. 15. W. Montague Cobb (19041990), President of AAPA, 19571959.

Fig. 14. Mildred Trotter (18991991), President of AAPA, 19551957; Viking Fund Medal, 1956.

Fig. 16. William W. Greulich (18991986), President of AAPA, 19591961; Viking Fund Medal, 1959.

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Fig. 17. Carleton S. Coon (19041981), President of AAPA, 19611963; Viking Fund Medal, 1951.

Fig. 19.

Stanley M. Garn (1922), President of AAPA, 19651967.

Fig. 18. Gabriel W. Lasker (19122002), President of AAPA, 19631965.

Fig. 20. Frederick H. Hulse (19061990), President of AAPA, 19671969.

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Fig. 21. William W. Howells (1908), Viking Fund Medal, 1954.

Fig. 23. Raymond A. Dart (18931988), Viking Fund Medal, 1957.

Fig. 22. Wilfred E. Le Gros Clark (18951971), Viking Fund Medal, 1955.

Fig. 24. Henri V. Vallois (18891981), Viking Fund Medal, 1958.

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Fig. 25. Paul Fejos (18971963), Director of Research, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, 19411963.

Fig. 26. Lita B. Osmundsen (19261998), Director of Research, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, 19631986.

LITERATURE CITED
American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 1929. Am J Phys Anthropol 12:519521. American Anthropologists. 1940. 42:322.

Abstracts to be presented at the First Meeting of the AAPA and at [a] joint meeting of the anthropologists and anatomists. 1930. Am J Phys Anthropol 14:8390. Proceedings of the First Meeting of the AAPA. 1930. Am J Phys Anthropol 14:321329. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1935. Am J Phys Anthropol [Suppl] 20. 11 pp. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1936. Am J Phys Anthropol [Suppl] 21. 19 pp. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1937. Am J Phys Anthropol [Suppl] 22. 16 pp. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1938. Am J Phys Anthropol 23:487503. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1939. Am J Phys Anthropol [Suppl] 25:818. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1940. Am J Phys Anthropol [Suppl] 27:617. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1941. Am J Phys Anthropol [Suppl] 28:516. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1942. Am J Phys Anthropol 29:311331. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1945. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 3:215227. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1946. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 4:249272. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1947. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 5:225250. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1948. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 6:227257. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1949. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 7:271299. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1950. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 8:251279. Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1951. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 9:225260. Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1952. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 10:235275. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1953. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 11:243275. Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1954. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 12:273312. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1955. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 13:237413. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1956. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 14:364404. Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1957. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 15:421468. Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1960a. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 18:327352. Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1960b. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 18:353365. Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1961. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 19:91113. Proceedings of the Thirtieth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1962. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 20:5978. Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1963a. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 21:399415. Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1963b. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 21:417435. Proceedings of the Thirty-Third Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1964. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 22:497515. Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1965. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 23:321347. Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1966. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 25:197227. Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the AAPA. 1967. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 27:231258. Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual meeting of the AAPA. 1968. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 29:115149. Trotter M. 1956. Notes on the history of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Am J Phys Anthropol (new series) 14:350364 Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. 1950. 5:31.