Report on

SIX MONTH INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

At HFCL INFOTEL Ltd.

In partial fulfillment for the award of B.Tech. in Electronics & Communication Engineering Submitted To

Department Of Electronics & Technology GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY Amritsar

Submitted by:
Karmandeep Singh Bajwa Roll no-892527

Supervised by:
Er.Sarabjeet Singh HFCL Infotel Ltd.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It was a great and challenging experience for me working with CONNECT (HFCL Infotel Ltd.) as an intern for 6 Months Industrial Training and to augment my knowledge with the help of my experienced seniors. Here, I would like to take the opportunity to thank all those people who have helped me during my training directly or indirectly. I would like to thank CONNECT (HFCL Infotel Ltd.), which has provided me global sphere to work in the company and make me feel like professional. I am thankful to my training incharges Er.Sarabjeet Singh and Er.Prashant Kumar, not only for their valuable instructions they gave, but also for solving various types of problems, faced during training. I am extremely thankful to the Head of Electronics and Technology department Dr.Sukhleen Bindra and the training head Er.Ravinder Singh Sawhney for their continuous help, support, inspiration and motivation. Finally, I thank God and my parents for the blessings throughout.

Karmandeep Singh Bajwa 892527

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TABLE OF CONTENT
S. No. Topics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Company Profile Switch Introduction to Communication System Fiber optic communication E1 DSL - DSLAM, MDF, ONU Wireless Communication Bibliography Page No. 4 13 16 20 26 32 49 57

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INTRODUCTION TO ORGANISATION:HFCL INFOTEL Ltd. (HITL.) under the National Telecom Policy 99 is the licensee for Basic Telecom services for Punjab and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. HITL has launched broadband multimedia service under the brand named:

CONNECT
CONNECT is a prestigious venture of the Himachal Futuristic Communications Limited Group. HFCL is India's leading telecom giant with a complete range of Telecom Solutions. CONNECT has world class partners to support it in this mammoth task. Our partners include HFCL International Ltd., Lucent Technologies USA, IIT Chennai, Compaq, Cisco, CGI, Bell Nexia and Cincom. Through the convergence of information, communication and entertainment, CONNECT is here to provide a world class telecom network to both the corporates and the common man of Punjab and Chandigarh.

Connect is the first step ever towards total convergence of providing voice, data and video in the state using optical fibre technology capable of true convergence by supporting Telephony, Fax, Internet and Multimedia services at one single place on one single line.

HFCL's vision is to provide cost effective futuristic telecom solutions. HFCL is focused on developing the state-of-art technologies and intellectual property to maintain a competitive leadership and a sustained long-term growth. Established in the year 1987, Himachal Futuristic Communications Ltd. has developed a vast base for indigenous telecom equipment manufacturing in India. It started with manufacturing transmission Equipment and soon expanded its product portfolio to manufacture Access Equipment, Optical Fiber Cable, Accessories and Terminal Equipment. The Group companies and Associates companies of Himachal Futuristic Communications Ltd. - HFCL Infotel Ltd., HFCL Satellite Communications Ltd. and

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Microwave Communications Ltd. which offer Basic Telephoney and Internet services, Vsat Services and Paging services respectively have also made a name for themselves. HFCL Infotel Ltd. became the first basic service provider in Punjab.

HFCL Satellite Communications Ltd. is catering to a number of channels like Aaj Tak by providing customized DSNG vans. Himachal Futuristic Communications Lts.'s Pagelink, together with Page point, is one of the leading players in field of paging services. HTL, a major telecom equipment supplier, which was recently acquired by HFCL, is not only be an extension of the manufacturing aspect of HFCL but also synergizes and value adds to the already existing product range of HFCL. HFCL Infotel Ltd. the first basic telephony services provider for Punjab launched its basic telephony services on 16th October, 2000. Today CONNECT has added a milestone to the rich economy of Punjab by providing world-class telephony and data services in the state. CONNECT is a business venture of Himachal Futuristic Communications Ltd., India's leading telecommunications giant. CONNECT is further supported by the expertise of Lucent Technologies USA, IIT Chennai, Compaq, Cisco, CGI, Bell Nexxia and Cincom. Lucent is a Fortune 40 company and the world leader in design, development and manufacture of communication systems. With an investment of over Rs.1200 Crores HFCL Infotel, has set up a state-of-the-art network in over 66 towns and cities in Punjab. The average revenue per line (ARPL) for CONNECT subscribers is already amongst the highest in the country. With a clear focus on acquiring quality subscriber through targeted roll out and by using revenue oriented marketing plans we intend to maintain this trend in the future. The wide array of innovative products and services in the data and broadband segment has further allowed the Company in maximizing its revenue drive. The service encompasses voice, data and video, via single connectivity, as also mobile telephony based on CDMA technology, to customers. CONNECT was the first operator in the country to provide a CDMA based pre-paid mobile service. Besides telephony and Internet access CONNECT services include an array of broadband, enhanced and data services like Internet Leased Lines, ISDN, VPN, Centrex, Web Hosting, DSL and server Co-location. Customized solutions specifically for corporate customers are

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devised and provisioned. Services like Video Conference, Audio Conference, Phone to mail and VMS(Video Messaging Service ) form an important part of the CONNECT portfolio. 1. A leased line is a service contract between a provider and a customer, whereby the provider agrees to deliver a symmetric telecommunications line connecting two or more locations in exchange for a monthly rent (hence the term lease). It is sometimes known as a "private circuit" or "data line" in the UK. Typically, leased lines are used by businesses to connect geographically distant offices. Unlike dial-up connections, a leased line is always active. The fee for the connection is a fixed monthly rate. The primary factors affecting the monthly fee are distance between end points and the speed of the circuit. Because the connection does not carry anybody else's communications, the carrier can assure a given level of quality. 2.Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone network. Prior to ISDN, the telephone system was viewed as a way to transport voice, with some special services available for data. The key feature of ISDN is that it integrates speech and data on the same lines, adding features that were not available in the classic telephone system. There are several kinds of access interfaces to ISDN defined as Basic Rate Interface (BRI), Primary Rate Interface (PRI), Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN), and Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN). ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system, which also provides access to packet switched networks, designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in potentially better voice quality than an analog phone can provide. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, Reliance Communications and Bharti Airtel are the largest communication service providers, and offer both ISDN BRI and PRI services across the country. 3. A virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across public networks like the Internet. It enables a host computer to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if they were an integral part of the private network with all the functionality, security and management policies of the private network. This is done by establishing a virtual point-to-point connection through the use of dedicated connections, encryption, or a combination of the two. The VPN connection across the Internet is technically a wide area network (WAN) link between the sites. From a user perspective, the extended network resources are accessed in the same way as resources available from the private networkhence the name "virtual private network".

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4. A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to make their website accessible via the World Wide Web. Web hosts are companies that provide space on a server owned or leased for use by clients, as well as providing Internet connectivity, typically in a data center.

5. Centrex A Centrex is a virtual telephone exchange and a more cost effective alternative to an EPABX or Key Telephone System (KTS). When you go in for a Centrex solution, you get telephone lines that can be used as both direct lines - for calls outside your office, as well as extension numbers - for calls within your office. With Centrex your virtual exchange resides in the central exchange of Connect. This intercom dialing can be in the same building, across different locations in the same city or across different cities of Punjab.

Exclusive world-class showrooms to provide high quality customer care to CONNECT subscribers at an exclusive one-stop shop have been set up to fulfill total communication needs of the subscribers. It provides a single window opportunity to address all customer queries, besides serving as an outlet for sale of all CONNECT products. These aesthetically beautiful outlets allow CONNECT subscribers to subscribe to any of CONNECT services while experiencing a demo of exclusive CONNECT services like Phone to mail, Audio Conference Bridge, Video Conference, DSL etc. At the Connect World, a customer can subscribe to a telephone connection, buy Phone cards, CDMA mobile handsets, and Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) and Internet products. One can also make bill payments, register a complaint and seek information on any of the company's products or services. Specially trained executives attend to the customer needs and ensure that they are met with speed and efficiency. An agreement has been signed between the Government of Punjab and HFCL Infotel Ltd. wherein CONNECT will provide free data connectivity for the government's egovernance & citizen services projects. This connectivity will facilitate communication between state headquarters, district headquarters, sub-divisions and blocks. The eGovernance project will help the government in improving revenue collection, delivery of citizen services, increase government accountability and transparency thereby
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increasing citizen trust in government besides providing effective MIS for government decisions. This will effectively involve stakeholders, including NGOs, business, and interested citizen in new ways of meeting public challenges. HFCL Infotel Ltd. Formerly known as Essar Commvision Limited is Basic Telecom Services License holder for Punjab Circle. The License was originally granted to Essar Group.HFCL took over the License from Essar w.e.f. 1/1/2000 and renamed the company as HFCL Infotel Ltd. Indeed with a future-proof network, that connects every town and village in Punjab, along with an emphasis on service excellence and quality. List of all mobile network operators having their base in Punjab circle or area:Currently Aircel, Airtel, Bsnl, Etisalat, Hfcl, Idea, Loop Mobile, Mts, Reliance, Spice, Tata Docomo, Tata Indicom, Uninor, Videocon Telecom, Vodafone, operates in Punjab circle

WORKING AT CONNECT
The Telecom scenario in our country has become a highly dynamic and competitive environment. Further, the expectation of the customer have also changed totally that the service providers are required to maintain a high level of consistency, while the customer have a wide choice to choose from. Hence it has become imperative for the employees of a telecom company like ours to focus on the people, with a strong emphasis on their competencies, growth opportunities and a conducive environment those facilities an open door culture. Considerable emphasis is laid on nurturing the people to develop into potential leaders and spearhead the growth and development of the organization. Regular training programmers are conducted encompassing different function and levels of people in the organization to enable the people to manage the emerging technologies and retain our competitive edge. HFCL infotel is conscious of its social obligation and is providing direct and indirect employment opportunities by setting up a robust world-class infrastructure in the state of Punjab and the union territory of Chandigarh.
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To maintain the above core practices, concerted efforts have been made by the HR function: To develop a sense of belonging To create a team spirit To foster a vibrant and simulating culture where individual talent can flourish. Achieve highest levels of productivity and excellence in all our operations. Help individuals in self-development & growth through organization & individual development. To promote group corporate values amongst all employees

HFCL group profile

HFCLs vision is to provide cost effective futuristic telecom solutions. HFCL is focused on developing the state-of-art technologies and intellectual long-term growth. Establish in year 1987, himachal futuristic communications Ltd has developed a vast base for indigenous telecom equipment manufacturing in India. It started with manufacturing transmission equipment and soon expanded its product portfolio to manufacture Access equipment, optical Fiber cable, Accessories and terminal equipment. The group companies and associates companies of Himachal futuristic comm. Ltd. HFCL infotel Ltd., HFCL satellite comm. Ltd and Microwave comm. Ltd. Which offers basic Telephony and internet services, V-sat services and paging services respectively have also made a name for themselves? HFCL infotel Ltd. Became the first basic service provider in Punjab HFCL satellite comm. Ltd.is catering to a number of channels like Aaj Tak by providing customized DSNG vans. HFCL LYD.s pagelink, together with page point, is one of the leading players in field of paging services. HTL, major telecom equipment supplier, which was recently acquired by HFCL, is not only being an extension of the manufacturing aspect of HFCL but also synergies and value ads to the already existing product range of HFCL.

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WHAT ALL CONNECT HAS FOR ITS CUSTOMERS? CONNECT-The BROADBAND Advantage
CONNECT provides optical fiber technology in Punjab and Chandigarh. Unlike conventional technologies, optical fiber supports Broadband Applications, which give you the advantage of using a single line for all your communication needs. Optical fiber technology allows the integration of voice, data and video on a single line, therefore giving you the advantage of richer and faster information access. THE TECHNOLOGY Welcome to a whole new world where the futuristic telecom network delivers a wide range of voice, data and video services, at high speeds. A company spearheading Punjab's telecom revolution, offers you the entire spectrum of telecom solutions such as Landline Telephony, Mobile Phone Service, PCO's, Centrex, DSL, Intelligent network Services, ISDN, Leased Lines, Internet Leased Lines and much more. With technological know how from the globally acknowledged leaders like Lucent technologies (USA), Compaq, Cisco, Bell Nexxia, Suntec and IIT Chennai. CONNECT's Broad band fibre network is enabled for interactive multi media services, and capable of high quality content, high speed Internet access and a large number of interactive applications including B2B and B2C e-commerce. CONNECT has also provisioned fiber connectivity to the larger Corporate houses and Industrial areas. CONNECT provides an uninterrupted service with large Centrally administered state of the art digital switches, optical fibre backbone and backhaul and installation practices to ensure high quality voice and data call. CONNECT has completed constructing both Wire line (WLN) and Wireless (WLL) access networks in major cities and towns of Punjab by using technologies such as: CDMACorDECTused for limited mobility, supports voice only supports data, voice, multimedia services

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CONNECT is further supported by the expertise of:

Lucent Technologies, USA (CDMA switch, High end platform) IIT Chennai (CorDECT technology) COMPAQ (PC hardware/high end server) CISCO (networking partner) CGI & BELL Nexia (advisory services) CINCOM (Spectra)

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DEPARTMENTS

SWITCHING TECHNICAL

CUSTOMER CARE

OMC

N/W TRANSMISSION

IT PROVISIONING

ACCOUNTING

LEGAL & SECURITY

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SWITCH
CONNECT has two switches: LUCENT & HUAWEI. These switches correspond to American & Chinese technology. All cities in Punjab are connected through these switches. These two switches are in two major cities JALANDHAR AND MOHALI. The remaining cities are divided into Long Distance charging area (LDCA) and Short Distance charging area (SDCA) based upon charging. Detailed description of switch and its LDCAs and SDCAs is given below: Total switches in HFCL: MOHALI: JALANDHAR: LUCENT WIRELINE and HUAWEI WIRELINE LUCENT WIRELINE, HUAWEI WIRELINE and HUAWEI WIRELESS.

Total LDCA in Punjab: There are total of eleven LDCA in Punjab. They are further parented into JALANDHAR and MOHALI switches. Six LDCAs are corresponding to jalandhar switch and remaining five is parented to mohali switch.

Areas served through Jalandhar Switch are: Jalandhar Amritsar Bathinda Hoshiarpur Pathankot

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Ferozepur

Areas served through Mohali switch: Mohali Ropar Patiala Sangrur Ludhiana

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SWITCHING
Main function of an exchange is to process calls from calling subscribers and make the connection to the called subscriber. The connection can be direct or via another exchange. As exchange handles thousands of calls at the same time, switch has to handle complex relations between the Hardware and Software. Now the question is arising WHAT IS SWITCH? SWITCH: In the Field of Telecommunications, Telephone Switch is a system of electronics component that connects Telephone Calls. The Communication between Two switches is called Signaling. TYPES OF SWITCH: 1) Wire line Switch: A Wire line Switch is one that which only supports Wire line Subscribers. 2) Wireless Switch: A Wireless Switch is one that only supports Wireless Subscribers. HFCL Infotel has Total 5 Switches...Four Switches are Wire line & One Switch is Wireless. The Wireless Switch is physically situated in Jalandhar but is operated from Mohali. Details of Switches are as below:1) Lucent 5ESS Mohali 2) Lucent 5ESS Jalandhar 3) Huawei CC08 Mohali 4) Huawei CC08 Jalandhar 5) Huawei M800 Jalandhar Wire line Wire line Wire line Wire line Wireless

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INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Communication, the process of conveying information, and messages from one place to another. Communication requires a source of information, a transmitter, a receiver, a destination, and some form of transmission medium (connected path) between the transmitter and receiver. Telephone systems were originally developed for conveying human speech information (voice), they are now also used extensively to transport data. This is accomplished using modems that operate within same frequency band as human voice. Anyone who uses a telephone or a data modem on a telephone circuit is a part of a global communications network called the public telephone network (PTN). Because PTN interconnects subscribers through one or more switches, it is sometimes called public switched telephone network. The telephone network has also provided the electronic network for new computerbased systems like the Internet (a worldwide interconnection of computers and computer networks), facsimile transmissions (copies sent electronically by fax machines through telephone lines), and the World Wide Web (library of resources stored on computers and accessed through the Internet). The telephone network itself now relies extensively on computer-based switches and exchanges that have made all kinds of new telephone-related services possible, such as call waiting, call forwarding, call return, voice-mail services, and caller ID.

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Figure above shows a simplified block diagram of an electronic communication system that includes a transmitter, a transmission medium, a receiver, and system noise. A transmitter is a collection of one or more electronic devices or circuits that converts the original source information to a form more suitable for transmission over a particular transmission medium. The transmission medium or communications channel provides a means of transporting signals between a transmitter and a receiver and can be as simple as a pair of copper wires or as complex as sophisticated microwave, satellite, or optical fiber communication systems. System noise is any unwanted electrical signals that interfere with the information signal. A receiver is a collection of electronic devices and circuits that accept the transmitted signals from the transmission medium and then converts those signals back to their original form.

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How Communication Occurs: The telephone network starts in your house. A pair of copper wires runs from a DP(Distribution panel) to a box (often called an entrance bridge) at your house. The wires from these DPs runs along the road as thick cable packed with 100 or more copper pairs. Depending on where you are located, this thick cable will run directly to the phone company's switch in your area or to the nodes. These copper wires terminate at the MDF (main distribution frame) and then enter the concentrator. The concentrator digitizes your voice at a sample rate of 8,000 samples per second and 8-bit resolution. It then combines your voice with dozens of others and sends them all down a single wire (usually a coax cable or a fiber-optic cable) to the phone company office. Either way, your line connects into a line card at the switch so you can hear the dial tone when you pick up your phone. If you are calling someone connected to the same office, then the switch simply creates a loop between your phone and the phone of the person you called. If it's a long-distance call, then your voice is digitized and combined with millions of other voices on the long-distance network. Your voice normally travels over a fiberoptic line to the office of the receiving party, but it may also be transmitted by satellite or by microwave towers. Similarly if you are using mobile phone, your mobile after every fixed interval of time sends hello packets in to the service provider or companys antenna which is nearer to you same as that in case of computers in a network. When you wish to call someone, your phone sent your message in form of radio waves to antenna. From that antenna the signal is converted into electrical form and enters in the ONU (Optical Network Unit), which converts this message into light form and transmit it through fiber cable to the switch room which the interconnect you to the person whom you are calling. The copper cables used from DPs to exchange can be 5 pair, 10 pair, 20 pair, 50 pair, 100 pair, and 500 pair cable. As per our requirement we choose the appropriate one and it depends on the number of subscriber in that area.

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But for exchange-to-exchange i.e. for large distance communication we cant use these cables because it provides very low quality signal at other end. This is due to very high losses associated with it, which distorts or damages the signal quality. So for long distance communication we prefer optical fiber cables. These cables provide backbone to exchange. These cables are bit costly, but they provide us with high quality signal transmission medium.

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FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION

INTRODUCTION Fiber Optics, a branch of optics dealing with the transmission of light through hair-thin, transparent fibers. Light signals that enter at one end of a fiber travel through the fiber with very low loss of light, even if the fiber is curved. A basic fiber-optic system consists of a transmitting device (which generates the light signal), an optical-fiber cable (which carries the light), and a receiver (which accepts the transmitted light signal and converts it to an electrical signal). Use of fiber optics in communications is growing. Fiber-optic communications systems have key advantages over older types of communication. They offer vastly increased bandwidths, allowing tremendous amounts of information to be carried quickly from place to place. They also allow signals to travel for long distances without repeaters, which are needed to compensate for reductions in signal strength. Fiber-optic repeaters are currently about 100 km (about 62 mi) apart, compared to about 1.5 km (about 1 mi) for electrical systems. Many long-distance fiber-optic communications networks for both transcontinental connections and undersea fiber cables for international connections are in operation. Companies such as HFCL, Reliance Infocom, and Tata Indicom have virtually replaced their long-distance copper lines with optical-fiber cables. Local telephone service providers use fiber-optic cables between central office switches and sometimes extend it into neighborhoods and even individual homes. Cable television companies transmit high-bandwidth TV signals to subscribers via fiber-optic cable.

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Local area networks (LANs) are another growing application for fiber optics. Unlike long-distance communications, LANs connect many local computers to shared equipment such as printers and servers. LANs readily expand to accommodate additional equipment and users. Private companies also use fiber optics and its inherent security to send and receive data. Such firms and institutions as Railways, banks, and universities transfer computer and monetary information between buildings and around the world via optical fibers. Lucent Technologies like ALCATL- LUCENT provides us fiber optics with speed of 15 Terabits per second with bandwidth distance product of 500MHz Km.while that for Copper is 1Gbits/sec. One of the fastest growing fiber-optic markets is transmitting information for so-called intelligent transportation systems: smart highways and streets with traffic lights that respond to changing traffic patterns, automated toll booths, and changeable message signs that give motorists information about delays and emergencies. FIBER OPTIC DATALINK Consider the simple fiber optic data link for the premises environment. This is the basic building block for a fiber optic based network. A model of this simple link is shown in Figure below.

Figure: Model of "simple" fiber optic data link

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The illustration indicates the Source-User pair, Transmitter and Receiver. It also clearly shows the fiber optic cable constituting the Transmission Medium as well as the connectors that provide the interface of the Transmitter to the Transmission Medium and the Transmission Medium to the Receiver. A type of fiber known as single mode fiber is used for longer distances; multimode fiber is used for shorter distances.

25 Pair # First wire Second wire 1 2 3 4 5 White Blue Orange Green Brown Slate

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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Violet Yellow Black Red

Blue Orange Green Brown Slate Blue Orange Green Brown Slate Blue Orange Green Brown Slate Blue Orange Green Brown Slate

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Advantages Capacity Optical fibers carry signals with much less energy loss than copper cable and with a much higher bandwidth. This means that fibers can carry more channels of information over longer distances and with fewer repeaters required.

Size and Weight Optical fiber cables are much lighter and thinner than copper cables with the same bandwidth. This means that much less space is required in underground cabling ducts. Also they are easier for installation engineers to handle.

Security Optical fibers are much more difficult to tap information from undetected; a great advantage for banks and security installations. They are immune to Electromagnetic interference from radio signals, car ignition systems, lightning etc. They can be routed safely through explosive or flammable atmospheres, for example, in the petrochemical industries or munitions sites, without any risk of ignition. Running Costs The main consideration in choosing fiber when installing domestic cable TV networks is the electric bill. Although copper coaxial cable can handle the bandwidth requirement over the short distances of a housing scheme, a copper system consumes far more electrical power than fiber, simply to carry the signals.

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Disadvantages Price In spite of the fact that the raw material for making optical fibers, sand, is abundant and cheap, optical fibers are still more expensive per meter than copper. Having said this, one fiber can carry many more signals than a single copper cable and the large transmission distances mean that fewer expensive repeaters are required. Special Skills Optical fibers cannot be joined (spliced) together as a easily as copper cable and requires additional training of personnel and expensive precision splicing and measurement equipment.

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E1
INTRODUCTION The aim of communications systems has been to get more and more information transmitted on a single cable. This involves gathering a number of sources together, transmitting them together and then separating them and passing them to the individual receivers. One of the methods used is Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). Here a set of telephone channels are modulated with different carrier frequencies to shift the signals into a different frequency range. In this analogue system each channel is separated by frequency. With ever increasing demands for higher transmission rates with better quality and at lower costs other systems were developed. In the 1960s, digital systems started to appear. Here the telephone channels are separated by time using the method known as Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). Towards the end of the 1980s, Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) was introduced. This created networks that can easily be adapted to meet the ever-growing demand for bandwidth hungry applications and services. 2Mbit/s (E1) PCM system is the building block for modern digital communication systems. PCM COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS The plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) has two primary communication systems as its foundation. These are the T1 system based on 1544kbit/s that is recommended by ANSI and the E1 system based on 2048kbit/s that is recommended by ITU-T. The T1 system is used mainly in the USA, Canada and Japan. European and certain nonEuropean countries use the E1 system.

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Table: Characteristics of the E1 and T1 communication systems

PCM SIGNAL

The analogue signal (speech) from the telephone is first converted to a Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) signal using a process called sampling. Then using quantization and encoding this sampled analogue (PAM) signal is converted to a digital PCM Signal.

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Sampling Sampling is the periodical measurement of the value of the analogue signal. A sampled signal contains all the information if the sampling frequency is at least twice the highest frequency of the signal to be sampled, Shannons sampling theorem. As the analogue signals in telephony are band-limited from 300 to 3400Hz, a sampling frequency of 8000Hz, one sample every 125sec, is sufficient.

Figure: Time and frequency domain of the analogue and PAM signals

Quantisation and Encoding

In the E1 system, the PAM signals are quantized using a 13-segment compression characteristic known as the A-law which is governed by the following expression: y = (1 + In Ax)/(1 + In A) where A = 87.6 x = normalized compressor input voltage

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y = normalized compressor output voltage This characteristic is made up of 7 different size segments for the positive and negative halves, with two segments around the zero point forming a single straight line segment. Each segment is divided into linear steps with the segments about the zero point having 32 steps and the rest having 16 steps. This results in a non-linear quantization of the sampled signal, which has a useful effect on the signal-to-quantizing noise (S/Q) ratio.

Most of information in the human voice is at the low amplitudes and the segment about the zero point covers one sixty-fourth of the amplitude range and is divided into 32 steps. Whereas the top half of the input signals dynamic range is covered by the last 16 step segment of the characteristic. With 128 steps for the positive and negative signal amplitudes a total of 256 steps requires 8 bits. The most significant bit is the sign bit and is set to 1 for the positive amplitudes. The next 3 bits are used for the segments with the last 4 bits for the 16 steps in each segment. It can be seen that the S/Q ratio improves linearly over the first linear segment of the compression characteristic, and then flattens off at a value of 37 to 38dB, which remains practically constant over the remaining dynamic range. In practice this means that there is a constant S/Q ratio over the normal amplitude range for speech signals from around 33dBm0 to -5dBm0, resulting in good intelligibility of the speech signals transmitted in this way.

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Figure: Segment compression characteristic to ITU-T Recommendation

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Broadband The copper wires have lots of room for carrying more than our phone conversations -they are capable of handling a much greater bandwidth, or range of frequencies, than that demanded for voice. DSL exploits this "extra capacity" to carry information on the wire without disturbing the line's ability to carry conversations. The entire plan is based on matching particular frequencies to specific tasks. To understand DSL, we first need to know a couple of things about a normal telephone line -- the kind that telephone professionals call POTS, for Plain Old Telephone Service. One of the ways that POTS makes the most of the telephone company's wires and equipment is by limiting the frequencies that the switches, telephones and other equipment will carry. Human voices, speaking in normal conversational tones, can be carried in a frequency range of 0 to 3,400 Hertz. This range of frequencies is tiny. For example, compare this to the range of most stereo speakers, which cover from roughly 20 Hertz to 20,000 Hertz. And the wires themselves have the potential to handle frequencies up to several million Hertz in most cases. The use of such a small portion of the wire's total bandwidth is historical -- remember that the telephone system has been in place, using a pair of copper wires to each home, for about a century. By limiting the frequencies carried over the lines, the telephone system can pack lots of wires into a very small space without worrying about interference between lines. Modern equipment that sends digital rather than analog data can safely use much more of the telephone line's capacity. DSL does just that. Most homes and small business users are connected to an asymmetric DSL (ADSL) line. ADSL divides up the available frequencies in a line on the assumption that most Internet users look at, or download, much more information than they send, or upload. Under this assumption, if the connection speed from the Internet to the user is three to four times faster than the connection from the user back to the Internet, then the user will see the most benefit (most of the time).

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DSL (DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE)

INTRODUCTION DSL technology is a new platform for delivering broadband services to homes and small businesses. DSL can support a wide variety of high-bandwidth applications, such as high-speed Internet access, telecommuting, virtual private networking, and streaming multimedia content. In the past, these services were either not possible to support or were ineffectively supported by conventional, dial-up, data-delivery technologies. DSL can transmit more than 8 Mbps to a subscriberenough to provide Internet access, video on demand (VOD), and local-area network (LAN) access. This increases the existing access capacity by more than fifty fold, enabling the transformation of the existing public network. No longer is this network limited to voice, text, and lowresolution graphics. It promises to be nothing less than a ubiquitous system that can provide multimedia (including full-motion video) around the globe.

To enable this technology, service providers must have a DSLAM located in their networks to interact with the customer premises equipment (CPE) at the end-user location.

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When we connect to the Internet, we connect through a regular modem, through a local area network connection in our office, through a cable modem or through a digital subscriber line (DSL) connection. DSL is a very high-speed connection that uses the same wires as a regular telephone line. Advantages of DSL

We can leave your Internet connection open and still use the phone line for voice calls. The speed is much higher than a regular modem (1.5 Mbps vs. 56 Kbps) DSL doesn't necessarily require new wiring; it can use the phone line you already have. The company that offers DSL will usually provide the modem as part of the installation. Disadvantages of DSL:

A DSL connection works better when we are closer to the provider's central office. The connection is faster for receiving data than it is for sending data over the Internet. The service is not available everywhere. DSL Equipments DSLAM A digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) delivers exceptionally highspeed data transmission over existing copper telephone lines. A DSLAM separates the voice-frequency signals from the high-speed data traffic and controls and routes digital subscriber line (xDSL) traffic between the subscriber's end-user equipment (router, modem, or network interface card [NIC]) and the network service provider's network.

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The DSLAM at the access provider is the equipment that really allows DSL to happen. A DSLAM takes connections from many customers and aggregates them onto a single, high-capacity connection to the Internet. DSLAMs are generally flexible and able to support multiple types of DSL in a single central office, and different varieties of protocol and modulation, for example -- in the same type of DSL. In addition, the DSLAM may provide additional functions including routing or dynamic IP address assignment for the customers. The DSLAM provides one of the main differences between user service through ADSL and through cable modems. Because cable-modem users generally share a network loop that runs through a neighborhood, adding users means lowering performance in many instances. ADSL provides a dedicated connection from each user back to the DSLAM, meaning that users won't see a performance decrease as new users are added -- until the total number of users begins to saturate the single, highspeed connection to the Internet. At that point, an upgrade by the service provider can provide additional performance for all the users connected to the DSLAM. The various technologies of DSLAM in connect are: ATM DSLAM Huawei 5303 Huawei 5603 Huawei 5616 ALCATL MINI ALCATL UT MINI UT STARCOM

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ADSL ADSL uses two pieces of equipment, one on the customer end and one at the Internet service provider, Telephone Company or other provider of DSL services. At the customer's location there is a DSL transceiver, which may also provide other services. The DSL service provider has a DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) to receive customer connections.

DSL Transceiver

Most residential customers call their DSL transceiver a "DSL modem." The engineers at the Telephone Company or ISP call it an ATU-R. Regardless of what it's called, it's the point where data from the user's computer or network is connected to the DSL line. The transceiver can connect to a customer's equipment in several ways, though most residential installation uses USB or 10 base-T Ethernet connections. While most of the ADSL transceivers sold by ISPs and telephone companies are simply transceivers, the devices used by businesses may combine network routers, network switches or other networking equipment in the same platform.

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This figure shows a simplified ADSL communication system that consists of a digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM), local distribution lines that start from a main distribution frame (MDF) wire cabinet that brings the connection to the digital subscriber line (DSL) modem at the customer's location. Modems in the DSLAM convert the digital signals from the Internet to high frequency signals that travel down the telephone line to the DSL modem. The DSL modem converts the RF signals back to its original digital form so it can be provided to the customer's computer. Most DSL technologies (such as ADSL shown in this example) transmit the data information on frequencies about the audio channel. This allows for the simultaneous transmission of analog and data signals on the same telephone line. The highest frequencies are used transmission from the DSLAM to the DSL modem and frequencies just above the audio band are used to transmit from the data from the customer to the DSLAM. Typical DSL technology allows up to 6 Mbps to be transmitted to the customer and up to 640 kbps can be received from the customer.

The modem located at the subscribers premises is called an ADSL transceiver unit-remote (ATU-R), and the modem at the central office is called an ADSL transceiver unit-central office (ATU-C). The ATU-Cs take the form of circuit cards mounted in the digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM). A residential or business subscriber
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connects their PC and modem to a RJ-11 telephone outlet on the wall. The existing house wiring usually carries the ADSL signal to the NID located on the customers premises Physical connectivity

At the central office, a main distribution frame collects the cables from many subscribers and uses a splitter to distribute the data traffic to a DSLAM and routes the regular telephone traffic over an E1/T1 connection to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The DSLAM mixes DSL services from different subscribers into ATM virtual circuits. Often, a DSLAM concentrator is used in cases where an ILEC or CLEC has many DSLAMs distributed over a large geographic area. The DSLAM contains ATU-Cs where ADSL signals are multiplexed onto a high-speed interface connected to an ATM network. This ATM network provides access to the internet through internet service providers (ISPs). The DSL provider bundles the traffic destined for a given ISP and sends it over an E3/T3 or an STM-1/OC-3c connection. A broadband remote access server (BRAS) terminates the subscribers IP session and directs it to the Internet backbone

MDF
In telephony, a main distribution frame (MDF or main frame) is a signal distribution frame for connecting equipment (inside plant) to cables and subscriber carrier equipment (outside plant). The MDF is a termination point within the local telephone exchange where exchange equipment and terminations of local loops are connected by jumper wires at the MDF. All cable copper pairs supplying services through user telephone lines are terminated at the MDF and distributed through the MDF to equipment within the local exchange e.g. repeaters and DSLAM. Cables to intermediate distribution frames terminate at the MDF. Trunk cables may terminate on the same MDF or on a separate trunk main distribution frame (TMDF).
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Like other distribution frames the MDF provides flexibility in assigning facilities, at lower cost and higher capacity than a patch panel. The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from both sides. On one side, termination blocks are arranged horizontally at the front of rack shelves. Jumpers lie on the shelves and go through a steel hoop to run vertically to other termination blocks that are arranged vertically. There is a hoop or ring at the intersection of each level and each vertical. Installing a jumper requires two workers, one on each side. The shelves are shallow enough to allow the rings to be within arm's reach, but the workers prefer to hang the jumper on a hook on a pole so their partner can pull it through the ring. A fanning strip at the back of the termination block prevents the wires from covering each others' terminals. With disciplined administration the MDF can hold over a hundred thousand jumpers, changing dozens of them every day, for decades without tangling.

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ONU
An optical network unit (ONU) is a device that transforms incoming optical signals into electronics at a customer's premises in order to provide telecommunications services over an optical fiber network. Dial tones come from onu to port pair, then to voice port, then to link port, then to customer

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There are certain cards in ONU: 1. TSS- indication of card failed 2. RSP-If light glows ONU is up 3. DSL-for Isdn line 4. ASL-phone conn 5. ASU-it is media to give E1s

Voice & Data

Precisely how much benefit you see will greatly depend on how far you are from the central office of the company providing the ADSL service. ADSL is a distancesensitive technology: As the connection's length increases, the signal quality decreases and the connection speed goes down. The limit for ADSL service is 18,000

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feet (5,460 meters), though for speed and quality of service reasons many ADSL providers place a lower limit on the distances for the service. At the extremes of the distance limits, ADSL customers may see speeds far below the promised maximums, while customers nearer the central office have faster connections and may see extremely high speeds in the future. ADSL technology can provide maximum downstream (Internet to customer) speeds of up to 8 megabits per second (Mbps) at a distance of about 6,000 feet (1,820 meters), and upstream speeds of up to 640 kilobits per second (Kbps). In practice, the best speeds widely offered today are 1.5 Mbps downstream, with upstream speeds varying between 64 and 640 Kbps. We might wonder, if distance is a limitation for DSL, why it's not also a limitation for voice telephone calls. The answer lies in small amplifiers called loading coils that the telephone company uses to boost voice signals. Unfortunately, these loading coils are incompatible with ADSL signals, so a voice coil in the loop between our telephone and the telephone company's central office will disqualify you from receiving ADSL.

Network management system The network management system (NMS) acts as the control center for the ADSL system. The NMS is used to analyze the networks quality and performance, based on system parameters such as minimum and maximum bit rates. When a new line is commissioned, the NMS is used to set end user configurations, which include bit rate settings, which limit throughput. For example, if the end user is paying for a 1 Mbps service, the NMS is set to a maximum bit rate of1Mbps. Likewise, if another end user is paying for a 3 Mbps, the NMS bit rate is set accordingly. The NMS is also used to control system settings, such as interleaved bit rates, noise margins and power settings that affect service quality.`
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(WEBOXYGEN)SOFTWARE USED TO RETRIEVE CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS

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DSL Services, Their Applications, and Market Segments The three main DSL service typesasymmetric DSL (ADSL), symmetrical DSL (SDSL), and integrated services digital network (ISDN) DSL (IDSL)each enable different applications and serve differentiated markets. ADSL fulfills the needs of the mass market of residential users, as its asymmetry is ideal for using the World Wide Web (WWW). Full-rate ADSL provides roughly 8 Mbps downstream and 0.64 Mbps upstream, while light versions will provide roughly 1.5 Mbps and 0.5 Mbps. As a result of its mass-market appeal and its ability to counter the cablemodem threat, ADSL is expected to take the largest share of the three DSL varieties.

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While ADSL is likely to be the most attractive option for casual Internet users, SDSL is the most popular with businesses and teleworkers. SDSL meets the requirements of these segments, because symmetric bandwidth up to 1.5 Mbps mimics LAN connectivity. This enables workers to send and receive large files from corporate servers with high speed in both directions. As the business and teleworker segments are predicted to be early adopters of DSL services, SDSL is an important offering. SDSL is also generating significant interest in the telco industry because symmetry provides an advantage over cable modems. Because SDSL serves the less pricesensitive and more service-conscious business segment, it is priced higher than ADSL. IDSL serves a unique market segment as a result of its greater reach. Typical IDSL speeds are 128 or 144 kbps, symmetric, and the technology is ideal for any customers too far from the central office (CO) for ADSL or SDSL, as well as any customers wanting to preserve their existing ISDN CPE.

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WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) CDMA is a wireless communications technology that uses the principle of spread spectrum communication. The intent of CDMA technology is to provide increased bandwidth in a limited frequency system, but has also other advantages including extended range and more secure communications. In a CDMA system, a narrowband message signal is multiplied by a spreading signal, which is a pseudo-noise code sequence that has a rate much greater than the data rate of the message. CDMA uses these code sequences as a means of distinguishing between individual conversations. All users in the CDMA system use the same carrier frequency and may transmit simultaneously.

The GSM Network GSM provides recommendations, not requirements. The GSM specifications define the functions and interface requirements in detail but do not address the hardware. The reason for this is to limit the designers as little as possible but still to make it possible for the operators to buy equipment from different suppliers. The GSM network is divided into three major systems: the switching system (SS), the base station system (BSS), and the operation and support system (OSS). The basic GSM network elements are shown in Figure .

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The Switching System

The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and subscriberrelated functions. The switching system includes the following functional units: Home location register (HLR)The HLR is a database used for storage and management of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important database, as

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it stores permanent data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location information, and activity status. When an individual buys a subscription from one of the PCS operators, he or she is registered in the HLR of that operator. Mobile services switching center (MSC)The MSC performs the telephony switching functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems. It also performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel signaling, and others. Visitor location register (VLR)The VLR is a database that contains temporary information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time. Authentication center (AUC)A unit called the AUC provides authentication and encryption parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call. The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud found in today's cellular world. Equipment identity register (EIR)The EIR is a database that contains information about the identity of mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective mobile stations .The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-alone nodes or as a combined AUC/EIR node. The Base Station System (BSS) All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of base station controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs). BSCThe BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. A number of BSCs are served by an MSC.

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BTSThe BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service each cell in the network. A group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC. The Operation and Support System The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the switching system and to the BSC. The implementation of OMC is called the operation and support system (OSS). The OSS is the functional entity from which the network operator monitors and controls the system. The purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective support for centralized, regional, and local operational and maintenance activities that are required for a GSM network. An important function of OSS is to provide a network overview and support the maintenance activities of different operation and maintenance organizations. Additional Functional Elements Other functional elements shown in Figure are as follows: message center (MXE)The MXE is a node that provides integrated voice, fax, and data messaging. Specifically, the MXE handles short message service, cell broadcast, voice mail, fax mail, email, and notification. mobile service node (MSN)The MSN is the node that handles the mobile intelligent network (IN) services. gateway mobile services switching center (GMSC)A gateway is a node used to interconnect two networks. The gateway is often implemented in an MSC. The MSC is then referred to as the GMSC. GSM interworking unit (GIWU)The GIWU consists of both hardware and software that provides an interface to various networks for data communications. Through the GIWU, users can alternate between speech and data during the same call. The GIWU hardware equipment is physically located at the MSC/VLR.

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Specifications and Characteristics for GSM. frequency bandThe frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz (mobile station to base station). duplex distanceThe duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distance is the distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart. channel separationThe separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this is 200 kHz. modulationModulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK). transmission rateGSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps. access methodGSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept. TDMA is a technique in which several different calls may share the same carrier. Each call is assigned a particular time slot. speech coderGSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract. The signal passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded at 13 kbps.

GSM Subscriber Services There are two basic types of services offered through GSM: telephony (also referred to as teleservices) and data (also referred to as bearer services). Telephony services are mainly voice services that provide subscribers with the complete capability (including necessary terminal equipment) to communicate with other subscribers. Data services

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provide the capacity necessary to transmit appropriate data signals between two access points creating an interface to the network. In addition to normal telephony and emergency calling, the following subscriber services are supported by GSM: dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF)DTMF is a tone signaling scheme often used for various control purposes via the telephone network, such as remote control of an answering machine. GSM supports full-originating DTMF. facsimile group IIIGSM supports CCITT Group 3 facsimile. As standard fax machines are designed to be connected to a telephone using analog signals, a special fax converter connected to the exchange is used in the GSM system. This enables a GSMconnected fax to communicate with any analog fax in the network. short message servicesA convenient facility of the GSM network is the short message service. A message consisting of a maximum of 160 alphanumeric characters can be sent to or from a mobile station. This service can be viewed as an advanced form of alphanumeric paging with a number of advantages. If the subscriber's mobile unit is powered off or has left the coverage area, the message is stored and offered back to the subscriber when the mobile is powered on or has reentered the coverage area of the network. This function ensures that the message will be received. cell broadcastA variation of the short message service is the cell broadcast facility. A message of a maximum of 93 characters can be broadcast to all mobile subscribers in a certain geographic area. Typical applications include traffic congestion warnings and reports on accidents. voice mailThis service is actually an answering machine within the network, which is controlled by the subscriber. Calls can be forwarded to the subscriber's voicemail box and the subscriber checks for messages via a personal security code. fax mailWith this service, the subscriber can receive fax messages at any fax machine. The messages are stored in a service center from which they can be retrieved by the subscriber via a personal security code to the desired fax number.

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Supplementary Services GSM supports a comprehensive set of supplementary services that can complement and support both telephony and data services. Supplementary services are defined by GSM and are characterized as revenue-generating features. A partial listing of supplementary services follows. call forwardingThis service gives the subscriber the ability to forward incoming calls to another number if the called mobile unit is not reachable, if it is busy, if there is no reply, or if call forwarding is allowed unconditionally. barring of outgoing callsThis service makes it possible for a mobile subscriber to prevent all outgoing calls. barring of incoming callsThis function allows the subscriber to prevent incoming calls. The following two conditions for incoming call barring exist: baring of all incoming calls and barring of incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN. advice of charge (AoC)The AoC service provides the mobile subscriber with an estimate of the call charges. There are two types of AoC information: one that provides the subscriber with an estimate of the bill and one that can be used for immediate charging purposes. AoC for data calls is provided on the basis of time measurements. call holdThis service enables the subscriber to interrupt an ongoing call and then subsequently reestablish the call. The call hold service is only applicable to normal telephony. call waitingThis service enables the mobile subscriber to be notified of an incoming call during a conversation. The subscriber can answer, reject, or ignore the incoming call. Call waiting is applicable to all GSM telecommunications services using a circuit-switched connection. multiparty serviceThe multiparty service enables a mobile subscriber to establish a multiparty conversationthat is, a simultaneous conversation between three and six subscribers. This service is only applicable to normal telephony.

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calling line identification presentation/restrictionThese services supply the called party with the integrated services digital network (ISDN) number of the calling party. The restriction service enables the calling party to restrict the presentation. The restriction overrides the presentation. closed user groups (CUGs)CUGs are generally comparable to a PBX. They are a group of subscribers who are capable of only calling themselves and certain numbers.

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Bibliography

www.epenorama.com Electronic Communication System (Wayne Tomasi) www.howstuffworks.com www.midascomm.com www.wwgsolutions.com Lucent Technologies www.huawei.com

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