1750 pipe piles, multiple headings and close face tunnel support systems.

For TBM tunnels options include open type TBM with steel sets and other rock reinforcement or purpose designed double shielded TBM s and segmental lining. 5. RISKS FROM LARGE WATER INFLOWS Provided tunnels are driven up-gradient most water inflows in rock have marginal impact but for shallow or downgrade tunnelling silting, ponding, flooding and loco traction become problematic, particularly for high speed tunnelling. However water inflows can result in instability problems in weak and susceptible rock materials. At the Dulhaste project in Kashmir a headrace tunnel driven by an open TBM was inundated with a major water inflows of over 1000l/sec. This inrush occurred at a minor shear zone aquifer (fractured quartzite) within impermeable interbeded phillites and included 4,000m3 of sand and quartzite pebbles. This resulted in an immediate delay of about 280 days, the TBM being abandoned by a bypass and the project delayed for about 50 years. The inflows fell to 150l/sec within 100 days and five years later inflows of 100l/sec were still being recorded. The project has recently been completed by conventional excavation. At the headrace tunnel for Parbati Stage II a similar incident occurred in May 2007 when routine probing ahead of an open TBM tunnel in sheared and faulted quartzite at 900m overburden cover located inflows of over 120l/sec containing about 40% sand and silt. The inflows occurred at high pressures and could not be contained. Eventually over 4000m3 of sand and silt buried the TBM, which has subsequently been recovered. In other drives local water inflows of over 50l/sec at 500m overburden cover have been recorded in association with fractured quartzites. McFeat-Smith et al 1998 provide empirical methodology for predicting water inflows in such terrain. Figure 1. Squeezing problems in terms of levels of strain after Hoek (2001) 1751 Table 1. Case histories of squeezing tunnels in India (after Hoek 2001) Tunnel Depth m MPa / p Span m Closure m % Comments Nathpa Jhakri headrace tunnel (fault zone) 300 0.6 0.25 10 2 20 Severe squeezing controlled by forepole umbrella Maneri-Uttarkashi power tunnel (metabasics) 800 2 0.1 4.75 0.43 9 Severe squeezing

damage to sets and concrete lining Giri-Bate tunnel (phillites) 240 0.7 0.1 4.2 0.38 9 Severe squeezing with buckling of steel sets Maneri Bhali Stage 1 (fractured quartzite) 350 1 0.1 4.8 0.38 7.9 Large squeezing with buckling of steel sets Giri-Bate tunnel (slates) 380 0.8 0.08 4.2 0.3 7.6 Large squeezing with deformation of sets Loktak tunnel (shale) 300 0.7 0.1 0.48 0.34 7 Large squeezing, supported by rockbolts, shotcrete and stets Chibro-Khodri tunnel (crushed red sandstone) 280 0.7 0.1 3 0.01 2.8 Moderate squeezing, stabilized by circular steel sets Maneri Bhali Stage 2 (sheared metabasics) 410 3 0.28 7 0.2 3 Mild squeezing Maneri Bhali Stage 2 (sheared metabasics) 480 3 0.24 2.5 0.06 2.5 Mild squeezing 6. CASE HISTORY FOR TBM TUNNELLING IN SEVERE CONDITIONS Of particular relevance for tunnelling in the Himalayas are the experiences gained from construction of the 13km long Irrigation and Power Tunnel for the Umiray Angat Scheme in the Philippines (McFeat-Smith, 2000 and Grandori, 2001). This was constructed by GLF/SELI who completed the 13.2km drive by a purpose designed TBM in severe access conditions and extreme geological conditions as listed below: Difficult access in remote mountainous terrain including major river training and site formation works before tunnelling could commence, creating extreme logistical problems A 4.88m diameter, 13.2 km long tunnel with access possible from only one portal Variable geological conditions in rock types such as hard basaltic agglomerates intercalated with siltstones and mudstones Cover up to 1,200m in an earthquake zone with severe convergence and inflows expected. In order to deal with these conditions the contractor elected to: Transport all plant and service the first 5kms of TBM drive and its back up by helicopter. To drive the tunnel by a double shielded TBM from a single portal

 To use a state of the art double shielded hard rock TBM with hexagonal segmental lining During excavation conditions encountered included: Individual inflows of over 200l/sec and cumulative water inflows of about 850 l/sec Several cave-ins up to 10m high above the TBM cutterhead at major fault gouge zones. This was managed by an arrangement and drill rig for installing 2m long resin grouted bars through the cutterhead to achieved better face stability