A Correlative Study on the Implementation of the Automated Library System and Its Influence to the Selected General Santos

Hope Christian School Second Year B Students Batch 2012-2013

A Thesis Presented to the English Subject Teachers of General Santos Hope Christian School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Course Thesis Writing

Submitted to: Mrs. Teodora P. Allen

Submitted by: John Benedict N. Du Christine Jessa L. Haw Maria Jezebel M. Jimenez Roland Christian P. Octavio Jobercari S. Templado January 11, 2013 i

Approval Sheet
This thesis hereto entitled A Correlative Study on the Implementation of the Automated Library System and Its Influence to the Selected General Santos Hope Christian School Second Year B Students Batch 2012-2013 prepared by John Benedict N. Du Christine Jessa L. Haw, Maria Jezebel M. Jimenez, Roland Christian P. Octavio, Jobercari S. Templado; is hereby accepted.

Teodora P. Allen Adviser

Esther H. Susvilla Member-Panelist

Mary Gay E. Tan Member-Panelist

Liza T. Co Chairperson-Panelist

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Table of Contents
Title Page Approval Sheet Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgement Chapter I: The Problem and Its Setting 1.1 Background of the Study 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Hypothesis 1.4 Significance of the Study 1.5 Operational Definition of Terms 1.6 Scope and Limitation Chapter II: Review of Related Literature Chapter III: Methodology 1.1 General Procedure 1.2 Research Respondents 1.3 Locale of the Study 1.4 Statistical Treatment of Data Bibliography i ii iii iv vi 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 15 15 17 17 18 28

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ABSTRACT
The researchers aimed to correlate the number of books that the Second Year B students batch 2012-2013 of General Santos Hope Christian School borrowed, and the number of books that they borrowed last year; and to determine the reasons that affect their rate of borrowing.

The number of books borrowed by Second Year B students this year with the use of the Automated Library System and the number of books that they borrowed last year with the use of the Manual Library System were gathered. These were used to determine two sets of rankings of th students, one for First Year and another for Second Year. After which, the Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient was calculated and it was foun out that their First Year and Second Year have a fair degree of relationship.

To test the significance of the relation, the coefficient was graphed along with the relation's degree of freedom on the significance table. Then, it was discovered that the point was above the 0.1% significance level, indicating that the idea that the 0.49 coefficient an the idea that the relationship is fair is 99.9% certain

This aside, the researchers also conducted a survey concerning the leading factors responsible for the increasing and the decreasing of their borrowing of books after the implementation of the Automated Library System.

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The tally indicated that the factors were: For the increasing of borrowing of books: Because it was required in the signing of clearance Reading provides you a vast information on vocabulary and spelling. You just discovered your pleasure for reading. You enjoy reading a good book, an allows you to get caught up in the plot, and forget your problems temporarily.

For the decreasing of borrowing of books: You are too lazy to read. You would rather read on the internet. There are better things to read there than in the library ( fanfiction, wattpad, etc. ) Gadgets are better.

Therefore, the researchers are 99.9% confident that the Second Year B generally maintained their borrowing of books after the implementation of the Automated Library System at a fair degree.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study is made possible because of teamwork and with the help of the people who guided the researchers on what to do. The researchers would like to extend their gratitude to the people who helped in the conducting of this study. To start with, the researchers would like to thank the parents for the support they gave for this project. Second on the list is Mrs. Teodora P. Allen, for she guided the researchers on how the study must be conducted and how it should appear. Third, to Mrs. Vivian Derraco, for her cooperation in lending to the researchers some of the documents that were used in conducting this study. Also, to the Second Year B students who cooperated in answering the survey prepared by the researchers. Last but definitely not the least, the researchers would like to extend reverence and thanks to our Almighty Go, for He gave the researchers wisdom, protection, guidance and knowledge in conducting this study. For with the help of God, everything is possible.

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Chapter 1 The Problem and its Setting

The chapter informs the reader of the problem under study. It shows the nature of the scope and problem and its historical and theoretical background. It includes the background of the study, statement of the problem, hypotheses, significance of the study, operational definition of terms, and scope and limitation.

1.1 Background of the Study

Now, in our society all over the world technology is the most important advancement, a necessity in bringing about progress as we move along in this computerized world. These changes in effect make man? life easier and more convenient. The relationship between the library and computer is constantly changing that the use of computer contributes to the way man learns and communicates. It easy in this world to strive for changes and since library is no different from any firm and institution, considering the use of computer to perform a given task will be efficient. Librarians have the responsibility not only to know about the ways in which libraries will be managed using techniques of automation, but also to be aware of the changes that automation can bring to the library services in the near future. Thus, computer works in ways radically different from human beings and the flow of works in an automated system can differ quite considerably from that in the manual system. The automated library system is a very useful material to help the librarians in their job like minimizing their time in doing their works so it is no wonder why this year that the General Santos Hope Christian School Library has implemented this system, using barcodes and 1

scanners, which would save time and money and be more accurate compared to the manual library system. Because of the organized approach and systematic management of the information, the accessibility and retrieval in the library can be easy. However, there still lies a question: Did the number of borrowers from Second Year B students ( control group ) using the automated library system increased, decreased, or remained stable so as to compared it to the number of borrowers from Second Year B students using the manual library system? The researchers aimed to seek out the answer for this question. If resolved, the investigation would be a helpful initial step into studying a wider scope of students and into determining the specific changes after the implementation of the automated library system.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study seeks to correlate the number of Second Year B students who borrowed books using the Manual Library System and those Second Year B students who borrowed books using the Automated Library System . Specifically, it intends to answer the following questions: A. Did the number of books that the students' borrowed increase after the implementation of the Automated Library System? How does it relate with the number of books that the students' borrowed that used the Manual Library System? B. How certain is the relationship? C. What are the leading reasons behind the positive changes after the implementation of the Automated Library System: a. According to the students who borrowed more books with the use of the 2

Automated Library System? D. What are the leading reasons behind the negative changes after the implementation of the Automated Library System: a. According to the students who borrowed more books with the use of the Manual Library System?

1.3 Hypotheses Alternative: The Second Year B High School batch 2012-2013 borrowed more books with the use of the Automated Library System compared to the number of books they borrowed last year with the use of the Maunal Library System. Null: The Second Year B High School batch 2012-2013 borrowed less books with the use of the Automated Library System compared to the number of books they borrowed last year with the use of the Maunal Library System.

1.4 Significance of the Study The study is conducted to determine the consistency of the borrowing of books of Second Year B students of General Santos Hope Christian School, comparing the number of books they borrowed when they were still First Year and in their current year. If there had been any noticeable changes in the number of books that some students' borrowed last year to this year, the researchers would also want to know the particular explanations behind these. It also determines the chief factors that lead students ( specifically the Second Year B in this case ) to borrow more or less books after the changes that occurred in the school's Library System. If the gathered data will be scrutinized and analyze and a final conclusion 3

would be derived, various students and other people responsible could makes use of the study even though it is limited to the aforementione class only and benefit from it for the sake of learning information and for the enhancement on their reading skills.

1.5 Operational Definition of Terms Correlation The act of determining the relation of the two variables and the degree to which they are related and change together. Degree of Freedom A value essential in testing the significance of a relation which is determined by subtracting two from the number of individuals in the sample group. Relation A statistical term denoting how two variables ( or sets of data ) change with each other. Sample A representative selection of a population that is examined to gain statistical information about the whole. Significance The extent of degree of assurance that two sets of variables are positively related. Spearman's Rank of Correlation Coefficient A value resulting from using a certain statistical technique which utilizes rank as data to determine how variables relate to each other.

1.6 Scope and Limitation

This study is only limited in comparing the number of books by the First Year B batch 2011-2012 and Second Year B batch 2012-2013. It further studies to assess whether the number of books they borrowed increased, decreased, or remained stable after the implementation of the Automated Library System. It does not recommend any program nor plan to design a program.

Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the review of related literature and the operational definition of terms used in this research. Literatures were cited on the bases of their importance in the conduct of the study.

Library is derived from the old French term ?ibrairewhich means ?ook an organized collection of resources made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical building or room, or a virtual space, or both. usually contains periodicals, microfilms, tapes, videos, compact discs, and other materials in addition to books. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library)

System It is a set of interrelated elements that work together to accomplish specific tasks. Many systems are used in the field of technology and in business. Examples include systems for the inventory, enrollment, bookkeeping, and library system. (http://www.papercamp.com/essay/22787/Computerized-Library) 6

Library System is an enterprise resource planning system for a library, used to track items owned, orders made, bills paid, and patrons who have borrowed. an electronic device design to manipulate and used to store data and information its main purpose is to help the librarian to maintain library transactions so that nothing will affect the smooth flow of it (http://www.papercamp.com/essay/61814/Library-System)

Database A collection of data or information organized to speed up the searching activity of the users and facilitating the storage, deletion, modifications and retrieval of data. Known facts that are recorded and stored on a computer system are structured to be easily stored, manipulated, queried and retrieved by data users. (http://www.papercamp.com/essay/22787/Computerized-Library)

Card Catalog System a physical listing of all of the contents of a library, organized with a single card for each item in the library enables people to know which publications a library has and where to find them, and many contain additional information that could be assistance to scholars.
(http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-card-catalog.htm )

Bar Code System a network of hardware and software, consisting primarily of mobile computers, printers, handheld scanners, infrastructure, and supporting software. are used to automate data collection where hand recording is neither timely or cost effective. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_system)

Book A set of written, printed, or blank pages fastened along one side and encased between protective covers. (http://www.answers.com/topic/bargain-1)

Learning A change in behavior or capability as a result of experience. (PSYCHOLOGY: An Introduction to Human Behavior, Morris K. Holland)

Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient The Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient is used to discover the strength of a link between two sets of data. This method is based on the ranks of the items rather than on their actual values. The advantage of this method over the others in that it can be used even when the actual values of items are unknown. For example if you want to know the correlation between honesty and wisdom of the boys of your class, you can use this method by giving ranks to the boys. It can also be used to find the degree of agreements between the judgements of two examiners or two judges. The formula is :

Where: R = Rank correlation coefficient d = difference between the ranks of two items n = the number of Observations

Note: -1 R 1 i) When R = +1: Perfect positive correlation or complete agreement in the same

direction ii) When R = -1: Perfect negative correlation or complete agreement in the

opposite direction. iii) When R = 0: No Correlation. 9

The closer R is to +1 or -1, the stronger the likely correlation. A perfect positive correlation is +1 and a perfect negative correlation is -1. The R value of -0.73 suggests a fairly strong negative relationship.

Crude rule of thumb for interpreting correlation R (same for negative R's) : 0.00 to 0.25 (little or no reltionship) 0.25 to 0.50 (fair degree of relationship) 0.50 to 0.75 (moderate to good relationship) 0.75 to 1.00 (very good to excellent relatinship)

Computation i) Give ranks to the values of items. Generally the item with the highest value is ranked

1 and then the others are given ranks 2, 3, 4, .... according to their values in the decreasing order. ii) Find the difference D = R1 - R2 where R1 = Rank of x and R2 = Rank of y Note that S D = 0 (always) iii) Calculate D2 and then find S D2 iv) Apply the formula.

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Note: In some cases, there is a tie between two or more items. in such a case each items have ranks 4th and 5th respectively then they are given = 4.5th rank. If three items are of equal rank say 4th then they are given number of items of equal ranks, the factor is added to S D2. If there are more than one of such cases then this factor added as many times as the number of such cases, then = 5th rank each. If m be the

Example: Calculate 'R' from the following data. Student No.: Rank in Maths: Rank in Stats: 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 7 4 4 5 5 5 4 6 6 6 9 7 2 7 8 10 8 9 9 10 10 8 2

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Solution:

Student No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 N=10 Calculation of R:

Rank in Maths(R1) 1 3 7 5 4 6 2 10 9 8

Rank in Stats(R2) 3 1 4 5 6 9 7 8 10 2

R1 R2 D -2 2 3 0 -2 -3 -5 2 -1 6 SD=0

(R1 R2)2 D2 4 4 9 0 4 9 25 4 1 36 SD2=96

= 0.418 Sources: (http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/stats/chap6/s0606802.asp) (http://geographyfieldwork.com/SpearmansRank.htm) (http://www.drtimdelivers.com/BasicStats.FS.09.08.03293.shtml) 12

Testing the Significance of a Relationship

After finding out the Correlation Coefficient ( denoted as r / R / r s / R2), a further technique is now recquired to test the significance of the relationship.

The Coefficient must be looked up on the Spearman Rank significance table below as follows:

Work out the 'degrees of freedom' you need to use. This is the number of pairs in your sample minus 2 (n-2) Now plot your result on the table.

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If it is below the line marked 5%, then it is possible your result was the product of chance and you must reject the hypothesis. If it is above the 0.1% significance level, then we can be 99.9% confident the correlation has not occurred by chance. If it is above 1%, but below 0.1%, you can say you are 99% confident. If it is above 5%, but below 1%, you can say you are 95% confident (i.e. statistically there is a 5% likelihood the result occurred by chance).

(Source: http://geographyfieldwork.com/SpearmansRank.htm)

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Chapter 3 Methodology
This chapter of a research paper serve as the credibility page of the study. Here, yo are to input all the procedures that you have undertaken in doing your research for knowledge, wherein the methods of gathering data should be presented. The research methodology dissertation provides the overall degree of reliability for the paper.

3.1 General Procedure The procedure is divided into two parts. The first part presents the measures done by the researchers to find out the relation of the number of books that were borrowed by the Second Year B using the Manual Library System and the number of book that they borrowed while they were in First Year B using the Automated Library System while the second part presents the actions taken to determine the major factors that affect their borrowing of books. Part I. Note: Please see Statistical Treatment of Data for technicalities regarding computations for the Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient and the degree of significance. 1. To obtain the information regarding about the number of books that the Second Year B students borrowed, both this year and last year, the researchers approached the school librarian to whom they were allowed to borrow a folder bearing the number of books each student borrowed from First Year to Second Year. They recorded the information of the non-transferees only as the data to be used. 2. The individuals in the sample population were ranked according to, first, the books they borrowed when they were First Year, and then, the books they borrowed when they 15

were Second Year ( the highest number of books representing as rank one). This resulted to two sets of ranks, one for First Year and the other one for Second Year. 3. The two sets of ranks were subjected to a statistical technique, Spearman's Rank Correlation, through which they have found the correlation coefficient that was to be analyzed. ( See Statistical Treatment of Data for more details.) 4. The coefficient was used for further testing to determine its significance. (See Statistical Treatment of Data for more details.) Part II. Note: For details regarding the respondentsm please see Research Respondents. For details regarding the questionnaire and the tally, please see Statistical Treatment of Data.

1 . The researchers made questionnaires and distributed them among the selected respondents of the survey. 2 . The answered questionnaires were gathered. 3 . The respondent's answers were tallied.

3.2 Research Respondents The chosen respondents of the survey were the Second Year B students who underwent both First Year and Second Year high school in General Santos Hope Christian School. There were nineteen (19) respondents, each of which is represented by a specific letter. The names of the students are purposefully not stated for the sake of confidentiality.

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3.3 Locale of the Study The study was conducted solely by the researchers in General Santos Hope Christian School from January 7, 2013 until January 10, 2013.

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3.4 Statistical Treatment of Data Determining the rs and its Significance To start off, the following data were gathered: Student Number of Books Borrowed First Year A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S 10 11 10 9 10 10 10 13 8 11 12 10 10 11 10 15 7 11 10 Second Year 11 10 7 9 10 10 9 12 10 6 12 9 8 12 10 12 10 10 9

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After which, they were ranked according to the number of books they borrowed, the student having the highest number of books being rank one: Student Number of Books Borrowed First Year A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S 11.5 5 11.5 17 11.5 11.5 11.5 2 18 5 3 11.5 11.5 5 11.5 1 19 5 11.5 Second Year 5 9 18 14.5 9 9 14.5 2.5 9 19 2.5 14.5 17 2.5 9 9 14.5 9 14.5

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Using the rankings, the Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient was calculated: Student Number of Books Borrowed First Year(X) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S 11.5 5 11.5 17 11.5 11.5 11.5 2 18 5 3 11.5 11.5 5 11.5 1 19 5 11.5 Second Year (Y) 5 9 18 14.5 9 9 14.5 2.5 9 19 2.5 14.5 17 2.5 9 2.5 9 9 14.5 6.5 -4 -6.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 -3 -0.5 9 -14 0.5 -3 -5.5 2.5 2.5 -1.5 10 -4 -3 42.25 16 42.25 6.25 6.25 6.25 9 .025 81 196 0.25 9 3025 625 625 225 100 16 9 d12=584.75 d d2

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n = number of students = 19

= 1 6(584.75) 193 - 19 rs = 0.487061403 = 0.49 Thus, the Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient is 0.62. It is stated that if the coefficient is: 0.00 to 0.25 (little or no reltionship between X and Y) 0.25 to 0.50 (fair degree of relationship between X and Y) 0.50 to 0.75 (moderate to good relationship between X and Y) 0.75 to 1.00 (very good to excellent relatinship between X and Y)

Since the coefficient is positive between 0.50 and 0.75, the rankings prove to have a fair degree of relationship.

To determine the significance of the described relationship, the researchers determined the degree of freedom and proceeded to graph this along the coefficient in the dignificance table:

Degree of Freedom = n-2 = 19-2 = 17

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It is said that: If it is below the line marked 5%, then it is possible your result was the product of chance and you must reject the hypothesis. If it is above the 0.1% significance level, then we can be 99.9% confident the correlation has not occurred by chance. If it is above 1%, but below 0.1%, you can say you are 99% confident. If it is above 5%, but below 1%, you can say you are 95% confident (i.e. statistically there is a 5% likelihood the result occurred by chance). Since the point lies above 0.1% significance level, then the researchers can be 99.9% confident that the relationship is at a very fair degree. 22

The Survey The poll or questionnaire contained two questions with nine options each, the ninth one being the otherwherein the respondents can write down their own answer which was not present in the given choices.

The respondents were free to choose only three options; but if they have their own answer, they can choose four, the additional being the other

The following are the exact of the questionnaire:

** ** * * * *
1 . Assuming that you have borrowed more books this year compared to the books you borrowed from when you were in First Year after the implementation of the Automated Library System, what do you think are the leading reasons behind that positive change? a.) You just discovered your pleasure for reading. You enjoy reading a good book, an allows you to get caught up in the plot, and forget your problems temporarily. b.) It helps you improve your language skills. c.) Because it was required in the signing of clearance d.) Reading provides you a vast information on vocabulary and spelling. e.) Reading helps you understand complex topics and challenging your way of thinking, if you read things that challenge you f.) You are influenced by your peers who are bookloversto love books. g.) This year's book stocks are better compared to last year, so you have more interesting books to read. h.) You are inspired by your crush/lover. i.) Other:

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2. Assuming that you have borrowed less books this year compared to the books you borrowed from when you were in First Year after the implementation of the Automated Library System, what do you think are the leading reasons behind that negative change? a.) There are tons of schoolwork everyday that's why you couldn't find the time to borrow books anymore. b.) You are too lazy to read. c.) You already read all the interesting books you could find in the library so you couldn't find a good book to read. d.) You have problems at home. e.) You want new books. f.) You would rather read on the internet. There are better things to read there than in the library ( fanfiction, wattpad, etc. ) g.) Gadgets are better. h.) You think it makes you look nerdy i.) Other:

*** ** ***

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The answers of the respondents were tallied: Tally of Votes for Question #1 Options A B C D E F G H I Number of Votes 12 2 16 11 1 3 9 0 0 Total = 54

Options c (84.21%), a (63.16%), and d (57.89%) garnered the most number of votes. Tally of Votes for Question #2 Options A B C D E F G H I Number of Votes 10 14 0 2 3 11 11 3 0 Total = 54

Options b (73.68%), f (57.89%), and g (57.89%) garnered the most number of votes.

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Aside from tallying the answers of the sample, the researchers also tallied the answers of the students who borrowed more books when they were Second Year. (What are the leading reasons behind the positive change?) Respondents with more books borrowed A I N Q l Options for Question #1 a l l b c l l l l l d l l l l e f g h I

Options with the most votes were: c (21.05%), a (10.53%), d (10.53%), and h (10.53%).

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The researchers also tallied the answers of the students who borrowed less books when they were Second Year for the second question (What are the leading reasons behind the negative change?)

Respondents with less books borrowed B C G H J L M P R S Total

Options for Question #2 a l b l l l l l l l l l l l l 5 l l 10 0 2 2 l 5 4 2 0 l l l l l l l l l l l c d e f l l l g h I

Options with the most votes were: b (52.63%), a (26.32%), and f (26.32%).

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Web Sites http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library http://www.papercamp.com/essay/22787/Computerized-Library http://www.papercamp.com/essay/61814/Library-System http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-card-catalog.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_system http://www.answers.com/topic/bargain-1

Books PSYCHOLOGY: An Introduction to Human Behavior, Morris K. Holland

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