Basic MP architecture

Data Bus

Instruction Register Control Bus

Fetch, decode, execute. PC increment. First instruction is a fetch

ALU

control Address Bus

0000H for 8085 FFFF0H for 8086, 8088

What is a microcomputer system?

Block diagram of a digital computer Block diagram of a microcomputer system

Memory

Input

CPU

Output

Memory

Input

Microprocessor

Output

Register Array

AF, BC, DE, HL, SP, PC many more

What is a microprocessor?
Criteria
number of chips data path address space CPU performance Price

Types of micrprocessor
Application
Reprogrammable microprocessors embedded microprocessors and microcontrollers

Instruction complexity
CISC RISC

8086 / 8088
16-bit microprocessor 2.5 MIPS 1MB of memory A small 4- or 6-byte instruction cache or queue Over 20,000 variations of instructions The popularity of the Intel family ensured in 1981 by IBM

Intel 4004

Speed word width memory size

4 bit microprocessor 4KB of memory 45 instructions 50 KIPS(Kilo-instructions per second) Main problems:

Classes of Computers
What is the difference between main, mini, and micro?
The capacity and performance of the electronics used to implemet their building blocks and the resulting overall system capacity and performance.

CPU performance

MIPS

1 circuit switch time levels of logic package delays clock cycles per instruction

Tech Driven

Machine Organization

Microprocessor Architecture
different from the architectures of large main frames? Why? One or a few VLSI chips VLSI environments
density per chip
die size ---- yield feature size --- 1.0 micron, 0.3 micron

I/O pad
chip cost power consumption propagation delay

History: 4/4
2007-Current The Intel Xeon Processor 5200, 5400, 7400 Series and Intel Core2 Processor Family 2008-Current The Intel Atom Processor Family 2008-Current The Intel Corei7 Processor Family

History: 3/4
2003-Current Pentium M Processor 2005-2007 Pentium Processor Extreme Edition 2006-2007 The Intel Core Duo and Intel Core Solo Processors 2006-Current The Intel Xeon Processor 5100, 5300 Series and Intel Core2 Processor Family

Microprocessor Generations
First generation: 1971-78
Behind the power curve (16-bit, <50k transistors)

Second Generation: 1979-85

Becoming real computers (32-bit , >50k transistors)

Third Generation: 1985-89

Challenging the establishment (Reduced Instruction Set Computer/RISC, >100k transistors)

Fourth Generation: 1990 Architectural and performance leadership (64-bit, > 1M transistors, Intel/AMD translate into RISC internally)

The History of Intels Microprocessors

Intel 4004
1971, 4-bit

Intel 8008
1972, 8-bit Originally designed for Datapoint Corp. as a CRT display controller

Intel 8080
1974, April - Altair 8800, 1975, MITS( 256 bytes of Mem, $395) Apple II -- Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak 1976, Apple Bill Gates and a fellow student : BASIC, 1975 --> Microsoft

Intel 8086/8088
1978, 16 bit: 8088, 1979, 8-bit external bus IBM PC ; 1981 29,000 Trs

History: 2/4
1985 80386 32 bits data 1989 80486 Containing Coprocessor 1992 Pentium Superscalar Architechture 1995 Pro : 4 Instructions added to 386 1997 PentiumII with MMX Technology 1998 Pentium II Xeon 1999 Celeron PPGA 1999 Pentium III 2000 2006 Pentium 4 Processor Family 2001- 2007 Xeon Processor

History: 1/4
1971 4004 4bit, 4K, 50KIPS 1972 8008 8bit, 16K 1974 4040 Like 4004, Higher speed 1974 8080 Like 8008, 64K, TTL 1977 8085 Updated 8080, 246 Instr. 1978 8086 Architecture from 8080 1979 8088 1980 8087 Floating-point coprocessor 1981 80286 extended the 8086 (16M) 1st Fully Compatible with its predecessor

The History of Intels Microprocessors

Intel 80286
1982, 16-bit architecture 24-bit addressing, memory protection and virtual memory 16 MB of physical MEM and 1 GB of virtual mem 130,000 Trs onto a single chip IBM PC/AT in 1984, IBM PS/2 Model 50 and 60

Intel 80386
1985, 32 bits 3~5 MIPS (7 MIPS on the 25 MHz chip) memory paging and enhanced I/O permission features 4GB programming model

Intel 80486
1989 Spring COMDEX show -> 1990 June : actual release 1,200,000 Trs

The History of Intels Microprocessors

386+387+8K data and instruction cache, paging and MMU

Pentium
1993 110 MIPS on 66 Mhz Chip 16 KB on-chip cache and 64 bit data bus superscalar technology (two instructions/clock) 3.1 million transistors 1995, Superscalar(three-way issue) 5.5 million Trs in the CPU core + 15.5 million Trs in the secondary cache 8K data, 8K instr cache 256 KB SRAM secondary cache 200 SPECint92 at 133 MHz 2.9 V, 0.6 micron BICMOS

Pentium Pro

The History of Intels Microprocessors

Pentium II
Pentium Pro + MMX, 1997 233, 266, upto 450 MHz 7.5 million Trs in CPU 512KB in secondary cache