Mechanical Review

Review & Preparation Guide
for the ADDA
MECHANICAL DRAFTER CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION
Copyright ADDA International
Basic Mechanical Drafter

Certification Examination Review Guide
Copyright 2007 ADDA International 105 East Main Street Newbern, Tennessee 38059 corporate@adda.org Third Edition Printing
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means including photocopying, recording, or microfilming or by any information storage and retrieval system, both print and digital, without permission in writing by the copyright owners. No liability is assumed by ADDA with respect to the use of the information contained herein. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, ADDA assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions. The references listed below were used in part in the development of this guide and are useful to those preparing for the ADDA Certified Drafter Exam. Nevertheless, the ADDA is not promoting these books. References ASME Y14.2M-1992 Line Conventions and Lettering ASME Y14.3M-1994 Multiview and Sectional View Drawings ASME Y14.5M-1994 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Bertoline, Wiebe, Miller, Hohler, Technical Graphics Communication, 2nd edition, Irwin/McGraw-Hill Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill, Dygdon, Novak, Technical Drawing. 11th edition, Prentice Hall Inc. Jensen, Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, 5th edition, Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Lamit, Technical Drawing and Design, West Publishing Madsen, Shumaker, Turpin, Stark, Engineering Drawing and Design, 2nd edition, Delmar-Thompson Learning
Copyright 2007 ADDA International
ADDA is the Premier Professional Organization for Drafters - Designers - Engineers - Architects - Illustrators Graphics Artist - Digital Technicians - Digital Imaging Visual Communications & Multimedia
Our Mission
ADDA International shall promote excellence in and recognition of the design drafting and digital design professions.
ADDA's History
Established in 1948 as a drafting club and incorporated as the American Design Drafting Association in 1959 as an individual membership society, ADDA is pledged to meeting and serving the professional growth and advancement of the individual working in the design drafting and digital design communities. ADDA is the only membership organization exclusively for the profession in all disciplines including manufacturing, utilities, construction, engineering, government and education. ADDA is focused on the profession it represents and the enhancement of services our members provide to their employers. Membership in ADDA is open to all individuals in the design graphics professions, including students, instructors, teachers, professionals and managers in industry, government and education. Corporate, Business and Sponsor Memberships are available on several levels offering a variety of options and benefits to a specified membership level. Design Drafting News, helps keep ADDA members abreast of the rapidly transitioning work environment, computer-aided design drafting technologies, and quality management. The Professional Certification Program is a nationwide program that allows individuals to demonstrate knowledge in concepts, standards and practices at several levels under various disciplines. The Annual Technical Conference is focused entirely on the needs and interests of the professional and educator. The program features technical sessions to educate and inform participants. The formation of Chapters is encouraged to motivate students toward pride in profession and personal responsibility as they acquire training. Through a national school curriculum certification program, ADDA assures that the variety and caliber of curriculum in participating schools is appropriate for the design drafting profession.
ADDA Drafter Certification Exam

Drafter Certification is a nationwide program that allows drafters to show their knowledge in drafting concepts and nationally recognized standards and practices. ADDA developed the test to elevate the profession's standards. Certification enables drafters to demonstrate professional capabilities and helps employers in identifying quality employees.
What Certification Means to a Drafter Certification as a Drafter reflects your proven knowledge of drafting. You will receive a certificate suitable for framing. Your certification will:

Enhance your credibility as a professional Improve your opportunities for promotion and pay increases Give you an edge in a highly competitive job market
What Certification Means to an Employer When you hire a Certified Drafter, you know that your new employee meets certification criteria and that he or she has demonstrated initiative and pride in the profession by becoming certified. Thus, certification can serve as one criterion for differentiating among candidates in the selection process. What Certification Means to Drafting Educators Certification serves as a supplementary measurement of a student's performance on a recognized national level.
GET CERTIFIED! Certification consists of completing the Application for Certification, and passing the Drafter Certification Test administered periodically at test sites throughout the country.
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Exam Format The exam is a "pass-fail" format. 75% correct responses are required to pass. It contains clear and concise true or false, multiple choice and matching questions. These formats are mixed, i.e., missing views identified by matching and/or multiple choice. The exam is not a drawing test nor does it require essay answers; therefore, answers are not subject to the grader's interpretation. The type of questions contained in the exam are: 1. Matching (a) Terms to definitions (b) Graphic symbols to definition (c) Terms to graphic representations (d) Selection of correct pictorial representation to orthographic representation 2. True or False 3. Multiple Choice (a) Choose the correct missing views (b) Choose the correct phrase to complete sentence Before taking the exam, it is recommended that a general review be completed using this review guide in conjunction with a quality drafting text book This guide will highlight the areas the exam covers, but is not all inclusive. No reference materials or calculators are allowed while taking the exam. The time allowed for the SCANTRON scored or on-line Drafter Certification Exam is 120 minutes. The questions presented cover a wide assortment of situations normally encountered in the drafting profession. An individual's experience and education in drafting will be challenged with this exam. The exam does not require specific knowledge of design or of computer programs, but is a general knowledge examination designed to allow individuals to demonstrate their expertise in the drafting profession.
Eligibility The ADDA Drafter Certification Program is open to all individuals, regardless of experience and formal education. Membership in ADDA is not required for you to take the test or become certified.
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Exam Location The Drafter Certification Exam are available at Testing Sites or through the approved ADDA Proctors. Email corporate@adda.org or call the ADDA office at 731-627-0802 to make Testing arrangements.
Exam Application An exam application may be found at the back of this study guide or may be obtained at the ADDA web site, www.adda.org or by calling the ADDA office at 731-627-0802. Fill out the form and mail it with your check, money order, or credit card information to: ADDA International 105 East Main Street Newbern, Tennessee 38059
The references listed below would be useful to those preparing for the ADDA Certified Drafter Exam. Nevertheless, the ADDA is not promoting these books. ASME Y14.2M-1992 Line Conventions and Lettering ASME Y14.3M-1994 Multiview and Sectional View Drawings ASME Y14.5M-1994 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Technical Graphics Communication,
Authors -Bertoline, Wiebe, Miller, Hohler, Publishers - Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Technical Drawing.
Authors - Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill, Dygdon, Novak, Publisher - Prentice Hall Inc.
Engineering Drawing and Design,

Authors - Jensen, Helsel, Publisher - Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Technical Drawing and Design,

Author Lamit Publisher - West Publishing Publishers - Delmar-Thompson Learning
Engineering Drawing and Design,

Authors - Madsen, Shumaker, Turpin, Stark
Become an ADDA Professional Member! An application for membership in ADDA may be obtained at the ADDA web site, www.adda.org or by calling the ADDA office at 731-627-0802.
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ADDA Drafter Certification Exam Sample Questions
True or False The front view of an object contains the basic dimensions of height and T F width. When creating a section view, hidden lines must be shown on the sectioned T F view. An open circle on the elbow of a weld symbol indicates that the weld is T F performed in the field. Dimensions should be given to hidden lines (edges). T F Parallel lines in space will be projected as parallel lines in any view. T F Multiple Choice The main function of an auxiliary view is to? a. save time b. eliminate hidden lines c. show true size and shape d. show inclined surfaces e. none of the above Which of the following dimensions may be found on the front view? a. width and depth b. width and height c. height and depth d. width and length e. none of the above When the receding lines of an oblique projection are drawn half size, what type of oblique drawing is it? a. general b. perspective c. cavalier d. cabinet e. none of the above Straight lines that do not meet or intersect and are equal distance apart at all points are known as? a. skew lines b. true length lines c. perpendicular lines d. parallel lines e. none of the above v
ADDA Drafter Certification Exam Sample Questions
Matching Match the following terms to their definitions. Arc Diameter Quadrant Radius Chord a. The distance across a circle, passing through its center. b. Any straight line whose opposite ends terminate on the circumference of a circle. c. The distance from the center point of a circle to the outside circumference. d. Any portion of a circumference of a circle. e. On fourth of a circle.
Given the isometric view of an object, select its proper front, top, right side or missing view.
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ADDA Certified Drafter Professional Examination

The following pages will contain the information covered in the ADDA Basic Mechanical Drafter Certification Examination. The information will cover all areas of the examination and it will be necessary to reference other materials and textbooks for the preparation of this examination. Successful Completers of the Examination Process will hold the right to use the ADDA Trademarked Acronym CD after your name. Additional Certifications are available through ADDA related to other disciplines and levels of certification. ADDA does not require, but promotes every individual maintain membership with the association where networking and membership discounts can assist you in furthering you Professional Career
All Individuals Certified through ADDA and all Members of ADDA are required to abide by the ADDA Code of Ethics. Any violation of the ADDA Code of Ethics can result in the removal and dismissal of an individuals certification in accordance with the ADDAs Policies and Constitution & By-Laws
Drafter Certification Exam Components

The function of the ADDA Drafter Certification Examination is to determine entry level drafter knowledge. The computer scored exam is comprised of true or false, multiple choice and matching questions. The exam is a two hour timed exam containing between 340-350 questions. The questions found on the exam fall into ten basic categories. View Identification (20 percent) Dimensioning Standards and Terminology (19 percent) General Drafting Terminology (12 percent) Orthographic Projection Standards and Terms (10 percent) Section View Standards and Terminology (10 percent)
Drafter Certification Exam Components

General Drafting Standards (8 percent) Manufacturing Processes/Welding (8 percent) Pictorial View Standards and Terminology (6 percent) Auxiliary View Standards, Definitions and Terminology (4 percent) Computer/CAD Terminology (3 percent)
The American Design Drafting Association is now able to provide an exam analysis for schools interested in their students areas of strength and weakness. This short report will give the group percentage correct for each of these components of the exam. There is a minimal charge for this service.
View Identification
Visualizing different orthographic views from a pictorial drawing or visualizing a pictorial drawing from orthographic views is a critical skill for drafters. This skill will be tested extensively on this exam. (20 percent of exam) Samples
Identify Front Views Given an isometric view of an object, identify the proper front view from four given possibilities. Identify Right Side Views Given an isometric view of an object, identify the proper right side view from four given possibilities. Identify Top Views Given the isometric view of an object, identify the proper top view from four given possibilities. Identify Missing Views Given two views of an orthographic drawing, identify the missing third view from four given possibilities.
View Identification
Samples Typical examples of view identification problems found on the Drafter Certification Exam.
Dimensioning Standards and Terminology

Basic lettering rules, dimension types and styles, tolerancing rules and definitions and ASME Y14.5M1994 dimensioning rules excluding Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing interpretation.
Size vs. Location Dimensions

4X (SIZE) EVENLY SPACED (XX)
S L
S S
S S
S L L S S S
S = SIZE DIMENSION L = LOCATION DIMENSION

Dimensioning Systems
Unidirectional All dimensions read from the bottom of the drawing sheet.
Aligned Dimensions aligned with the dimension line. Dimensions read from the bottom and right side of the drawing sheet.
Dimensioning Geometry
Review the proper methods of dimensioning arcs, angles, chamfers, counterbores, slots etc.

Dimensioning practices and Rules based on ASME Y14.5M 1994. Identify geometric symbols but not geometric dimensioning and tolerancing practices.
Counterbore Countersink Depth Diameter Least Material Condition Most Material Condition Square Straightness Flatness Circularity (roundness) Cylindricity Profile of a Line Profile of a Surface Angularity Perpindicularity Parallelism Position Concentricity Symmetry Circular Runout Total Runout

Standard Terminology
Actual Size The size of the part as measured. Allowance The minimum clearance or maximum interference between two mating parts. Basic Size - The size from which the limits of size are derived by the application of allowances and tolerance. Clearance The space between two mating parts. Feature - A portion of a part, such as a hole, keyway, or flat surface. Least Material Condition The maximum hole diameter or minimum shaft diameter. When a part weighs the least. Limits - The maximum and minimum allowable sizes of a feature. Maximum Material Condition The minimum hole diameter or maximum shaft diameter. When the part weighs the most.

Standard Terminology
Reference Dimension - A non-toleranced dimension used for information purposes only. It may not govern production or inspection. Tolerance The total amount by which the part dimensions are permitted to vary. Unilateral Tolerance Variation of size in one direction either positive or negative. Bilateral Tolerance Variation of size in both directions positive and negative. Specific Tolerance Stated with dimension in field of drawing. General Tolerance Stated in title block.
Clearance Fit Tolerance Internal Dimension maintains a smaller size than external between mating parts. Fit type: RC Running and Sliding, LC Locational Clearance Interference Fit Tolerance Internal Dimension maintains a larger size than external between mating parts. Fit type: LT Transition Transition Fit Tolerance Condition where a clearance or interference fit may be present between mating parts. Fit type: LN Locational Interference, FN Force or Shrink Basic Hole System Minimum hole size is used as the base size for fit tolerance calculations. Basic Shaft System Maximum shaft size is used as the basic size for fit tolerance calculations.
Reference the Appendix for Fits and Allowance Tables

Standard Dimensioning Rules
Dimensions should be given between features, which have functional relationships. Dimensions should be given that control the relationship of mating parts. Dimension and extension lines should not cross. Dimension lines should not cross each other. Cylindrical features should be located by their centerlines. Cylindrical features should be located in the circular view. Extension lines from dimensions and centerlines should not extend between two views. (auxiliary view ex.) Notes should always be lettered horizontally on the drawing sheet. A cylindrical feature should be dimensioned with its length and diameter in the rectangular view.

Dimensions should be given to finished surfaces if at all possible. Dimensions should be kept off the views of the object, if possible, to promote drawing clarity. Dimensions applying to adjacent views should be placed between the views. Dimensional figures should be .125 (3mm) tall. A diameter dimension should be preceded by the symbol. A radius dimension should be preceded by the R symbol. Each dimension may appear only one time on a drawing the exception being a reference dimension. If possible, dimensions should be given so that the production personnel need not calculate any dimensions. Do not scale drawings for production purposes.

A dimension on a drawing that is not to scale must be underlined or denoted either NTS or NOT TO SCALE. The first dimension on a view should be placed at least .375 away from the view with subsequent dimensions .250 apart. The abbreviation TYP (typical) may be used for non-critical repeated features such as fillets or rounds. Dimension should be given on the view where the shape of the feature is shown. No line of the drawing may be used for, or coincide with, a dimension line. The shoulder of a leader must start at either the beginning or the end of a note with the shoulder mid height of the lettering. Utilize only those dimensions that are necessary to produce the part. Dimensioning to hidden lines is to be avoided. Stagger dimensional figures to avoid crowding and poor drawing legibility.

If dimensional figures must appear in a sectioned area, a clear space should be provided. A local note is applied directly to a view of the drawing and supplies manufacturing information. A general note applies to the entire drawing. Longer dimensions should be placed outside shorter dimensions to avoid crossing dimension and extension lines. It is permissible for extension lines to cross extension lines. A complete chain of dimensions is to be avoided. Finish marks may be omitted it the part is finished all over and a general note or title block note is used. Circles should be dimensioned by giving a diameter dimension and arcs by a radius dimension. Notes for machining operations should be given in the order they are to be performed.
All dimensions have a tolerance except those identified as reference, max, min or are commercial stock.
General Drafting Terminology

The Certification Test contains several questions regarding to geometric terms and shapes including the metric system.
ACUTE TRIANGLES no interior angle is greater than 90 OBTUSE TRIANGLES one angle is greater than 90
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE ALL SIDES AND ANGLES EQUAL
ISOSCELES TRIANGLE TWO SIDES AND TWO ANGLES EQUAL
ACUTE SCALENE TRIANGLE NO EQUAL SIDES OR ANGLES
OBTUSE ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
OBTUSE SCALENE TRIANGLE
RIGHT TRIANGLE
SQUARE
RECTANGLE
RHOMBUS
RIGHT TRIANGLE ONE 90 INTERIOR ANGLE
ALL EQUAL SIDES 90 INTERNAL ANGLES
OPPOSITE SIDES EQUAL INTERNAL ANGLES 90
EQUAL SIDES
RHOMBOID
TRAPEZOID
TRAPEZIUM
OPPOSITE SIDES EQUAL
TWO PARALLEL SIDES
NO PARALLEL SIDES
PENTAGON
HEXAGON
HEPTAGON
OCTAGON
FIVE EQUAL SIDES FIVE EQUAL ANGLES
SIX EQUAL SIDES SIX EQUAL ANGLES
SEVEN EQUAL SIDES SEVEN EQUAL ANGLES
EIGHT EQUAL SIDES EIGHT EQUAL ANGLES

ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) states the SI (International system of Units) linear unit is commonly Millimeters.
Metric System
Metric to Metric Equivalents 10 millimeters = 1 centimeter 10 centimeters = 1 decimeter 10 decimeters = 1 meter 10 meters = 1 dekameter 100 dekameter = 1 kilometer 1000 millimeters = 1 meter 1000 meters = 1 kilometer
Inch to Millimeter Conversion Multiply inches by 25.4 to convert inches to millimeters.

Acute Angle - An angle of less than 90. Arc - Any portion of the circumference of a circle. Chord - Any straight line whose opposite ends terminate on the circumference of a circle Complementary Angles - Two angles whose sum is 90. Diameter - The distance across a circle passing through its center. Equilateral Triangle - A triangle with three equal sides and three equal angles Isosceles Triangle - A triangle with two equal sides and two equal angles. Major axis - The long axis of an ellipse.

Minor Axis - The short axis of an ellipse. Radius - The distance from the center point of a circle to the outside circumference. Obtuse Angle - An angle greater than 90. Right Triangle (angle) - A triangle with one 90 angle. Supplementary Angles - Two angles whose sum is 180. Circumscribed - A figure bounding so as to touch in as many places possible. Inscribed - A figure encircled so as to touch in as many places possible. Perpendicular - At 90 to a given plane or line. Symmetrical - A quality in which all the features on either side of a point, line or a plane are identical.

Fraction - A part of a whole, such as or . Half scale - 1:2 Double Size 2:1 Draw to scale - Drawing an object to a set proportion such as , or double its actual size. Metric system - A decimal system of weights and measures based on the meter and the kilogram. Bevel - A slanted surface not at 90 to another surface. Chamfer - A beveled corner at the opening of a hole or the end of a cylindrical part to eliminate sharp edges. Fillet - An interior corner found on cast, forged or molded parts. Knurl - A diamond shaped or parallel pattern cut into cylindrical surfaced to improve gripping or bonding between parts.

Round - An exterior corner found on cast, forged or molded parts. Parallel Lines Lines that are equidistant/non-intersecting. Skew Lines Lines that are non-intersecting, non-parallel in 3-D space. Quadrilateral - A plane figure bounded by four straight sides. Trapezoid - Two sides parallel Ellipse A foreshortened circle having a major and a minor axis. Bisect To divide into two equal parts. Quadrant of a circle. Number of degrees found in a circle (360), a triangle (180). Number of minutes in a degree (60), seconds in a minute (60).
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic or multi-view projection is the basic building block of drafting. This section of the test covers terms, definitions and standards, view selection criteria and projection planes.
Projection planes, standard views, basic dimensions
Front, Top and Right Side Views Frontal, Horizontal and Profile Projection Planes Height, Width and Depth
WIDTH HORIZONTAL PROJECTION PLANE
TOP
DEPTH
HEIGHT FRONT
REAR
LEFT
RIGHT
FRONTAL PROJECTION PLANE BOTTOM
PROFILE PROJECTION PLANE
Rule for selecting the number of required views
Draw only the number of views required to completely describe the object so that it may be manufactured with repeatability.
Rules for selecting the proper front view

Show the part in its normal operating position. Select the view that shows the parts most descriptive shape. Select the front view to eliminate hidden lines in adjacent views. Place the longest dimension of the part in the front view. Select the front view that gives the part a stable position on the drawing sheet.
Normal and oblique surfaces
PART
PART
Lines may appear as points, foreshortened or true length.

PROJECTION PLANE
PROJECTION PLANE
Lines may appear as points, foreshortened, or true length.
Precedence of Lines used in drafting
HIDDEN LINE HAS PRECEDENCE OVER CENTERLINE
VISIBLE OBJECT LINE HAS PRECEDENCE OVER HIDDEN LINE
VISIBLE OBJECT LINE HAS PRECEDENCE OVER HIDDEN LINE
HIDDEN LINE HAS PRECEDENCE OVER CENTERLINE VISIBLE OBJECT LINE HAS PRECEDENCE OVER CENTERLINE SECTION
aa
Third Angle Projection
line of sight
TOP VIEW
SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW
e lin
of
ht g i s
lin
thirdangle projection
eo fs igh t
It is reccomended that the view projection symbol be used in or in conjunction with the titleblock
1. Third angle projection is used in the United States and some Canadian Drawings. 2. Views are projected on planes between the part and the person viewing the object. 3. Third angle projections are usually drawn in feet & inches, decimal feet & inches and sometimes metric.
First Angle Projection
line of sight
SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW
TOP VIEW
s ig f eo n i l
ht
firstangle projection
li n
eo fs igh t
It is reccomended that the view projection symbol be used in or in conjunction with the titleblock
1. First angle projection is used outside the United States and most Canadian Drawings. 2. Views are projected on planes behind the part. 3. First angle projections are usually drawn in metric.
Section View Standards and Terms

The section view portion of the test evaluates knowledge of terminology and standards, view applications and rules, and section view types. What is the function of a section view?
To show complicated interiors of parts that are difficult to interpret through the use of hidden lines.
Some Basic Rules

Visible edges and contours behind the cutting plane should be shown. Hidden lines are generally omitted on a sectioned view.
Explain the function of the cutting plane line and its application for the different section view types.
To indicate the location of the imaginary cut made to reveal interior details. Identify the line of sight for the individual view in the part through the use of arrows. If 2 or more sections are present; identify the particular sections through the use of letter identifiers.

Explain the application of section lines and their forms.
Cast iron, .125 uniformly spaced thin lines, is the general-purpose section line. Section lines should all be at the same angle for a single part. Section lines at different angles on the same drawing indicate more than one part. Section lines should not be drawn vertical, horizontal or parallel to an adjacent object line of the drawing. Section lines can identify the general class of material such as steel, brass or rubber. Thin items such as gaskets or sheet metal are shown unsectioned.
Types of features that are unsectioned.

On an assembly section, items that are not sectioned include; shafts, bolts, nuts, rods, rivets, keys, pins, screws, gear teeth, spokes, etc.

Identify and describe the application of the following section view types.
Full Section
The cutting plane line extends straight though the object, generally at the centerline of symmetry.
SIG OF E LIN
HT
SECTION
aa

Half Section
The cutting plane passes half way through the object, removing one fourth of the object. Half sections are most applicable to symmetrical objects to show both the interior and exterior in a single view. A centerline is used between the sectioned and the unsectioned half. Frequently used for assembly drawings.
sectioned half to have no hidden lines. centerline used between sectioned and unsectioned halves. unsectioned half hidden lines only used for drawing clarity.

Offset Section
To include features that do not appear in a straight line, the cutting plane may be offset to pass through the features. Offsets or bends created by the cutting plane are not shown on the section view.
LINES ARE NOT SHOWN ON THE SECTIONED VIEW WHERE THE OFFSETS APPEAR IN THE SECTION LINE.
SECTION
AA

Aligned Section
The cutting plane is offset to pass through features that are then rotated into a plane perpendicular to the line of sight of the section view.
SECTION
AA

Broken-Out Section
Where only a portion of the object needs to be shown in the section. The section is limited by a short (freehand) break line. No cutting plane line is required.
no cutting plane line is used. short break line.
section lines added to broken out area only.

Revolved Section
A cutting plane line is passed through the object and revolved 90 in place towards the plane of the drawing. Used to show the cross section of a spoke, bar, rib, etc.

Removed Section
A section that is not a direct projection from the view with the cutting plane. The section view is generally moved from its normal projection position, but must remain in its true orthographic orientation. Removed sections are often drawn at a scale different from the view it was taken from. Center lines may extend from the imaginary cutting plane to the removed section provided it is symmetrical.
A B C
SECTION AA
SECTION BB
SECTION CC

Conventional Breaks
Used to shorten long features.
BAR
WOOD
ROD
TUBE

Ribs/Web/Keyways
Webs, ribs, gear teeth and other like features are not sectioned to avoid giving a false impression of the parts thickness.
RIBS LEFT UNSECTIONED
SECTION AA CONVENTIONAL PRACTICE
SECTION AA TRUE PROJECTION
SPOKES LEFT UNSECTIONED A
KEYWAY LEFT UNSECTIONED
A SECTION AA CONVENTIONAL PRACTICE A SECTION AA TRUE PROJECTION
CONVENTIONAL SECTION AA PRACTICE
General Drafting Standards

This portion of the Certification Test examines knowledge of terms and definitions regarding detail drawings, assembly drawings and the line types used in drafting. Define and describe the components that make up a detail drawing.
Necessary multiviews Dimensional information Identify part/part number Part material Engineering changes (Revision Block) Drafter/checker names Assembly the part fits/quantity required General notes with manufacturing information
Define and describe the components that make up an assembly drawing.

Arrangement of parts Sections required to show internal features Enlarged views to show detail Parts list/bill of materials Reference item numbers keyed to BOM Manufacturing processes required during assembly
General Drafting Standards Alphabet of Lines
LEADER LINE CENTERLINE DIMENSION LINE 1.500 .375
VISIBLE OBJECT LINE LONG BREAK LINE
EXTENSION LINE HIDDEN LINE CUTTING PLANE LINE
PHANTOM LINE
SHORT BREAK LINE CENTERLINE
SECTION LINE

Alphabet of Lines knowledge of the function of the different types of lines used in drafting is important. Test takers should not only know the graphical characteristics of these lines, but their functions as well.
Visible/Object Lines Graphic Representation: thick line (0.6mm) Description: Thick solid lines that represent visible edges or contours of the part. Hidden Lines Graphic Representation: Thin (0.3mm) evenly spaced short lines that represent hidden edges or contours of the part. Description: Hidden lines should always touch the visible line representing the edge where the hidden feature starts or ends. Hidden lines may be omitted from drawings for clarity purposes. Section Lines Graphic Representation: A pattern of thin (0.3mm) straight, equally spaced parallel lines Description: Represents the area of the part that would be cut in a section view.

Centerlines Graphic Representation: Thin lines (0.3mm) consisting of alternate long and short dashes. Centerlines form a cross (3mm) in the center of circles and should extend (8mm) outside the feature Description: Represent the centers of circles or arcs, an axis of symmetry or a path of motion. Symmetry Line Graphic Representation: Thick lines (0.6mm) geometrically the same as a centerline with the addition of two short thick parallel lines at each end of the line. Description: Used as an axis of symmetry for a partial view. Dimension Line Graphic Representation: Thin lines (0.3mm) terminated with uniformly sized arrowheads. Description: Dimension lines are used to indicate the extent and direction of the dimension.
DIMENSION LINE 4.00 EXTENSION LINE
Extension Line Graphic Representation: Thin lines (0.3mm) spaced 1.5mm away from the feature being dimensioned and 3mm past the arrowhead of the dimension. Description: Used to indicate the point or line to which the dimension applies.

.750 Leader Lines Graphic Representation: Thin inclined lines (0.3mm) ending with an arrowhead. A short horizontal shoulder may extend from the leader at mid letter height. Leaders must start from the first or last letter or number of the note. Leaders should never be vertical or horizontal. Leader arrow for circular dimension should point to center of cross hair. Description: Used to apply dimensions, notes, item/part numbers, or symbols to a drawing.
Cutting Plane Line Graphic Representation: Thick (0.6mm) line that may be used in three different forms; a series of evenly spaced dashes, alternate long dashes and pairs of short dashes, the third would be the same as the previous examples with the dashes between the end lines left out. Description: Used to indicate the location of the cutting plane for section views, line of sight utilizing arrows, and identifies the section through the use of letters. The letters I,O,Q,S,X, and Z are not used.
a b
a b

Viewing Plane Line Graphic Representation: Thick (0.6mm) line that may be used in three different forms; a series of evenly spaced dashes, alternate long dashes and pairs of short dashes, the third would be the same as the previous examples with the dashes between the end lines left out. Description: Used to indicate the viewing position for removed views, line of sight utilizing arrows, and identifies the view through the use of letters. The letters I,O,Q,S,X, and Z are not used. Viewing plane lines do not cross over lines of a drawing while cutting plane lines will.
a b
a b
Long Break Line Graphic Representation: Thin (0.3mm) lines joined by zigzags. Description: Used when complete views are not required.

Short Break Line Graphic Representation: Thick (0.6mm) freehand line. Description: Used when complete views are not required. Phantom Line Graphic Representation: Thin (0.3mm) line comprised of alternate long dashes and pairs of short dashes. Description: Used to show alternate position of moving parts, repeated details, adjacent positions of related parts and filleted or rounded corners. Stitch Line Graphic Representation: Thin (0.3mm) lines in two forms; dots of 0.3mm spaced 0.3mm apart or short dashes and spaces of equal length. Description: Used to indicate a sewing or stitching process. Chain Line Graphic Representation: Thick (0.6mm) line consisting of alternate long and short dashes. Description: Used to indicate a surface to receive additional treatment or a projected tolerance zone identified through the use of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing.
Manufacturing Processes Hole Terminology

This section of the test covers hole making terminology, finish mark applications and welding symbols. Hole Making Terminology
Bore To enlarge a hole to a more accurate size. Blind Hole A hole that does not go all the way through the part. Counterbore The enlargement of the end of a hole to a specified diameter and depth. Counterdrill To form a conical shoulder in a drilled hole by enlarging it with a larger drill. Countersink To recess a hole with a cone shaped tool to provide a seat for a flat head screw. Drill A tool with a conical point used to machine holes in a part. Ream To enlarge a hole to a more accurate size and surface finish. Tap A tool used to cut internal threads. (Tap Drill chart Appendix A31- A35)
Threaded Fasteners Terminology Form Profile of a thread, such as simplified, detailed or schematic. Simplified form is industry preferred and quickest to execute. Crest The edge or surface that joins the side of a thread and is furthest from the cylinder or cone; the outside point of a thread. Root The edge or surface the joins the side of adjacent thread forms and coincides with the cylinder or cone; the inside meeting point of a thread. Pitch The distance between corresponding points on adjacent thread forms measured parallel to the axis; distance between thread points. Lead - The distance a thread part moves axially; one complete revolution of a thread. (American National Standard Unified Screw Thread Table Appendix A36) Other Fasteners Terminology Key Piece of metal placed so that part of it lies in a groove cut in a shaft, but fitting into a groove cut into a mating hub. Creating restrictive movement between mating parts. Rivet Used as a permanent fastener, generally between pieces of sheet or rolled metal. Spring A coiled elastic body designed to store energy when deflected. Retaining Ring designed to prevent axial movement of a shaft in a hub; generally a ring is placed around shaft to restrict movement within the mating part (hub).
Manufacturing Processes Finish Marks

Finish Marks
Surface finish relates to the waviness, roughness, lay and flaws of a parts surface. Surface finish refers to the smoothness of the finished surface created by machining, honing, grinding or lapping. Finish marks should be placed on the edge view of finished surfaces. For parts finished all over, marks may be omitted and covered with a general note. Finish marks are left off rolled stock, plate, sheet or other raw materials not machined in the manufacturing process.
Manufacturing Processes Welding

Basic Welding Types and Symbols
American Welding Society regulates welding symbol specifications. Identify basic weld type symbols.
field weld symbol
tail
weld info for other side weld info for arrow side
weld all around symbol
arrow to joint
arrow side
other side

Fillet Welds
A fillet weld is used to make lap joints, corner joints, and T joints. The fillet weld is roughly triangular in cross-section, although its shape is not always a right triangle or an isosceles triangle.
1/4
1/4
1/4 1/4
1/4 X 1/2

Groove Welds
The groove weld is used to make edge-to-edge joints, although it is also often used in corner joints, T joints, and joints between curved and flat pieces. There are many ways to make a groove weld, the differences depending primarily on the geometry of the parts to be joined and the preparation of their edges.
Square Groove Weld The groove is created by either a tight fit or a slight separation of the part edges. The amount of separation, if any, is given on the weld symbol.
1 4
50

Groove Welds
60
V-Groove Weld The edges of both pieces are chamfered, either singly or doubly, to create the groove. The angle of the V is given on the weld symbol.
Bevel Groove The edge of one of the pieces is chamfered and the other is left square. The bevel symbol's perpendicular line is always drawn on the left side, regardless of the orientation of the weld itself.
40
51

Groove Welds
U-Groove Weld The U-groove weld, in which the edges of both pieces are given a concave treatment.
J-Groove Weld The J-groove weld, in which the edge of one of the pieces is given a concave treatment and the other is left square. As with the bevel groove weld, the perpendicular line is always drawn on the left side and the arrow points to the piece that receives the edge treatment.
52

Other Welds
Plug or Slot Weld Plug welds and slot welds are used join overlapping members, one of which has holes (round for plug welds, elongated for slot welds) in it. Weld metal is deposited in the holes and penetrates and fuses with the base metal of the two members to form the joint.
7/8 (3) 3
7 8
plug weld
3.0 3.0
5/8 (2)
3 125
slot weld
3 1/2
53

Resistance Welding
Spot Weld Spot welding is the most commonly used type of resistance welding. The material to be joined is placed between two electrodes and pressure is applied. A charge of electricity is then sent from one electrode through the material to the other electrode. Spot welding is especially useful in fabricating sheet metal parts.
RSW
spot weld
seam weld
Seam Welding Seam welding is like spot welding except that the spots overlap each other, making a continuous weld seam. In this process, the metal pieces pass between roller electrodes. As the electrodes revolve, the current is automatically turned off and on at the speed at which the parts are set to move.
54
Pictorial Standards and Terms

Axonometric, Oblique and Perspective drawing terms and definitions are included on the certification test. Hidden lines are generally left off pictorial drawings.
Isometric Projection 3 equal axis and 3 equal planes. True Isometric Projection is revolved at 45 and tipped up or down at 3516. Diametric Projection 2 equal axis and 2 equal planes. Trimetric Projection no equal axis or planes. Isometric Drawing All angles of the isometric axis are equal. All measurements are taken from the isometric axis full scale. Common drawn axis is 30 horizontally.
30
.82 .82
.92
.82 30
.73
10
.92
.54
40
15
.90
.80
45
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
DIMETRIC PROJECTION
TRIMETRIC PROJECTION
55

Oblique Drawing The object is placed with its principal face parallel to the plane of projection.
General Oblique - depth dimension at any scale.
ANY SCALE
(DEPTH)
FULL SCALE
(WIDTH & HEIGHT)
60 MAX 30 MIN
Cavalier Oblique depth dimension full scale.

FULL SCALE
(HEIGHT, WIDTH & DEPTH)
THE FRONT VIEW APPEARS THE SAME AS AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
60 MAX 30 MIN
Cabinet Oblique depth dimension half scale.

HALF SCALE
(DEPTH)
FULL SCALE
(WIDTH & HEIGHT)
60 MAX 30 MIN
56

Perspective Drawing Most photorealistic of the pictorial drawings.
Horizon line, station point, ground line and vanishing points. One point perspective
HORIZON LINE V.P.
ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE
Two point perspective

L.V.P.
HORIZON LINE R.V.P.
TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE
Three point perspective
HORIZON LINE L.V.P. R.V.P.
THREE POINT PERSPECTIVE
V.P.
57
Auxiliary View Standards and Terminology

This portion of the test is concerned with auxiliary view terms, standards, methods of construction and types of auxiliary views. Use and function of an auxiliary view
To show the true size and shape of a surface that is not parallel to any of the six principal views. To show irregularly shaped features that are not adequately shown in the principle views. To find the true length of a line. To find a point view of a line. To find the true size of a plane. To find the edge view of a plane. Circular features on incline surface will appear as an ellipse in principle view.
A
TRUE SIZE AND SHAPE SURFACE
A A
58

Height, Width, or Depth Auxiliary View? Auxiliary views are named for the principle dimensions of the object shown in the auxiliary view.
Auxiliary views taken from the front view are known as depth auxiliary views. Auxiliary views taken from the top view are known as height auxiliary views. Auxiliary views taken from the side view are known as width auxiliary views.
DEPTH H F
1 F
DEPTH
HEIGHT DEPTH FRONT VIEW F WIDTH 2
DEPTH
59

Reference Line/Plane construction method
A
REFERENCE LINE
A PARALLEL A
Fold Line construction method

A H F FOLD LINE A
A PARALLEL
F P A
The reference line/plane or fold line must be constructed parallel to the edge view of a surface to get the true size and shape of the surface.
60

Secondary Auxiliary Views
When a feature of an object is in an oblique position in relationship to the principal planes of projection, a secondary auxiliary view is required to find the true size and shape of the feature.
SECONDARY AUXILIARY VIEW a

TRUE SIZE AND SHAPE SURFACE
PRIMARY AUXILIARY VIEW
61
Computer/CAD Terminology
There are a minimal number of questions relating to computers and CAD software. Questions are general knowledge and non-software specific.
Must have three components; hardware, software and a user. Function of basic computer hardware such as the various input and output devices, graphics card, memory and storage. Basic good practices like backing up work frequently. File management and size. Bytes vs. megabytes. Difference between drafting and design software. A parametric design software will better capture design intent as compared to a two-dimension software package.
62
APPENDIX
The following tables, charts, and pages are for reference to drafting and design at the level of this Certification Review. This information is also provided to be a reference to the drafter after completion of the certification process. Some information contained within the appendix was acquired from outside sources, used with permission.
MECHANICAL ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations for Mechanical Drawings

If you use abbreviations, you should follow these rules: 1. Use upper case lettering, without periods 2. Do not use spaces within an abbreviation 3. Use same abbreviations for singular or plural
A
ACRFLT: ANSI: ANLR: APPROX: ASME: ASSY: Across Flats American National Standards Institute Angular Approximate American Society of Mechanical Engineers Assembly
B
BSC: B/M: BC: BR: BUSH: Basic Bill of Material Bolt Circle Brass Bushing
C
CS: CSTG: CHAM: CIR: CRS: Carbon Steel Casting Chamfer Circularity Cold-Rolled Steel A1

CONC: CBORE: CDRILL: CSK: cm: cm2: cm3: Concentric Counterbore Counterdrill Countersink centimeter Square Centimeter Cubic Centimeter
D
DEG or : DP: DIA: DIM: DWG: Degree or Angle Depth Diameter Dimension Drawing
E
EQL SP: Equal Spaced
F
FIG: FAO: FL: Figure Finish All Over Flat
A2
G
GA: GI: Gage Gray Iron
H
HD: HT TR: HVY: HEX: HYDR: Head Heat Treat Heavy Hexagon Hydraulic
I
ID: ISO: Inside Diameter International Organization for Standardization
J K
kg: km: Kilogram Kilometer
A3
L
LMC: LH: LG: L: Least Material Condition Left Hand Length Liter
M
MST: MI: MATL: MAX: MMC: m: m 2: m 3: M: m: mm: MIN: : MDL: Machine Steel Malleable Iron Material Maximum Maximum Material Condition Meter Square meter Cubic Meter Metric Thread Micrometer Millimeter Minimum Minute (ARC) Module
N
NOM: NO: Nominal Number
A4
O
OC: OD: On Center Outside Diameter
P
PAR: PERP: P: PC: PD: PL: Parallel Perpendicular Pitch Pitch Circle Pitch Diameter Plate
Q R
R: REF or ( ): rev/min: RH: Radius Reference or Reference Dimension Revolutions per Minute Right Hand
S
: SEC: SECT: SLOT: SOCK: SPHER: Second (ARC) Second (TIME) Section Slotted Socket Spherical
A5

S: SR: SFACE: SQ: STL: STR: SYM: Spherical Diameter Spherical Radius Spotface Square Steel Straight Symmetrical
T
NPT: THRU: TOL: Taper Pipe Thread Through Tolerance
U V W
W: WI: WS: Watt Wrought Iron Wrought Steel
X Y Z
A6
Conversion & Equivalence Tables
REFERENCE TABLES
Decimal Equivalents of 8ths, 16ths, 32nds, 64ths
8ths
1/8 = .125 1/4 = .250 3/8 = .375 1/2 = .500 5/8 = .625 3/4 = .750 7/8 = .875
.000
32nds
1/32 = .03125 3/32 = .09375 5/32 = .15625 7/32 = .21875 9/32 = .28125 11/32 = .34375 13/32 = .40625 15/32 = .46875 17/32 = .53125 19/32 = .59375 21/32 = .65625 23/32 = .71875 25/32 = .78125 27/32 = .84375 29/32 = .90625 31/32 = .96875
64ths
1/64 = .015625 3/64 = .046875 5/64 = .078125 7/64 = .109375 9/64 = .140625 11/64 = .171875 13/64 = .203125 15/64 = .234375 17/64 = .265625 19/64 = .296875 21/64 = .328125 23/64 = .359375 25/64 = .390625 27/64 = .421875 29/64 = .453125 31/64 = .484375
64ths
33/64 = .515625 35/64 = .546875 37/64 = .578125 39/64 = .609375 41/64 = .640625 43/64 = .671875 45/64 = .703125 47/64 = .734375 49/64 = .765625 51/64 = .796875 53/64 = .828125 55/64 = .859375 57/64 = .890625 59/64 = .921875 61/64 = .953125 63/64 = .984375
16ths
1/16 = .0625 3/16 = .1875 5/16 = .3125 7/16 = .4375 9/16 = .5625 11/16 = .6875 13/16 = .8125 15/16 = .9375
REFERENCE TABLES
Inch to Millimeter Conversion Table
Decimals to Millimeters
Decimal
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140 0.150 0.160 0.170 0.180 0.190 0.200 0.210 0.220 0.230 0.240 0.250 0.260 0.270 0.280 0.290 0.300 0.310 0.320 0.330 0.340 0.350 0.360 0.370 0.380 0.390 0.400 0.410 0.420 0.430 0.440 0.450 0.460 0.470 0.480 0.490
.000
mm 13.0969 13.4938 13.8906 14.2875 14.6844 15.0812 15.4781 15.8750 16.2719 16.6688 17.0656 17.4625 17.8594 18.2562 18.6531 19.0500 19.4469 19.8438 20.2406 20.6375 21.0344 21.4312 21.8281 22.2250 22.6219 23.0188 23.4156 23.8125 24.2094 24.6062 25.0031 25.4000
Fractions to Decimals to Millimeters

mm
12.7000 12.9540 13.2080 13.4620 13.7160 13.9700 14.2240 14.4780 14.7320 14.9860 15.2400 15.4940 15.7480 16.0020 16.2560 16.5100 16.7640 17.0180 17.2720 17.5260 17.7800 18.0340 18.2880 18.5420 18.7960 19.0500 19.3040 19.5580 19.8120 20.0660 20.3200 20.5740 20.8280 21.0820 21.3360 21.5900 21.8440 22.0980 22.3520 22.6060 22.8600 23.1140 23.3680 23.6220 23.8760 24.1300 24.3840 24.6380 24.8920 25.1460 25.4000
mm
0.0254 0.0508 0.0762 0.1016 0.1270 0.1524 0.1778 0.2032 0.2286 0.2540 0.5080 0.7620 1.0160 1.2700 1.5240 1.7780 2.0320 2.2860 2.5400 2.7940 3.0480 3.3020 3.5560 3.8100 4.0640 4.3180 4.5720 4.8260 5.0800 5.3340 5.5880 5.8420 6.0690 6.3500 6.6040 6.8580 7.1120 7.3660 7.6200 7.8740 8.1280 8.3820 8.6360 8.8900 9.1440 9.3980 9.6520 9.9060 10.1600 10.4140 10.6680 10.9220 11.1760 11.4300 11.6840 11.9380 12.1920 12.4460
Decimal
0.500 0.510 0.520 0.530 0.540 0.550 0.560 0.570 0.580 0.590 0.600 0.610 0.620 0.630 0.640 0.650 0.660 0.670 0.680 0.690 0.700 0.710 0.720 0.730 0.740 0.750 0.760 0.770 0.780 0.790 0.800 0.810 0.820 0.830 0.840 0.850 0.860 0.870 0.880 0.890 0.900 0.910 0.920 0.930 0.940 0.950 0.960 0.970 0.980 0.990 1.000
Fraction 1/64 1/32 3/64 1/16 5/64 3/32 7/64 1/8 9/64 5/32 11/64 3/16 13/64 7/32 15/64 1/4 17/64 9/32 19/64 5/16 21/64 11/32 23/64 3/8 25/64 13/32 27/64 7/16 29/64 15/32 31/64 1/2
Decimal 0.0156 0.0312 0.0469 0.0625 0.0781 0.0938 0.1094 0.1250 0.1406 0.1562 0.1719 0.1875 0.2031 0.2188 0.2344 0.2500 0.2656 0.2812 0.2969 0.3125 0.3281 0.3438 0.3594 0.3750 0.3906 0.4062 0.4219 0.4375 0.4531 0.4688 0.4844 0.5000
mm 0.3969 0.7938 1.1906 1.5875 1.9844 2.3812 2.7781 3.1750 3.5719 3.9688 4.3656 4.7625 5.1594 5.5562 5.9531 6.3500 6.7469 7.1438 7.5406 7.9375 8.3344 8.7312 9.1281 9.5250 9.9219 10.3188 10.7156 11.1125 11.5094 11.9062 12.3031 12.700
Fraction 33/64 17/32 35/64 9/16 37/64 19/32 39/64 5/8 41/64 21/32 43/64 11/16 45/64 23/32 47/64 3/4 49/64 25/32 51/64 13/16 53/64 27/32 55/64 7/8 57/64 29/32 59/64 15/16 61/64 31/32 63/64 1
Decimal 0.5156 0.5312 0.5469 0.5625 0.5781 0.5938 0.6094 0.6250 0.6406 0.6562 0.6719 0.6875 0.7031 0.7188 0.7344 0.7500 0.7656 0.7812 0.7969 0.8125 0.8281 0.8438 0.8594 0.8750 0.8906 0.9062 0.9219 0.9375 0.9531 0.9688 0.9844 1.0000
.000
Metric
REFERENCE TABLES
Metric and Inch Equivalents
Linear Measure
Inch 1 inch =
1 foot =
1 millimeter = 0.03937 inch 1 centimeter = 0.3937 inch 39.37 inches 1 meter = 3.2808 feet 1.0936 yards 1 kilometer = 0.6214 mile
millimeters { 25.4 2.54 centimeters
millimeters { 304.8 0.3048 meter
1 yard = 0.9144 meter 1 mile = 1.609 kilometers
Square Measure
1 square millimeter = 0.00155 square inch 1 square centimeter = 0.155 square inch 1 square meter = 10.764 square feet = 1.196 square yards 1 are = 0.0247 acre = 1076.4 square feet 1 hectare = 2.471 acres = 107,639 square feet 1 square kilometer = 0.3861 square mile = 247.1 acres 1 square inch = 6.452 square centimeters = 645.2 square millimeters 1 square foot = 0.0929 square meter = 929 square centimeters 1 square yard = 0.836 square meter 1 acre = 0.4047 hectare = 40.47 ares 1 square mile = 2.5900 square kilometers
Cubic Measure
1 liter = 0.2642 U.S. gallon = 1.0567 U.S. quarts 1 liter (cubic decimeter) = 0.0353 cubic foot = 61.024 cubic inches 1 cubic centimeter = 0.061 cubic inch 1 cubic meter = 264.2 U.S. gallons 1 cubic meter = 35.315 cubic feet = 1.308 cubic yards 1 U.S. quart = 0.946 liter 1 U.S. gallon = 3.785 liters = 231 cubic inches 1 cubic inch = 16.38706 cubic centimeters 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 cubic meter = 28.317 liters 1 cubic yard = 0.7646 cubic meter
Weight
1 gram = 15.432 grains 1 gram = 0.03527 ounce avoirdupois (Commercial) 1 kilogram = 2.2046 pounds = 35.274 ounces avoirdupois (Commercial) 1 metric ton = 0.9842 ton (of 2240 pounds) = 2204.6 pounds 1 grain = 0.0648 gram 1 ounce avoirdupois (Commercial) = 28.35 grams 1 pound = 0.4536 kilogram = 453.6 grams 1 short ton (2,000 pounds) = .907 metric ton = 907 kilograms 1 long ton (2,240 pounds) = 1.016 metric ton = 1016 kilograms
.000
mm 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40
REFERENCE TABLES
Millimeter to Inch Conversion Table
Decimal .00039 .00079 .00118 .00157 .00197 .00236 .00276 .00315 .00354 .00394 .00433 .00472 .00512 .00551 .00591 .00630 .00669 .00709 .00748 .00787 .00827 .00866 .00906 .00945 .00984 .01024 .01063 .01102 .01142 .01181 .01220 .01260 .01299 .01339 .01378 .01417 .01457 .01496 .01535 .01575 mm 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 Decimal .01614 .01654 .01693 .01732 .01772 .01811 .01850 .01890 .01929 .01969 .02008 .02047 .02087 .02126 .02165 .02205 .02244 .02283 .02323 .02362 .02402 .02441 .02480 .02520 .02559 .02598 .02638 .02677 .02717 .02756 .02795 .02835 .02874 .02913 .02953 .02992 .03031 .03071 .03110 .03150 mm 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Decimal .03189 .03228 .03268 .03307 .03346 .03386 .03425 .03465 .03504 .03543 .03583 .03622 .03661 .03701 .03740 .03780 .03819 .03858 .03898 .03937 .03937 .07874 .11811 .15748 .19685 .23622 .27559 .31496 .35433 .39370 .43307 .47244 .51181 .55118 .59055 .62992 .66929 .70866 .74803 .78740 mm 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Decimal .82677 .86614 .90551 .94488 .98425 1.02362 1.06299 1.10236 1.14173 1.18110 1.22047 1.25984 1.29921 1.33858 1.37795 1.41732 1.45669 1.49606 1.53543 1.57480 1.61417 1.65354 1.69291 1.73228 1.77165 1.81102 1.85039 1.88976 1.92913 1.96850 2.00787 2.04724 2.08661 2.12598 2.16535 2.20472 2.24409 2.28346 2.32283 2.36220 mm 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Decimal 2.40157 2.44094 2.48031 2.51969 2.55906 2.59843 2.63780 2.67717 2.71654 2.75591 2.79528 2.83465 2.87402 2.91339 2.95276 2.99213 3.03150 3.07087 3.11024 3.14961 3.18898 3.22835 3.26772 3.30709 3.34646 3.38583 3.42520 3.46457 3.50394 3.54331 3.58268 3.62205 3.66142 3.70079 3.74016 3.77953 3.81890 3.85827 3.89764 3.93701
Math Tables
REFERENCE TABLES
Rules Relative to the Circle
To Find Circumference Multiply diameter by 3.1416 Or divide diameter by 0.3183 To Find Diameter Multiply circumference by 0.3183 Or divide circumference by 3.1416 To Find Radius Multiply circumference by 0.15915 Or divide circumference by 6.28318 To Find Side of an Inscribed Square Multiply diameter by 0.7071 Or multiply circumference by 0.2251 Or divide circumference by 4.4428 To Find Side of an Equal Square Multiply diameter by 0.8862 Or divide diameter by 1.1284 Or multiply circumference by 0.2821 Or divide circumference by 3.545
.000
Square A side multiplied by 1.4142 equals diameter of its circumscribing circle A side multiplied by 4.443 equals circumference of its circumscribing circle A side multiplied by 1.128 equals diameter of an equal side A side multiplied by 3.547 equals circumference of an equal circle To Find the Area of a Circle Multiply circumference by one-quarter of the diameter Or multiply the square of diameter by 0.7854 Or multiply the square of circumference by .07958 Or multiply the square of 1/2 diameter by 3.1416 To Find the Surface of a Sphere or Globe Multiply the diameter by the circumference Or multiply the square of a diameter by 3.1416 Or multiply four times the square of radius by 3.1416
REFERENCE TABLES
Inch to Millimeter Conversion Table
Decimals to Millimeters
Decimal
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.110 0.120 0.130 0.140 0.150 0.160 0.170 0.180 0.190 0.200 0.210 0.220 0.230 0.240 0.250 0.260 0.270 0.280 0.290 0.300 0.310 0.320 0.330 0.340 0.350 0.360 0.370 0.380 0.390 0.400 0.410 0.420 0.430 0.440 0.450 0.460 0.470 0.480 0.490
.000
mm 13.0969 13.4938 13.8906 14.2875 14.6844 15.0812 15.4781 15.8750 16.2719 16.6688 17.0656 17.4625 17.8594 18.2562 18.6531 19.0500 19.4469 19.8438 20.2406 20.6375 21.0344 21.4312 21.8281 22.2250 22.6219 23.0188 23.4156 23.8125 24.2094 24.6062 25.0031 25.4000
Fractions to Decimals to Millimeters

mm
12.7000 12.9540 13.2080 13.4620 13.7160 13.9700 14.2240 14.4780 14.7320 14.9860 15.2400 15.4940 15.7480 16.0020 16.2560 16.5100 16.7640 17.0180 17.2720 17.5260 17.7800 18.0340 18.2880 18.5420 18.7960 19.0500 19.3040 19.5580 19.8120 20.0660 20.3200 20.5740 20.8280 21.0820 21.3360 21.5900 21.8440 22.0980 22.3520 22.6060 22.8600 23.1140 23.3680 23.6220 23.8760 24.1300 24.3840 24.6380 24.8920 25.1460 25.4000
mm
0.0254 0.0508 0.0762 0.1016 0.1270 0.1524 0.1778 0.2032 0.2286 0.2540 0.5080 0.7620 1.0160 1.2700 1.5240 1.7780 2.0320 2.2860 2.5400 2.7940 3.0480 3.3020 3.5560 3.8100 4.0640 4.3180 4.5720 4.8260 5.0800 5.3340 5.5880 5.8420 6.0690 6.3500 6.6040 6.8580 7.1120 7.3660 7.6200 7.8740 8.1280 8.3820 8.6360 8.8900 9.1440 9.3980 9.6520 9.9060 10.1600 10.4140 10.6680 10.9220 11.1760 11.4300 11.6840 11.9380 12.1920 12.4460
Decimal
0.500 0.510 0.520 0.530 0.540 0.550 0.560 0.570 0.580 0.590 0.600 0.610 0.620 0.630 0.640 0.650 0.660 0.670 0.680 0.690 0.700 0.710 0.720 0.730 0.740 0.750 0.760 0.770 0.780 0.790 0.800 0.810 0.820 0.830 0.840 0.850 0.860 0.870 0.880 0.890 0.900 0.910 0.920 0.930 0.940 0.950 0.960 0.970 0.980 0.990 1.000
Fraction 1/64 1/32 3/64 1/16 5/64 3/32 7/64 1/8 9/64 5/32 11/64 3/16 13/64 7/32 15/64 1/4 17/64 9/32 19/64 5/16 21/64 11/32 23/64 3/8 25/64 13/32 27/64 7/16 29/64 15/32 31/64 1/2
Decimal 0.0156 0.0312 0.0469 0.0625 0.0781 0.0938 0.1094 0.1250 0.1406 0.1562 0.1719 0.1875 0.2031 0.2188 0.2344 0.2500 0.2656 0.2812 0.2969 0.3125 0.3281 0.3438 0.3594 0.3750 0.3906 0.4062 0.4219 0.4375 0.4531 0.4688 0.4844 0.5000
mm 0.3969 0.7938 1.1906 1.5875 1.9844 2.3812 2.7781 3.1750 3.5719 3.9688 4.3656 4.7625 5.1594 5.5562 5.9531 6.3500 6.7469 7.1438 7.5406 7.9375 8.3344 8.7312 9.1281 9.5250 9.9219 10.3188 10.7156 11.1125 11.5094 11.9062 12.3031 12.700
Fraction 33/64 17/32 35/64 9/16 37/64 19/32 39/64 5/8 41/64 21/32 43/64 11/16 45/64 23/32 47/64 3/4 49/64 25/32 51/64 13/16 53/64 27/32 55/64 7/8 57/64 29/32 59/64 15/16 61/64 31/32 63/64 1
Decimal 0.5156 0.5312 0.5469 0.5625 0.5781 0.5938 0.6094 0.6250 0.6406 0.6562 0.6719 0.6875 0.7031 0.7188 0.7344 0.7500 0.7656 0.7812 0.7969 0.8125 0.8281 0.8438 0.8594 0.8750 0.8906 0.9062 0.9219 0.9375 0.9531 0.9688 0.9844 1.0000
.000
REFERENCE TABLES
Triangle Chart
For the Rapid Solution of Right-Angle and Oblique-Angle Triangles
Design Tables
REFERENCE TABLES
American National and Unified Coarse and Fine Thread Dimensions and Tap Drill Sizes
p = pitch = 1 No. thread per inch
p
.000
f
60
d = depth = p X .649519
f = flat = p
8 pitch diameter = D .6495 N Threads per inch NC NF UNC UNF 64 56 48 40 40 32 32 24 24 20 18 16 14 13 12 11 10 9 80 72 64 56 48 44 40 36 32 28 28 24 24 20 20 18 18 16 14
Size 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 12 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 3/8 3/8 7/16 7/16 1/2 1/2 9/16 9/16 5/8 5/8 3/4 3/4 7/8 7/8
Outside Diameter Inches .0600 .0730 .0730 .0860 .0860 .0990 .0990 .1120 .1120 .1250 .1250 .1380 .1380 .1640 .1640 .1900 .1900 .2160 .2160 .2500 .2500 .3125 .3125 .3750 .3750 .4375 .4375 .5000 .5000 .5625 .5625 .6250 .6250 .7500 .7500 .8750 .8750
Pitch Diameter Inches .0519 .0629 .0640 .0744 .0759 .0855 .0874 .0958 .0985 .1088 .1102 .1177 .1218 .1437 .1460 .1629 .1697 .1889 .1928 .2175 .2268 .2764 .2854 .3344 .3479 .3911 .4050 .4500 .4675 .5084 .5264 .5660 .5889 .6850 .7094 .8028 .8286
Root Diameter Inches .0438 .0527 .0550 .0628 .0657 .0719 .0758 .0795 .0849 .0925 .0955 .0974 .1055 .1234 .1279 .1359 .1494 .1619 .1696 .1850 .2036 .2403 .2584 .2938 .3209 .3447 .3726 .4001 .4351 .4542 .4903 .5069 .5528 .6201 .6688 .7307 .7822
Tap Drill Approx. 75% Full Thread 3/64 53 53 50 50 47 46 43 42 38 37 36 33 29 29 26 21 16 15 7 3
Decimal Equiv. of Tap Drill .0469 .0595 .0595 .0700 .0700 .0785 .0810 .0890 .0935 .1015 .1040 .1065 .1130 .1360 .1360 .1470 .1590 .1770 .1800 .2010 .2130 .2570 .2720 .3125 .3320 .3680 .3906 .4219 .4531 .4844 .5156 .5312 .5781 .6562 .6875 .7656 .8125
F I
5/16
Q U
25/64 27/64 29/64 31/64 33/64 17/32 37/64 21/32 11/16 49/64 13/16
(Continued on next page.)
.000
REFERENCE TABLES
American National and Unified Coarse and Fine Thread Dimensions and Tap Drill Sizes (continued)
Threads per inch NC NF UNC UNF 8 7 7 6 6 5 4 1/2 4 1/2 4 1/2 4 4 4 4 4 4 12 12 12 12 12 Outside Diameter Inches 1.0000 1.0000 1.1250 1.1250 1.2500 1.2500 1.3750 1.3750 1.5000 1.5000 1.7500 2.0000 2.2500 2.5000 2.7500 3.0000 3.2500 3.5000 3.7500 4.0000 Pitch Diameter Inches .9188 .9459 1.0322 1.0709 1.1572 1.1959 1.2667 1.3209 1.3917 1.4459 1.6201 1.8557 2.1057 2.3376 2.5876 2.8376 3.0876 3.3376 3.5876 3.3786 Root Diameter Inches .8376 .8917 .9394 1.0168 1.0644 1.1418 1.1585 1.2668 1.2835 1.3918 1.4902 1.7113 1.9613 2.1752 2.4252 2.6752 2.9252 3.1752 3.4252 3.6752 Tap Drill Approx. 75% Full Thread 7/8 59/64 63/64 1 3/64 1 7/64 1 11/64 1 7/32 1 19/64 1 11/32 1 27/64 1 9/16 1 25/32 2 1/32 2 1/4 2 1/2 2 3/4 3 3 1/4 3 1/2 3 3/4 Decimal Equiv. of Tap Drill .8750 .9219 .9844 1.0469 1.1094 1.1719 1.2187 1.2969 1.3437 1.4219 1.5625 1.7812 2.0313 2.2500 2.5000 2.7500 3.0000 3.2500 3.5000 3.7500
Size 1 1 1 1/8 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 1/2 1 3/4 2 2 1/4 2 1/2 2 3/4 3 3 1/4 3 1/2 3 3/4 4
.000
REFERENCE TABLES
American Standard Pipe Thread and Tap Drill Sizes
Pipe Size Inches

1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2
Threads Per Inch

27 18 18 14 14 11 1/2 11 1/2 11 1/2 11 1/2
Root Diameter Small End of Pipe and Gage

.3339 .4329 .5676 .7013 .9105 1.1441 1.4876 1.7265 2.1995
Tap Drill Taper NPT Q

7/16 9/16 45/64 29/32 1 9/64 1 31/64 1 47/64 2 13/64
Straight NPS
11/32 7/16 37/64 23/32 59/64 1 5/32 1 1/2 1 3/4 2 7/32
REFERENCE TABLES
American Standard Acme Screw Thread Dimensions
h = Basic depth of thread h = Depth of thread with clearance K = Tap drill Basic minor diameter of nut Fc = Width of flat at crest of thread Fr = Width of flat at bottom of space FOR 10 OR LESS THREADS PER INCH h = P plus .010 2 Fr = .3707 minus .0052 n T = D plus .020 n p Kr D T = = = = = Number of threads per inch Pitch of thread Minor diameter of screw Major diameter of screw Major diameter of tap
p Fc 29
.000
h
FOR MORE THAN 10 THREADS PER INCH h = P plus .005 2 Fr = .3707 minus .0026 n T = D plus .010
Fr
p=1 n K = D minus p
Fc = .3707 n Kr = D minus 2h
Threads per inch (n)

1 1 1/3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16
Depth of Thread with Clearance (h)

.5100 .3850 .2600 .1767 .1350 .1100 .0933 .0814 .0725 .0655 .0600 .0467 .0407 .0363
Flat at Top of Thread (Fc)

.3707 .2780 .1854 .1236 .0927 .0741 .0618 .0530 .0463 .0412 .0371 .0309 .0265 .0232
Flat at Bottom of Space (Fr)

.3655 .2728 .1802 .1184 .0875 .0689 .0566 .0478 .0411 .0360 .0319 .0283 .0239 .0206
Space at Top of Thread

.6293 .4720 .3146 .2097 .1573 .1259 .1049 .0899 .0787 .0699 .0629 .0524 .0449 .0393
Thickness at Root of Thread

.6345 .4772 .3198 .2149 .1625 .1311 .1101 .0951 .0839 .0751 .0681 .0550 .0475 .0419
.000
REFERENCE TABLES
Millimeter Standard
p
f
60 d
p = distance between any point on a thread to the corresponding point on the adjacent thread d = depth 0.64952P f = flat 0.125P
ISO External Threads Medium Fit

Designation M2 x 0.4 M3 x 0.5 M4 x 0.7 M5 x 0.8 M6 x 1 M8 x 1.25 M10 x 1.5 M12 x 1.75 M16 x 2 M20 x 2.5 M24 x 3 M30 x 3.5 mm Diameter 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 24 30 mm Pitch 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
REFERENCE TABLES
Millimeter Tap Drill Sizes
Metric Tap Tap Drill mm Decimal Equiv. Inches .0492 .0571 .0630 .0689 .0807 .0984 .1142 .1299 .1457 .1654 Metric Tap M6 x 1 M7 x 1 M8 x 1.25 M8 x 1 M10 x 1.5 M10 x 1.25 M12 x 1.75 M12 x 1.25 M14 x 2 M14 x 1.5 Tap Drill mm 5.00 6.00 6.70 7.00 8.50 8.70 10.20 10.80 12.00 12.50 Decimal Equiv. Inches .1968 .2362 .2638 .2756 .3346 .3425 .4016 .4252 .4724 .4921 Metric Tap M16 x 2 M16 x 1.5 M18 x 2.5 M18 x 1.5 M20 x 2.5 M20 x 1.5 M22 x 2.5 M22 x 1.5 M24 x 3 M24 x 2 Tap Drill mm 14.00 14.50 15.50 16.50 17.50 18.50 19.50 20.50 21.00 22.00 Decimal Equiv. Inches .5512 .5709 .6102 .6496 .6890 .7283 .7677 .8071 .8268 .8661 Metric Tap M27 x 3 M27 x 2 M30 x 3.5 M30 x 2 M33 x 3.5 M33 x 2 M36 x 4 M36 x 3 M39 x 4 M39 x 3 Tap Drill mm 24.00 25.00 26.50 28.00 29.50 31.00 32.00 33.00 35.00 36.00
.000
Decimal Equiv. Inches .9449 .9843 1.0433 1.1024 1.1614 1.2205 1.2598 1.2992 1.3780 1.4173
M1.6 x 0.35 1.25 M1.8 x 0.35 1.45 M2 x 0.4 1.60 M2.2 x 0.45 1.75 M2.5 x 0.45 2.05 M3 x 0.5 M3.5 x 0.6 M4 x 0.7 M5 x 0.8 2.50 2.90 3.30 4.20
M4.5 x 0.75 3.70
REFERENCE TABLES
Tap Drill Sizes For Fractional Size Threads
Approximately 65% Depth Thread / AMERICAN NATIONAL THREAD FORM
Tap Size 1/16 1/16 1/16 5/64 5/64 5/64 5/64 3/32 3/32 3/32 3/32 7/64 7/64 7/64 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 9/64 9/64 9/64 5/32 5/32 5/32 11/64 11/64 3/16 3/16 3/16 3/16 13/64 13/64 13/64 7/32 7/32 7/32 15/64 15/64 15/64 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 5/16 5/16 5/16 5/16 5/16 3/8 3/8 3/8 3/8 7/16 7/16 7/16 7/16 1/2 1/2 Threads per Inch 72 64 60 72 64 60 56 60 56 50 48 56 50 48 48 40 36 32 40 36 32 40 36 32 36 32 36 32 30 24 32 30 24 32 28 24 32 28 24 32 28 27 24 20 32 27 24 20 18 27 24 20 16 27 24 20 14 27 24 Hole Diameter .049 .047 .046 .065 .063 .062 .061 .077 .076 .074 .073 .092 .090 .089 .105 .101 .098 .095 .116 .114 .110 .132 .129 .126 .145 .141 .161 .157 .155 .147 .173 .171 .163 .188 .184 .178 .204 .200 .194 .220 .215 .214 .209 .201 .282 .276 .272 .264 .258 .339 .334 .326 .314 .401 .397 .389 .368 .464 .460 Drill 3/64 3/64 56 52 1/16 1/16 53 5/64 48 49 49 42 43 43 36 38 40 3/32 32 33 35 30 30 1/8 27 9/64 20 22 23 26 17 11/64 20 12 13 16 6 8 10 7/32 3 3 4 7 9/32 J I 17/64 F R Q 21/64 5/16 Y X 25/64 U 15/32 29/64 Tap Size 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/16 9/16 9/16 5/8 5/8 5/8 5/8 11/16 11/16 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 13/16 13/16 7/8 7/8 7/8 7/8 7/8 15/16 15/16 1 1 1 1 1 1/16 1 1/8 1 1/8 1 3/16 1 1/4 1 1/4 1 5/16 1 3/8 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 3/4 1 7/8 2 2 1/8 2 1/4 2 3/8 2 1/2 2 5/8 2 3/4 2 7/8 3 3 1/8 3 1/4 3 3/8 3 1/2 3 5/8 3 3/4 4 Threads per Inch 20 13 12 27 18 12 27 18 12 11 16 11 27 16 12 10 12 10 27 18 14 12 9 12 9 27 14 12 8 8 12 7 7 12 7 7 12 6 12 6 5 1/2 5 5 4 1/2 4 1/2 4 1/2 4 4 4 4 3 1/2 3 1/2 3 1/2 3 1/2 3 1/4 3 1/4 3 1/4 3 3 Hole Diameter .451 .425 .419 .526 .508 .481 .589 .571 .544 .536 .627 .599 .714 .689 .669 .653 .731 .715 .839 .821 .805 .794 .767 .856 .829 .964 .930 .919 .878 .941 1.044 .986 1.048 1.169 1.111 1.173 1.294 1.213 1.419 1.338 1.448 1.555 1.680 1.783 1.909 2.034 2.131 2.256 2.381 2.506 2.597 2.722 2.847 2.972 3.075 3.200 3.325 3.425 3.675
.000
Drill
29/64 27/64 27/64 17/32 33/64 31/64 19/32 37/64 35/64 17/32 5/8 19/32 23/32 11/16 43/64 21/32 47/64 23/32 27/32 53/64 13/16 51/64 49/64 55/64 53/64 31/32 15/16 59/64 7/8 15/16 1 3/64 63/64 1 3/64 1 11/64 1 7/64 1 11/64 1 19/64 1 7/32 1 27/64 1 11/32 1 29/64 1 9/16 1 11/16 1 25/32 1 29/32 2 1/32 2 1/8 2 1/4 2 3/8 2 1/2 2 19/32 2 23/32 2 27/32 2 31/32 3 1/16 3 3/16 3 5/16 3 7/16 3 11/16
REFERENCE TABLES
Tapers and Angles
Taper per Foot 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 1 3/4 2 2 1/2 3 3 1/2 4 4 1/2 5 6 Included Angle Degree 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 7 8 9 11 14 16 18 21 23 28 Minute 35 11 47 23 59 34 10 46 57 9 20 31 53 2 35 55 14 32 4 Second 47 38 25 12 3 48 32 19 45 10 28 37 38 0 39 31 20 12 20 Degree 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 14 Angle With Center Line Minute 17 35 53 11 29 47 5 23 58 34 10 45 56 1 17 27 37 46 2 Second 54 49 42 36 31 24 16 10 53 35 14 49 49 0 49 44 10 6 10 Taper per inch .010416 .020833 .031250 .041667 .052084 .062500 .072917 .083330 .104166 .125000 .145833 .166666 .208333 .250000 .291666 .333333 .375000 .416666 .500000
.000
Taper per inch from Center Line .005208 .010416 .015625 .020833 .026042 .031250 .036456 .041667 .052084 .062500 .072917 .083332 .104166 .125000 .145833 .166666 .187500 .208333 .250000
Mechanical Terminology
AMS Aeronautical Material Specification is material and process specifications for aircraft components conforming to industry approved engineering and metallurgical practices in the aircraft and space industries. They are developed by an SAE committee. All specifications will state "AMS". AN Dimensional standards for aircraft fasteners developed by the Aeronautical Standards Group. All drawings are prefixed by "AN" ASTM Standards developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials. Acorn Die acorn. A form of threading die for use in screw machines. The cutting portion resembles an
Acorn Nut A blind tapped hex nut with an acorn shaped top. Provides sealing for projecting threaded parts. Age Hardening A process of aging that increases hardness and strength, and ordinarily decreases ductility. Age hardening usually follows rapid cooling or cold working. ASME Dimensional standards for fasteners, etc., developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Angle of Head In countersunk heads, the included angles of the conical underportion or bearing surface, usually 82 or 100 degrees. Balls Used in "quick release pins" where permanent assemble and disassemble action tales place. Provides a reliable holding fastener. Barrel Nut An internally threaded screw having a slotted head.
Bent Bolt A cylindrical rod having a thread at one end and the other end bent to some desired conformation; also a bent cylindrical rod having threads at both ends. Bevel A surface not at right angles to the rest of the piece.
Binding Head Rounded top surface and slightly tapered sides. The bearing surface is flat with annular undercut optional. Blind Rivet Blunt Start A rivet designed for use where only one side of the work is accessible. The removal of the partial thread at the entering end of thread.
Body of Bolt or Screw Also designated grip. The blank portion of the bolt or screw which is between the thread and the head.
A1
Bolt Blank A headed rod or bar intended for a subsequent threading operation.
Bolt End A headless rod threaded at one end and assembled with a square nut, designed to be welded or otherwise fastened to a part or structure. Brielle Hardness Test A method of determining the hardness of metallic materials by applying a known load to the surface of the material through a hardened steel ball of known diameter. The diameter (or depth) of the resulting impression in the metal is measured. The Brielle hardness number is taken as a quotient of the applied load divided by the area of the surface impression which is assumed to be spherical. Broaching A generating process whereby metal is removed with a multiple-point tool, usually a bar, with tooth height increasing from the starting end. When the broach is pulled or pushed through or over the work, each tooth removes a clip of uniform thickness, in contrast to a milling cutting tooth which removes a wedge-shaped chip. Button Die Burnish Cap Nut thread parts. Cap Screws cap screws. Small adjustable dies for screw machines and similar work, supported in a ring holder. To smooth or polish by a rolling or sliding tool under pressure. A blind tapped hex nut with an acorn-shaped top. Provides sealing for projecting Term used to describe hexagon head, slotted head, square head and socket head Where the shank above the threaded portion is undercut lower than the
Captive Screws threaded portion. Carbide
A compound of carbon with one or more metallic elements.
Carbide Tools Tools with cutting points of tungsten, tantalum or other alloys of sintered carbides. Carbon Steel Any steel made by combining carbon with iron. Carriage Bolts A round or flat head bolt with a square neck to prevent rotation. Used in wood assemblies. Case Harden Hardening a ferrous alloy so that the outer portion or case is made substantially harder than the inner portion or core. Typical processes used for case hardening are carburizing, cyaniding, carbonitriding, nitriding, induction hardening, and flame hardening.
A2
Casting A term applied to the act of pouring molten metal into a mold. 2. The metal object produced by such pouring. Castle Nut A hexagon nut having a cylindrical portion at the end opposite to the bearing face, with opposed slots in this portion which are parallel to the axis, designed for insertion of a cotter to secure the nut in place when used with a drilled fastener. Centerless Grinding centers. Chamfer Grinding the outside or inside diameter of a round piece not mounted on
To bevel a sharp external edge. (n) A beveled edge. Cutting screw threads by moving a tool along the axis of the work to be
Chasing Threads threaded.
Chatter Rough or unsatisfactory surfaces on work. It is usually caused by a slight jumping of the tool away from the work or of the work away from the tool. Check Nut Chip Chuck A double chamfered hexagon machine screw nut Class 3B fit. (AN 316).
The metal removed by a tool. Device for holding work in machine tools.
Class of Thread Class of threads are distinguished from each other by the amount of tolerance or tolerance and allowance specified. Classes 1A, 2A, and 3A apply to external threads, and Classes 1B, 2B and 3B apply to internal threads. Clevis U-shaped shackle for connecting a rod to a pin.
Clevis Pins A headed dowel pin with a drilled shank that accepts a cotter pin. Used as a fastener where more than temporary holding actions is required. (ASA B 5.20-1958). Clinch Nut A nut having a pilot which, after insertion in a hole, is clinched or staked in place to prevent rotation. Cold Heading Forcing metal to flow cold into dies to form thicker sections and more or less intricate shapes. The operation is performed in specialized machines where the metal, in the form of a wire or bar stock, may be upset or headed in certain sections to a larger size and, if desired, may be extruded in other sections to a smaller diameter than the stock wire. Cold Swaging Process A method of reducing or forming steel or other material while cold, by drawing to a point or reducing the diameter, as may be required.
A3
Cold Work To deform metal stock by hammering, forming, drawing, etc., while the metal is at ordinary room temperature. Columbium A metal which may be added to chrome-nickel stainless steel to improve its welding and general heat-resistant qualities, by preventing carbide precipitation. Companion Flanges Shaft attached collars of 18-8 stainless steel into which a threaded piece may be joined. Has standard I.P.S. threads. Comparator A device for inspecting screw threads and outlines by comparing them with a greatly enlarged standard chart. Cone Point A point in the form of a cone, commonly having an included angle of 90 degrees or 118 degrees when applied to set screws. Copper Steel When any minimum copper content is specified, the steel is classed as copper steel. The copper is added to enhance erosion resistance of the steel. Corrosion other agents. Gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal by atmosphere, moisture or
Cotter Pin Used as a locking device in clevis pins, castellated nuts and slotted nuts with drilled bolts. Ends available in various types such as "extended mitre end", etc. Counterbore To enlarge a hole to a given depth. --- The cylindrical enlargement of the end of a drilled or bored hole. ---- A cutting tool for counterboring, having a piloted end of the size of the drilled hole. Countersunk Head A head, the underside of which is beveled to fit a flaring hole. The bearing surface of other types of heads is generally perpendicular to the body axis. Crest That surface of the thread which joins the flanks of the thread and is farthest from the cylinder or cone from which the thread projects. Crest Clearance As in a thread assembly, the distance, measured perpendicular to the axis, between the crest of a thread and the root of its mating thread. Crest Truncation of Thread The distance, measured perpendicular to the axis, between the sharp root and the cylinder or cone which bounds the root. Cup Point A point in the form of a cone, commonly having an included angle of 90 degrees, with a conical depression in the end commonly having an included angle of 118 degrees. The contact area is a circular ridge which has considerable holding power with slight penetration, applied to set screws generally. A4
Deburring The removal of burrs by a secondary operation such as grinding.
Deep Drawing Forming shaped articles or shells by forcing sheet metal into a die. Die One of a pair of hardened metal blocks for forming, impressing, or cutting out a desired shape. Or (thread). A tool for cutting external threads. Opposite of tap. Die Casting A very accurate and smooth casting made by pouring a molten alloy usually under pressure into a metal mold or die. Die Chaser The separate cutting tools used in die heads, which actually cut the screw threads.
Dog Point A cylindrical extension, or pilot, of diameter smaller than the minor diameter of the thread, commonly equal to about D/2 in length, with a conical section between it and the thread; usually used as a pilot in assembling or as the end of a set screw projecting into a fairly deep hole or slot. Double End Stud Threaded at both ends with standard Class 2A threads to take nut assembly.
Dowel Pins Used as a holding pin with chamfered on one end. Drilled headed dowel pin (clevis pin) used - frequently removed fastener. Dowel Screw Both ends have Gimlet points, threaded similar to a Lag Bolt. The center section has a plain unthreaded shoulder. Used in joining two wooden members such as a leg to a table top. Drill To sink a hole with a drill, usually with a twist drill. ---- A pointed cutting tool rotated under pressure. Drilled Head or Shank Used in AN Bolts and Machine Screws, etc.
Drive Screw A piloted, multiple threaded screw with a large helix angle, used for permanent applications. It forms a mating thread as it is hammered or pressed into a prepared hole. Driver Head A head, on a bolt or screw, designed for driving the fastener by means of a tool other than a wrench, such as a screw driver. Drop Forging Forming metal, usually under impact, by compression within dies designed to produce the required shape. Elevator Bolt rotation. A flat, plain, circular countersunk head bolt with a square neck to prevent
Endurance Limit The maximum stress that a metal will withstand without failure during a specified large number of cycles of stress. A5
Escutcheon Pin A piece generally used to join a plate or shield, to cover or protect softer or more delicate materials or actions. Expansion Bolt A combination of a "lag bolt" and an internally threaded split sleeve, designed for fastening to stone or concrete by inserting a sleeve into a hole in the concrete and expanding to a tight fit in the hole by turning the lag both with a wrench. Eyebolt A bolt having a head in the form of an open or closed anchor ring, or of a flattened and pierced section, with or without a collar or shoulder under the head. Face To machine a flat surface perpendicular to the axis at rotation on a lathe. The stress to which a metal can be subjected for a specified number of cyclic
Fatigue Strength changes of stress.
Feather Key A parallel key fastened in either the shaft or in the hub of a member sliding on it. When fastened in the shaft, it must be long enough to hold or drive the sliding member in any of its positions on the shaft. When in the sliding member the key need only be as long as the hub. Fillet A rounded filling of the internal angle between two surfaces.
Fillister Head Rounded top surface, cylindrical sides, and a flat bearing surface. Fin A thin projecting rib. A washer faced or chamfered bearing surface with a close body A plain, circular, oval head bolt with two oppositely located fins to
Finished Hexagon Bolts tolerance. Fin Neck Carriage Bolt prevent rotation.
Fit The general term used to signify the range of tightness which may result from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in the design of mating parts. See "Class of Thread" Flat Head Flat top surface and a conical bearing surface.
Flex-Loc* When used as a stop or lock nut, the locking threads of the slotted top press inward against the bolt, lifting the nut upward and causing the remaining threads to bear against the lower surface of the bolt threads. (*TM) Following Flank The flank of a thread opposite to the leading flank.
A6
Forge process. To shape metal while hot and plastic by a hammering or forcing process. Dies used in The profile of a thread in an axial plane for a length of one pitch.
Form of Thread
Free Machining The property that makes machining easy because of the forming of small chips, a characteristic imparted dot steel by sulfur, etc. Full Annealing transformation range. Annealing a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then cooling slowly through the
Full-Size Body The body of a bolt or screw which has a diameter between the minimum and maximum limits of the major diameter of the thread. Galvanize Gimlet Point To treat with a bath of lead and zinc to prevent rusting A taper-threaded point; applied to wood screws, Type A tapping screws, lag bolts, etc.
Grind To finish or polish a surface by means of an abrasive. Grip The unthreaded portion of a bolt or screw.
Half Dog Point The same as a dog point but half as long; used on short screws for the same purposes as the dog point, but in a shallower hole or slot. Hanger Bolt One end is gimlet pointed and has a wood screw thread. The other end consists of a coarse machine screw thread. The center section is unthreaded. Hardenability In a ferrous alloy, the property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by quenching. Hardening A method of heat treating metals by heating to a temperature within, or above, the critical range, holding at that temperature for a given time, and then cooling rapidly, usually by quenching in oil or water. Hardness Resistance to plastic deformation by indentation, penetration, scratching or bending.
Head The preformed, enlarged end of a bolt, screw, pin, or rivet, provided with a bearing surface which is usually either flat or conical. Header Point A chamfer point, usually of 45 degrees included angle, forming by a die at the time of heading and prior to threading.
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Head Marking Used to identify the material used in a fastener such as a bolt or cap screw. The marking is either raised or indented to specifications. Heat Treating An operation involving the heating and cooling of a metal to obtain certain desirable conditions or properties. Height of Thread The distance, measured perpendicular to the axis, between the major and minor cylinders or cones, respectively. Heli-Coil Coil of wire used as an insert to accept a screw or bolt and adding holding power by forcing itself between the fastener and the walls of the recess when the fastener is driven in. Hexagonal A recessed hexagon socket in the head of a cap or set screw to add greater tightening and loosening power. Used with a Hex key wrench. (See Hexagon Head) Hexagon Head Flat top surface with hexagonal sides and with a flat bearing surface. (Six Sides) Hook Bolt A "bent bolt" having the unthreaded end bent to form a hook, such as a round bend, square bend, right-angle bend, or acute-angle bend hook bolt. Hot Forming Working operation such as bending and drawing sheet and plate, forging, pressing, and heading, performed on metal heated to temperatures above room temperature. Immunize To remove small particles of iron or grit from the surface of stainless steel by pickling in an acid solution. Impact Test A test to determine the energy absorbed in fracturing a test bar at high velocity. The test may be in tension or in bending, or it may properly be a notch test if a notch is present, creating multi-axel stresses. Included Angle of Thread plane. The angle between the flanks or the thread measured in an axial
Incomplete Thread On straight threads, that portion at the end having roots not fully formed by the lead or chamfer on threading tools Ingot Steel formerly in a molten state, transferred to an ingot mold to solidify.
Interference Fit A thread fit having limits of size so prescribed that an interference always results when mating parts are assembled. Internal Thread A thread on the internal surface of a hollow cylinder or cone.
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International Metric Thread System A thread form similar to the American standard, excepting the depth which is greater. There is a clearance between the root and mating crest fixed at a maximum of 1/16 the height of the fundamental triangle or 0.054 x pitch. A rounder root profile is recommended. The angle in the plane of the axis is 60 degrees and the crest has a flat like the American standard equal to 0.125 pitch. Iron Primarily the name of a metallic element. In the steel industry, iron is the name of the product of a blast furnace containing 92 to 94 percent iron. Other names for blast furnace are pig iron and hot metal. J-Bolt Jackson Head Jam Nut Key movement. A "bent bolt" having the unthreaded end reverse bent to approximately a semicircle. A machine screw with a small oval head. (Trimmed oval head). A second nut forced or jammed against the main nut to prevent loosening. A thin nut. A small block or wedge inserted between shaft and hub to prevent circumferential
Keyslot The recess cut for Woodruff keys produced by sinking a milling cutter of the right diameter and width into a shaft. Keyway A groove or slot cut to fit a key. A key fits into a key seat and slides into a keyway.
Knurl A roughened surface produced by contact with a wheel which forces metal above the surface while making indentations below the surface. Lag Bolt A fastener having a square head, with a gimlet or cone point, and a thin, sharp, coarse-pitch thread, designed for insertion in wood or other resilient materials and producing its own mating thread. Lead Error A variation in the distance between the threads of a screw.
Left-Hand Thread A thread is a left-hand thread, if, when viewed axially, it winds in a counterclockwise and receding direction. All left-hand threads are designated LH. Length of Fastener The length of a flat bearing surface fastener is the distance, in a line parallel to the axis, from the bearing surface to the extreme point. The length of a countersunk head fastener is the distance, in a line parallel to the axis, from the largest diameter of the bearing surface to the extreme point. Lentil Head Screw Obsolete term for oval head screw.
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Liquid Honing A metal finishing process by forcing a stream of liquid, in which a very fine abrasive is suspended, against the surface to be finished. Lock Nut A nut which, in addition to serving the purposes of an ordinary nut, has a special means for gripping a threaded member so that a relative rotation between the nut and the threaded companion member is prevented in use. MS Specifications Machineability Magnaflux (Military Standard) Relative ease or difficulty in forming. A magnetic method of determining surface and subsurface defects in metals.
Major Diameter On a straight thread, the diameter of the coaxial cylinder which would pass through the crests of an external thread or the roots of an internal thread. Master Gage A thread-plug gage which represents the physical dimensions of the nominal or basic size of the part. It clearly establishes the minimum size of the threaded hole and the maximum size of the screw at the point at which interference between mating parts begin. Maximum Material Limit The maximum limit of size of an external dimension or the minimum limit of size of an internal dimension. Mechanical Properties Those properties of a material that reveal the elastic and inelastic reaction when force is applied, or that involve the relationship between stress and strain; for example, the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and fatigue limit. Micro-Inch One millionth of an inch. Used in measuring imperfections of surface finishes.
Milling Process A machining process whereby a surface is generated with a rotating toothed cutter. Each tooth takes an individual chip. Minor Diameter On a straight thread, the minor diameter is the diameter of the coaxial cylinder which would pass through the roots of an external thread. Monel A corrosion resisting metal consisting essentially of two-thirds nickel and one-third copper. NAS Drawings and Specifications Dimensional and material standards for aircraft fasteners developed by the National Aerospace Standards Committee. All drawings and specifications are prefixed by "NAS". Nail Point A sharp pyramidal point of approximately 30 degrees or 45 degrees included angle.
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Naval Brass A corrosion resistant metal containing 60 per cent copper, 39 1/4 per cent zinc and 3/4 per cent tin. Neck A portion reduced in diameter between the ends of a shaft.
Nickel A silver-white metal usually used as an alloy in steel, bronze, brass and cast iron. It tends to increase corrosion resistance. Nipple A short piece of threaded pipe used to connect two fittings.
Nifriding A surface hardening process used on ferrous metals by heating the metal in contact with ammonia gas or other nitrogenous material. Non-Ferrous Metal Metals or alloys without an appreciable amount of iron. Examples are aluminum, brass, copper, etc. Non-Magnetic Steels with sufficient quantities of manganese or nickel to render the steel non-magnetic. 18-8 (300 series chrome-nickel steel) is non-magnetic when annealed. Type 316 is non-magnetic in all conditions. (See pg. 156 of the Data Book). Normalize To remove internal stresses by heating a metal piece to its critical temperature and allowing it to cool very slowly. Nut A metal block (solid nut) or sleeve having an internal thread made to assemble with the external thread on a bolt, screw, or other threaded part. It may be a fastening means, an adjusting means, a means for transmitting motion, or a means for transmitting power with large mechanical advantage and nonreversible motion. Nylon Fasteners Fasteners made of a material that has a low dielectric constant and relatively high tensile strength, enabling it to resist high voltage at commercial frequencies. It can also operate at continuous temperatures as high as 250 degrees F. Any temperatures above has an effect to oxidize material. Electric and electronic equipment manufacturers are finding many corrosion-resistant applicable for this type of fastener. One-Way Head Screw A round head screw which is slotted but has side clearances at diagonally opposite sides of the slot so that the screw can be driven only in the direction of assembly, designed for preventing tampering. Open Washer removing the nut. A washer with one side open so as to be removed or put under a nut without Obsolete term for a truss head screw.
Oval Binding Head Screw
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Oval Head Rounded top surface and a conical bearing surface with an included angle usually of 82 degrees. Oval Point A rounded end which is used, particularly for set and adjusting screws, to apply pressure without cutting action. Oven Head Screw Obsolete term for truss head screw.
Pan Head Flat top surface rounded into cylindrical sides, and a flat bearing surface. The recessed pan head has a rounded top surface blending into cylindrical sides and a flat bearing surface. Passivate A process of surface treatment for neutralizing stainless steels. A n oxidizing solution, such as nitric acid is applied to the surface. This strengthens the normal protective film which helps in resisting corrosion. It also removes any foreign substance which might cause local corrosion. Pattern Nuts Special nuts usually furnished in plain or chamfered face unless otherwise specified, and threads are unified Coarse or unified Fine, Class 2B. (also small and extra small) Peening The stretching of metal by hammering or rolling the surface.
Phillips Recessed Head A type of screw drive having a cross recess with a wide center opening, steep walls and a blunt conical bottom. Permits easy and rapid entrance of the 4winged driver. Physical Properties Those properties familiarly discussed in physics, including those described under mechanical properties; for example, density, electrical conductivity, co-efficient of thermal expansion. Pinch Point pinching operation. Pipe Caps Pipe Fittings together. A sharp conical point, usually of 45 degrees included angle, formed by a A cap that threads onto a pipe (like a nut) to seal one end. The term applying to all forms of connecting parts which join pieces of pipe
Pipe Plugs A short piece of threaded pipe, Slotted, Square Head or Socket, used to close up one end of a fitting. Pipe Screw Thread American Standard pipe threads are tapered 1 inch in 16, or 3/4 inch per foot. They are 60 degree threads, of National form with flat or rounded top and bottom.
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Pitch The distance, measured parallel to its axis, between corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane and on the same side of the axis. Pitch Diameter On a straight thread, the diameter of the coaxial cylinder, the surface of which would pass through the thread profiles at such points as to make the width of the groove equal to onehalf of the basic pitch. On a perfect thread this occurs at the point where the widths of the thread and groove are equal. Pitch Line diameter. A generator of the cylinder or cone of a screw thread specified in the definition of pitch The end of a fastener cut approximately flat and square to the axis, without
Plain Sheared Point chamfer.
Planer Head Bolt A bolt having a large low square head, designed for insertion in T-slots of planer, shaper, or milling machine tables. Plate Polish The electro-chemical coating of a metal piece with a very different metal. To make smooth or lustrous by friction with a very fine abrasive. Hardening caused by the precipitation of a constituent from a
Precipitation Hardening supersaturated solid solution.
Precision Machine Screws Slotted machine screws, milled from bar, cut thread, and are machined finished Class 3A fits. Process Annealing Heating a ferrous alloy to a temperature close to, but below, the lower limit of the transformation range and then cooling, in order to soften the alloy for further cold working. Punch To perforate by pressing a non-rotating tool through the work.
Quench Hardening Hardening a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then cooling rapidly enough so that some or all of the austenite transforms to martensite. Quenching Rapid cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: direct quenching, fog quenching, hot quenching, interrupted quenching, selective quenching, spray quenching, and time quenching. Ream To finish a drilled or punched hole very accurately with a rotating fluted tool of the required diameter. Reamer Tool used for enlarging holes previously formed by drilling or boring.
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Recessed Head A screw head, having specially formed indentations or recesses centered on the head, into which a suitably formed driver fits. Relief The amount one plane surface of a piece is set below or above another plane, usually for clearance or for economy in machining. Ribbed Neck Carriage Bolt rotation. A plain, circular, oval head bolt with a serrated neck to prevent
Right-Hand Thread A thread is a right hand thread if, when viewed axially, it winds in a clockwise and receding direction. Rivet A headed metal fastener of some malleable material used to join parts, as metal plates, of structures and machines by inserting the shank through a hole in each piece and forming a head on the headless end. Rivet Bolt A bolt designed as a substitute for rivets, having a button head, a ribbed shank, a UNC thread, or a special thread such as a Dardalet thread or Lok-Thread (TM). Rockwell Hardness Test A measure of hardness by determining the depth of penetration of a pentrator into the specimen under certain fixed conditions of test. The penetrator may be either a steel ball or a diamond sphero- conical penetrator. The hardness number is related to the depth of indentation and the higher the number the harder the material. Rod Ends The ends of connecting rods which fit over crank pins or cross head pins.
Roll Threading Applying a thread to a bolt or screw by rolling the piece between two grooved die plates, one of which is in motion, or between rotating grooved circular rolls. Rolled Point The point frequently produced by the cupping of the last 1 to 1 1/2 threads by the thread rolling pressure. This type of point is not produced intentionally but is considered as an alternative form of the plain sheared point. Root That surface of the thread which joins the flanks of adjacent thread forms and is identical with or immediately adjacent to the cylinder or cone from which the thread projects. Round Head Semi-elliptical top surface and flat bearing surface. Standards developed by the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
SAE Specifications
SAE Standard Screw Threads The SAE Screw Thread Standard, as revised in 1954, conforms to the Unified and American Standard (ASA B1.1-1949).
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Secondary Operations Operations which include punching, shaving, trimming, drilling, sawing, milling, pointing, tapping and polishing, etc., are generally called secondary. Self-Locking Where binding action is self-induced on the body of the bolt, screw or nut to keep it rigid and prevent movement and vibration. Semi-Finished Hexagon Bolts Bolts with standard sizes ranging from 1/4" through 4". Class 2A tolerance. The bearing surface is washer faced. Set Screw Points A screw with various type points, cup, cone, flat, oval, half dog, full dog, hanger or knurled, used to hold or "set" a collar on a shaft or hold pieces of this kind against movement. Screws are usually short, threaded entire length with the various type points for different applications against this movement. Screw Stock Metal in the form of wire or rod, ordinarily a free-machining type of alloy, used for making screw machine products. Screw Thread A ridge of uniform section in the form of a helix on the external or internal surface of a cone or frustum of a cone. A thread formed on a cylinder is known as a straight or parallel thread, to distinguish it from a taper thread which is formed on a cone of frustum of a cone. Screw Thread Chasers threads to be cut. Cutting tools having teeth spaced to match the pitch of the
Set Screw An externally threaded fastener with or without a head and having a formed point, designed to prevent relative movement of parts when screwed through one part upon or into another part. Shear Shear Nut To cut off sheet or bar metal between two blades. A fine threaded thin Castle or slotted nut.
Shear Strength The stress required to produce fracture when impressed vertically upon the cross-section of a material. Expressed in psi. Shim A thin spacer of sheet metal used for adjusting.
Shoulder Stud A stud similar to a collar stud but having the plain portion of a uniform diameter which is larger than the major diameter of the thread, used where the design requirements do not permit the separation of parts produced by a collar. Single Thread A single-start thread having lead equal to the pitch.
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Sleeve Nut member. A long nut with right or left threads for connecting two rods to make an adjustable
Slip Washer A washer with an opening large enough to slip the washer over a bolt, and under the bold head. Also called a C washer. Slotted Head The head, of a bolt or screw, which has one or more slots across the top to fit a screw driver. Slotted Nut A hexagon nut having opposed slots at the end opposite to the bearing face which are perpendicular to the axis, designed for insertion of a cotter to secure the nut in place when used with a drilled fastener. Slotted Pin A pin that has a slot, either a square or round bottom, into which an external clip or key is affixed in a locking position. Socket Head A recessed head in which the sides of the recess are parallel to the body axis, into which a wrench fits. The recess is commonly hexagonal or fluted in form. Also designated as "internal wrenching head". Spacers Pieces designed to prevent crushing of sandwich-type and other lightweight structural materials at fastening points. Sometimes called inserts. Spacers, Threaded Spacers with threads through which a bolt can be put. This saves weight by eliminating the nut and the reduction of the bolt length. Spade Screws A threaded, round body with a finger tightening projection. (Regular Offset or Bent). Primarily used in places needed for frequent adjustments or for knock-down assemblies. Spanner Screws Special unslotted screws surface, in Round undrilled, Flat drilled and others, which require a special wrench. Spanner Wrenches Spin Tools used to turn and tighten spanner screws.
To shape sheet metal by forcing it against a form as it revolves.
Spline Raised portions of a shaft which fit into corresponding grooves in a pulley or some sliding member. They can either permit end movement or can be used as permanent fastening. Spline Nut A nut having external splines or ribs which hold it in place when forced into a hole of slightly smaller diameter. Spline Socket A recessed socket in the head of a bolt or screw to develop greater torque or driving ease without "round" the recess.
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Split Rivet A small rivet having a split end for securing by spreading the ends.
Spot-Face To finish a round spot on a rough surface, usually around a drilled hole, to give a good seat to a screw or bolthead, cut, usually 1/16 inch deep. Spring Lockwasher A hardened coil wire having a slightly trapezoidal section after forming which functions as a spring take-up device to compensate for developed looseness and the loss of tension between the parts of an assembly and to prevent the nut from turning. Square Neck Carriage Bolt Square Nuts A plain, truss or oval head bolt with a square neck to prevent rotation.
Nuts that are square rather than hexagonal.
Stainless A trade name given to alloy steel that is corrosion and heat resistant. The chief alloying elements are chromium, nickel and silicon in various combinations with a possible small percentage of titanium, vanadium, etc. ------ By AISI definition, a steel is called "Stainless" when it contains 4 per cent or more chromium. Stainless Steel stainless. Step Bolt Any steel containing four or more per cent chromium is classified as A plain, circular, oval head bolt with a square neck to prevent rotation.
Stress Relieve Heating to a suitable temperature, holding long enough to reduce residual stresses and then coiling to minimize the development of new residual stresses. Stripper Bolt Discarded term for a shoulder screw.
Structure Machine Screws A Flat Head Machine Screw (AN509C) with one included angle approximately 100 degrees. Usually made in slotted and recessed head types. With a "grip" or unthreaded body at the head. Stud A threaded rod. It may be threaded at both ends or continuous.
Swage To shape metal by hammering or pressure with the aid of a form or anvil called a "swage block". Tap To cut threads in a hole with a rotating tool called a "tap", having threads on it and fluted to give cutting edges. Tap Bolt A fully threaded hexagon head bolt.
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Tap End Stud A double-end stud having each end threaded for a different class of fit. The tap end has a Class 5 fit to produce an interference fit in a tapped hole for semi-permanent assembly. The nut end is threaded Class 2A for assembly with a standard nut. Taper of Head In flat bearing surface fasteners, the taper of a head or nut is the angle between a side and the axis. Tapped Hole A threaded hole in a part.
Taper Pin A pin that tapers from the larger end to a smaller end at the rate of 1/4" per foot. The taper pin aids in hole alignment. "Tee" Head Bolt Head Bolt. Bolt whose head slightly curves in the shape of a "T". Hence the name "TEE"
Tapping Screw A screw which is threaded to the head and designed to form or tap its mating thread in one or more of the parts to be assembled, of various types as follows: Tapping Screw, Type A A thread-forming type of tapping screw having a gimlet point and a thread of relatively coarse pitch and special form, used in punched, or nested holes in metal sheets or in treated plywood or special asbestos compositions. Tapping Screw, Type B Also designate "type Z". A thread-forming type of tapping screw, having a blunt point with tapered threads of moderate pitch, used with punched, drilled or nested holes. Tapping Screw, Type C A thread-forming type of tapping screw having a blunt point with tapered threads at the end, having UNC or UNF threads and designed for fastening metal sheets. Tapping Screw, Type D Also designated "type EC". A thread-cutting type of tapping screw having the same thread as type C but provided with a fluted end produced at thread rolling or a milled slot (or slots) produced after thread rolling. Tapping Screw, Type F A thread-cutting type of tapping screw having the same thread form as type C but provided with a multiple flute tapered end to facilitate tapping. Tapping Screw, Type FZ A thread-cutting type of tapping screw having the same thread form as type B but provided with a multiple fluted tapered end to facilitate tapping. Tapping Screw, Type G Also designated "type EC". A thread-cutting type of tapping screw having the same thread form as type C but provided with a slot across the end to facilitate tapping in hard materials or deep holes.
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Tapping Screw, Type H Also designated "type DB" or "type 25". A tapping screw having the same thread as a type B but provided with a slot in the end to facilitate tapping in plastics. Tempering Reheating a quench-hardened or normalized ferrous alloy to a temperature below the transformation range and then cooling at any rate desired. Terminal Stud A threaded and collared pin having a plain cylindrical section, used as a contact terminal on electrical appliances. Some types are headed instead of collared Thickness of Thread The distance between the flanks of the thread measured at a specified position and parallel to the axis. Thread Milling A machining process whereby thread is formed on a surface by generating with a rotating toothed cutter. Each tooth takes an individual chip. Thread Rolling A cold-forging process whereby screw threads are formed by displacement of metal as opposed to cutting. The process is usually used for producing external threads and is seldom practical for small quantities. Thread Series Groups of diameter-pitch combinations distinguished from each other by the number of threads per inch applied to a specific diameter. Threaded Taper Pin Dimensioned the same as a standard plain taper pin with the addition of a threaded section usually at the small end. Used in equipment where removal may be required. Threads Per Inch Thumb Screw finger. The reciprocal of the lead in inches. A screw with a flattened or roughened head to be turned with thumb and
Tinners' Rivet A small rivet having a head of the same form as a flat head rivet but larger in diameter, used in sheet metal work. Tolerance The total permissible variation of a size. The tolerance is the difference between the limits of size. Tolerance Limit depart from the design size. The variation, positive or negative, by which a size is permitted to
Tooth Lockwasher A washer, usually a thin disk with prongs or projections, which is elastically deformed when assembled with a threaded fastener, so that the prongs, on which the pressure is localized, resist loosening of the fastener.
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Total Thread
Includes the complete or effective thread and the incomplete thread.
Trim Heads Similar to the 82 degree flat and oval head machine screws except that the size of head for a given size screw is one or two sizes smaller than the regular flat and oval sizes. Truss Head Low rounded top surface with a flat bearing surface.
Tubular Rivet A small rivet having a coaxial cylindrical hole in the headless end, designed for securing by splaying the end. Tumble To clean, smooth, or polish in a rotating barrel or drum by friction with each other, assisted by added mediums, as scraps, balls, sawdust, etc. Turn To machine on a lathe. A coupling, threaded right and left or swiveled on one end, for adjustably
Turnbuckle connecting two rods.
U-Bolt A "bent bolt" having threads at both ends of the rod and the rod bent at the middle to a semicircle or to two right angles, used for clamping. Undercut Head For short lengths of flat and oval head machine screws, the heads are undercut to 70 per cent of normal side height to afford greater length of thread on the screws. Under-size Body The reduced body of a bolt or screw, the diameter of which may range from below the pitch diameter to the minimum major diameter of the thread. Such a body diameter is found on some bolts or screws having rolled threads. Unified Thread Standards The basic American standards for fastening screw threads as agreed upon by standard bodies of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. They are a complete and integrated system of threads for fastening purposes. Their outstanding characteristic is general interchangeability of threads achieved through the standardization of thread form, diameter-pitch combinations, and limits of size. Upsetting A metal working operation similar to forging. ------The process of axial flow under axial compression of metal, as in forming heads on rivets by flattening the end of wire. Washer Face A circular boss turned or otherwise produced on the bearing surface of a bolt head or nut to relieve the corners.
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Weld Screw Projection welding applied to screws offer a means of providing attached threaded members in sheet metal construction. Welding lugs on the head of the screw reduce the amount of current required for surface welding and provide fusion of metal at predetermined points. Welding Stud A "drive screw" having a flat fillister head, used as an anchorage for welding.
Whitworth Thread A screw thread, also known as the British Standard Whitworth (B.S.W.), used principally in Great Britain. Wing Nut One-piece, round threaded nuts with wing lugs for ease of manual assembly. Particularly suited to applications where frequent removal and replacement or adjustment are required. Wing Screws Special screws with projection heads. Widely used in industry and home where a finger tightened screw is needed for frequent adjustments or for knock-down assembly applications. This piece is produced by pressing, forming, machining, welding or die casting. (Also available as 2 piece wing nut and studs, peened or welded together. Wood Screw A metal screw having a driver head, a gimlet point, and a sharp- crested, coarse pitch thread, for insertion in wood or resilient materials. It produces its own mating thread. Woodruff Key A semi-circular or half-round piece, resting in a circular groove cut in a shaft. Sometimes referred to as a half moon key. Largely used in machine building. Work Hardness Hardness developed in metal as a result of cold working.
Wrench Head A head on a fastener designed for driving or holding by means of an externally applied wrench to the sides of the head. Yield Point The stress necessary to produce an elongation under load of 0.50 per cent of the specimen's original length. Expressed as psi. Yield Strength The stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting set, commonly taken by the offset method as 0.20 per cent of the specimen's original length. Expressed as psi.
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Review & Preparation Guide

for the ADDA

MECHANICAL DRAFTER CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION

Copyright ADDA International

Basic Mechanical Drafter

Copyright 2007 ADDA International

ADDA Drafter Certification Exam

ADDA Drafter Certification Exam

ADDA Drafter Certification Exam

Engineering Drawing and Design,

Technical Drawing and Design,

Engineering Drawing and Design,

ADDA Drafter Certification Exam Sample Questions

ADDA Drafter Certification Exam Sample Questions

ADDA Certified Drafter Professional Examination

Drafter Certification Exam Components

Drafter Certification Exam Components

Dimensioning Standards and Terminology

Size vs. Location Dimensions

S = SIZE DIMENSION L = LOCATION DIMENSION

Dimensioning Standards and Terminology

Dimensioning Standards and Terminology

Dimensioning Standards and Terminology

Dimensioning Standards and Terminology

Reference the Appendix for Fits and Allowance Tables

Dimensioning Standards and Terminology

Dimensioning Standards and Terminology

Dimensioning Standards and Terminology

Dimensioning Standards and Terminology

General Drafting Terminology

EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE ALL SIDES AND ANGLES EQUAL

ISOSCELES TRIANGLE TWO SIDES AND TWO ANGLES EQUAL

ACUTE SCALENE TRIANGLE NO EQUAL SIDES OR ANGLES

OBTUSE ISOSCELES TRIANGLE

OBTUSE SCALENE TRIANGLE

RIGHT TRIANGLE ONE 90 INTERIOR ANGLE

ALL EQUAL SIDES 90 INTERNAL ANGLES

OPPOSITE SIDES EQUAL INTERNAL ANGLES 90

OPPOSITE SIDES EQUAL

TWO PARALLEL SIDES

FIVE EQUAL SIDES FIVE EQUAL ANGLES

SIX EQUAL SIDES SIX EQUAL ANGLES

SEVEN EQUAL SIDES SEVEN EQUAL ANGLES

EIGHT EQUAL SIDES EIGHT EQUAL ANGLES

General Drafting Terminology

Inch to Millimeter Conversion Multiply inches by 25.4 to convert inches to millimeters.

General Drafting Terminology

General Drafting Terminology

General Drafting Terminology

General Drafting Terminology

WIDTH HORIZONTAL PROJECTION PLANE

FRONTAL PROJECTION PLANE BOTTOM

PROFILE PROJECTION PLANE

Rules for selecting the proper front view

Lines may appear as points, foreshortened or true length.

Lines may appear as points, foreshortened, or true length.

HIDDEN LINE HAS PRECEDENCE OVER CENTERLINE

VISIBLE OBJECT LINE HAS PRECEDENCE OVER HIDDEN LINE

VISIBLE OBJECT LINE HAS PRECEDENCE OVER HIDDEN LINE

SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW

Section View Standards and Terms

Some Basic Rules

Section View Standards and Terms