Urban Sprawl Pattern Madurai

INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFGEOMATICSANDGEOSCIENCESVolume1,No2,2010 Copyright2010AllrightsreservedIntegratedPublishingservices
ResearchArticle
ISSN0976 4380
IdentificationofUrbanSprawlPatternforMaduraiRegionUsingGIS
Saravanan.P,Ilangovan.P DepartmentofEnvironmentalRemoteSensingandCartography MaduraiKamarajUniversity,Madurai 625021,TamilNadu saraavanan.p@gmail.com
ABSTRACT ThepresentstudyfocusesonthenatureandpatternofurbanexpansionofMaduraicityoverits surroundingregionduringtheperiodfrom1991to2006.BasedonitsproximitytotheMadurai city, the rural urban fringe was fragmented into two zones namely Ring I and Ring II. Subsequently,twosamplevillages fromtherespectivezoneswereselectedtostudythepattern of urban expansion and there from identify the factor responsible for the urban sprawl of Madurai city. The study has indicated that road transport was solely responsible for the rapid urbandevelopmentinthesamplevillages.Inaddition,GISbasedanalysisofthepatternofurban expansionoverthedemographicchangeandlandusemodificationshasalsoindicatedthaturban growthhasmainlytakenplacelinearlyalongthemajorroadsinthestudyarea. Keywords:UrbansprawlPattern,Changedetection,Demographiccharacteristics,GIS, Maduraicity 1.Introduction Urbanization takes place either in radial direction around a wellestablished city or linearlyalongthehighways.Thisdisperseddevelopmentalonghighways,orsurroundingthecity and in rural countryside is often referred as urban sprawl (Theobald, 2001). The expanding networks of roads and increasing reliance on the automobile, population began shifting from citiestofringe.Highwayexpansionallowedworkerstocommutegreaterdistancesbetweentheir residences and central cities and encouraged businesses and industries to locate or relocate to suburban.Thespatialpatternsofurbansprawloverdifferenttimeperiods,canbesystematically mapped,monitoredandaccuratelyassessedfromsatellitedata(remotelysenseddata)alongwith conventional ground data (Lata et al., 2001). The recent technologies like GIS and remote sensinghelpsinidentifyingthepatternofgrowthanditsrate.Mappingurbansprawlprovidesa "picture"ofwherethistypeofgrowthisoccurringandtosuggestthelikelyfuturedirectionsand patternsofsprawlinggrowth. Howeveronlyafewstudieswereattemptedtoestablishtheinterrelationshipbetweenthe road transport development and Landuse changes in rural urban landscape at a micro level. Hencebyrealizingthegapthepresentattempthasbeen madeatamicrolevel by selectingthe two villages namely Avaniyapuram and Othakadai which shows a prominent sprawl of urban
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ResearchArticle
ISSN0976 4380
areaalongthe majorroads inMadurai,Tamil Nadu.Thispaper isan attemptofunderstanding theurbansprawlphenomenon. 1.1AimandObjectives

ToidentifythepatternsofurbansprawlforMadurairegion Tostudyandcomparethedemographicchangebetweenthesamplevillages Tospatiallymaptheresidentialdevelopmentofsamplevillage
1.2DateBase SurveyofIndiaToposheets:58K/1NE,NW,SE,SW Scale1:25,000 Satellitedata:LANDSATTM (1991)andLANDSATETM+(2006) images (source:http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu) CensusofIndiaPrimaryCensusAbstract1991&2001 LocalPlanningReport(Source:MaduraiCorporationOffice) 2.StudyArea
o ThestudyfocusesonthefringevillagesofMaduraicity.Thestudyareaextendsfrom78 o o o 00 to 78 13 E latitude and 9 48 to 10 01 N longitude. It consists of totally 79 villages excludingMaduraiCorporation.Thevillagesareclassifiedintotworings.Firstringcomprisesof 28 villages (105.025 Sq.kms) and second ring with51 villages (168.718 Sq.kms) respectively. ThetotalareaincludingMaduraicity coversaround327.419 Sq.kms.
ThetwovillagesAvaniyapuramofringIandOthakadaiofringIIwhichare locatedon thesouthernandnorthernpartofMaduraicity(Fig:1).TheimportantnationalhighwayNH45B whichconnectsTrichirapalliDistrictandThoothukudiDistrictpassesthroughthesevillages.The totalpopulationofAvaniyapuramandOthakadaiare53,006&12,185personsrespectively.The geographicalareaofthevillagesare14.95& 1.82Sq.Kms.Avaniyapuramtownpanchayatfalls inclassIItownandOthakadaicensustowninclassIVtownasper2001census. 3.ResultandDiscussion 3.1UrbanSprawlof Maduraicity TheurbansprawlandthedirectionofgrowthofMaduraicitycanbeexplainedwiththe help of Monocentric City Model. The spatial growth of city is clearly delineated by the MonocentricCityModeldevelopmentbyAlonso(1964),Mills(1967),andMuth(1969)which portraysthecityasorganizedaroundasingle,centralworkplace.EarlierMaduraicitiesgrowth was based on Meenakshi Amman temple as the central place. The development was uniform aroundthetempleandtheroadnetworkestablishedwasregularinshape.Sotheresidentialand commercial activities spread evenly in all directions, as aresultthe patternof urban expansion wasradial.Laterthedevelopmentwasduetorapidpopulationgrowthandduetotherestriction 142
ResearchArticle
ISSN0976 4380
for the vertical development, since no construction should be higher than the towers of Meenakshi Amman temple, eventually it leads to horizontal expansion. The horizontal developmentwasnotuniforminalldirection,thedevelopmentinnorthernpartwasrestrictedby riverVaigaisinceconnectivitybetweensouthandnorthwaspoor.Toovercomeandtodevelop northern part various measures has been taken like establishing and shifting many public and semi public organization (Collector Office, Corporation Office, District Court, High Court, GovernmentHospitaletc)tothenorth,improvingroadconnectivitybyconstructingbridgesover river Vaigai, improving the transport system by locating two main bus terminal (Mattuthavani and Anna Bus stand). After the development of road network around Madurai region and interlinkingofhighwaysandmajorroads,thepatternofsprawlhasbeenchangedtolinear.The changeisduetoroadsconnectivityandaccessibilitytoalltheserviceproviders.Fig:2clearly showthelinearpatternofsprawlalongthemajorroads. Thelinearpatternofsprawlisnotonlyfoundalongthenationalhighwaybutitisalsofound along state and district highway. The important roads which stimulate the development are nationalhighwayNH45B,NH7&NH49similarlystatehighwaySH72connectingDindigul and district highway connecting Alagarkoil and Alaganallur helps for the urban growth of Madurai. According to the urban expansion map prepared from satellite imagery (LANDSAT TM AND ETM+) using visual interpretation technique for the tie points indicate thatthe total urbanareaofMadurai in1991was54.803Sq.kmsand itexpandedto89.335Sq.kms in2006. The growth in urban areaover fifteen years is 34.532Sq.kms. The fringe villages which show notableurbanexpansionareAvaniyapuram,Thiruparangundram,VilacheriBitII,Samayanallur, Thattaneri,Anaiyur,Thirupalai,Athikulam,Othakadai,Vandiyur,MelamadaiandAnuppanadi.
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Figure1:LocationmapofMaduraifringeandSamplevillages
Figure2:UrbanexpansionofMaduraiCity 3.2DemographicCharacteristicsofthesamplevillages Thetermdemographyisusedinthestudyofhumanpopulation,itsstructureandchange. Hereinthispresentstudyfewdemographicparameterslikepopulation,household,literates,total workers, main workers, cultivators, agricultural workers and nonworkers are considered as
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urban growth indicators. The above mentioned parameters are obtained from Census of India reportwhichhelpstodeterminethegrowthandrateofchangeforthetimeperiods.Thechange detection is done for the period of ten years (1991 2001) for the sample villages. The demographic parameters and its changes were clearly illustrated in Table No: 1 and diagrammaticallyshowninChartno:1 Avaniyapuram village is located adjacent to the city showing a notable demographic change.ThetotalpopulationofAvaniyapuramwas35,810in1991and53,006in2001withan increase of about 19.36 %, eventually its raise in households was 22.29 % which show a remarkableexpansioninresidentialarea.Therewasasignificantincreaseintotalmainworkers (+15.20), total marginal workers (+26.39) and decrease in cultivators (34.04), agricultural workers(44.52)whichclearlyexplaintheconversionofagricultural landusetourban landuse. Thechartclearlyshowsthedeclineinagriculturalworkers,cultivatorsandraiseinotherworkers.
DemographicChanges(19912001)
80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 Avaniyapuram Othakadai
Agricultural workers
Population
Cultivators
Totalworkers
Chart:1DemographicVariationofAvaniyapuramandOthakadai SimilarlyasOthakadaivillageisconsideredthechangeintotalpopulationbetween1991and 2001was3273personi.e15.51%increaseanditshouseholdwas1967in1991increasedto2895 in2001housesaspercensusofIndiareport.Thechangeintotalmainworkersis+11.54%where as the change in total marginal workers is +57.19%, which is double the percentage of total marginalworkerofAvaniyapuram.Othakadaivillagealsoshowsdeclineincultivators(32.20) and agricultural workers (20.42). The change showsthe conversionof agriculturalworkers to otherworkersbutwhilefocusingtherateoftransition ofagriculturalworkers,itiscomparatively low than Avaniyapuram. Another factor for the conversion of workers was the percentage of literates.Literatesarereadytoworkasmainandmarginalworkersthanagriculturallabors.
Totalmarginal workers
NonWorkers
Literates
Households
Totalmain workers
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TableNo:1Demographicchangebetween1991and2001 S.No Description Avaniyapuram 1991 2001 %of (TP (TPII) change III) 35,810 53,006 +19.36 7783 12,248 +22.29 22908 38,803 +25.76 15104 20,750 +15.75 14464 19,651 +15.20 Othakadai 1991 2001 %of (VPV) (CT change IV) 8,912 12,185 +15.51 1967 2,895 +19.09 5959 9,062 +20.66 3315 4,334 +13.32 3251 4,099 +11.54 117 460 64 5597 60 304 235 7,851 32.20 20.42 +57.19 +16.76
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Population Households Literates Totalworkers Totalmain workers 632 311 34.04 Cultivators 2928 1,124 44.52 Agricultural workers 640 1,099 +26.39 Totalmarginal workers 20706 32,256 +21.81 NonWorkers **+Increase& Decreaseinpercentage
3.3Spatialcomparisonof residentialdevelopmentof the samplevillages The spatial and temporal pattern of sprawl on landscapes can be detected, mapped, and analyzed cost effectively and efficiently using remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) (Barnes et al., 2001). The patterns of sprawl are being described using visual interpretation techniques. Satellite product used for the analysis of sprawl was LANDSAT imagery.ThedevelopmentofroadnetworkwasobtainedfromtoposheetandGeoEyeimageryof Googleearth.Thetemporalanalysisoflanduse/landcoverofthesamplevillagesweredonefor the period 1991 and 2006 using LANDSAT TM and LANDSAT ETM+ images. The landuse classesconsideredforstudyingtheresidentialdevelopmentaresettlements,agriculturallandand waterbodies. Avaniyapuram village falls adjacent to Madurai city limit where national highway NH45Bpassesthroughand variousartilleryroads jointhis highway,asaresult Avaniyapuram has well organized road network. Avaniyapuram tank play a vital role in agricultural developmentinearly90sbutthistankhasbeenacquiredbygovernmentitselfforconstruction of housing board colonies and other public buildings. The agricultural land and water bodies contributeequallyfortheresidentialexpansionofAvaniyapuramvillage. Table No: 2 illustrate the change in landuse of Avaniyapuram village. The residential expansionisinverselyrelatedtoagriculturallanduse,whereresidentialareaincreaseagricultural land decrease. The settlements have been increased by 12.64% where as agricultural land and waterbodieshavebeenreducedby6.89%and5.75%respectively.Thisclearlyexplainsapartof
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agriculturallandandwaterbodieshavebeenconvertedassettlements.Themajorconversionof landusetakeplacealongtheroadsandthepatternofsprawlarefoundtobelinear.
Figure3:ResidentialdevelopmentofAvaniyapuramvillage TableNo:2LandusechangedetectionofAvaniyapuramvillage S.No Landuse Area(%) Changein percentage 1991 2006 1. ResidentialArea 7.09 19.73 12.64 2. AgriculturalLand 84.22 77.32 6.89 3. WaterBodies 8.69 2.95 5.75 OthakadaivillageislocatedinringII.Thedevelopmentofthisvillageisslowcompared toAvaniyapuram,sincethedevelopmentofthisvillagewasnotonlyinfluencedbytransportbut alsoforotherreasonslikeestablishmentofHighCourt(MaduraiBench)andfewindustrialunits whicharelocatedattheperipheryofthevillage.Anotherfactorwhichsupportsthedevelopment oftheOthakadaivillageistheproposedfourway (underconstruction)whichpassingthroughthis village.Thisroaddevelopmentshowsadrasticchangeinlandvalueinthisarea,sothesefactors support towardsthefuturedevelopmentinthisregion.
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Figure4:ResidentialdevelopmentofOthakadaivillage TableNo:3illustratethechangeinlanduseofOthakadaivillage. TableNo:3LandusechangedetectionofOthakadaivillage Area(%) Changein S.No Landuse percentage 1991 2006 1. ResidentialArea 12.64 25.27 12.63 2. AgriculturalLand 82.96 71.43 11.53 3. WaterBodies 4.40 3.30 1.10 There is an increase in percentage of settlement to 12.63% and notable decrease in agriculturallandto11.53%.Thedecreaseinwaterbodiesis1.1%.Theexpansionofsettlements takesplacemainlyinagriculturalland. 4.Conclusion This paper demonstrates urban expansion of Madurai, and identifies the temporal and spatial development patterns by using multitemporal remote sensing images and GIS tool. Various analysts have made considerable progress in quantifying the urban sprawl pattern 147
(Theobald, 2001 Lata et al, 2001 Torrens and Alberti, 2000 Batty et al, 1999 Barnes et al, 2001). However all these studies have come up with different methodologies in quantifying sprawl.Thepresentstudydetermine, The pattern of urban sprawl of Madurai is identified as linear along major roads especiallyonStateHighway SH72andNationalHighwaysNH45B,NH7. Itisfoundthatsamplevillagesshowequalchangeinpercentageofresidentialareatothe total,butwhiletakingspatialdistributionofpopulationintoconsiderationAvaniyapuram hasbeenconvertedtoClassIIpanchayattownandOthakadaitoclassIVcensustown. While considering the residential development of both the villages, development in AvaniyapuramisduetowellorganizedroadnetworkwhereasinOthakadaiisbecauseof establishment ofHigh court, industrial units, educational institutes and Fourway(under construction). The urban sprawl is one of the potential threats to sustainable development where urban planning with effective resource utilization and allocation of infrastructure initiatives are key concerns. Thus identification and analysis of the patterns of sprawl would help in effective landuseplanninginurbanarea.Itisimportanttostudyandunderstandthetrendofurbansprawls, whichultimatelyfocusforurbanlandscapeplanningandenvironmentalmanagement. 5.Acknowledgment TheauthorsaregratefultotheUGCUPEscheme forextending financial assistanceto carry out this work. We would like to express our sincere thanks to Prof. G. R. Parthasarathy (Project Coordinator) UGCUPE Project No6, Mapping and Managing Natural Resources and Environment, Prof. K.Lakshmi, Prof. N.Krishnan and Asst. Prof. D. Ramesh, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai for their help and encouragement. 6.References 1. Carter.H,1995,ThestudyofUrbanGeography,Arnoldpublisher,London. 2. Cheng.J,andMasser,2003,Urbangrowthpatternmodelling:acasestudyofWuhancity, PRChina.LandscapeandUrbanPlanning,Vol.62,pp 199217. 3. Epstein. J, K. Payne, and E. Kramer, 2002, Techniques for mapping suburban sprawl. PhotogrammetricEngineeringandRemoteSensing,Vol.63(9), pp913 918 4. Fan.F,Y.Wang,et.al.,2009,EvaluatingtheTemporalandSpatialUrbanExpansion Patternsof Guangzhoufrom1979to2003byRemoteSensingandGISMethods, InternationalJournalofGeographicalInformationScience,Vol.23(11),pp13711388 5. Hoyle.B.S,1973,GeographicalReadingsTransportandDevelopment,TheMacmillan PressLtd,London.
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6. Huang.B,LiZhangandBoWu,2009,Spatiotemporalanalysisofruralurbanland conversion,InternationalJournalofGeographicalInformationScience,Vol.23(3), pp379398 7. Jensen.J.R,andD.L.Toll,1982,Detectingresidentiallandusedevelopmentattheurban fringe,PhotogrammetricEngineeringandRemoteSensing,Vol.48(4),pp629643. 8. Mahdibeigi.H,M.MahdaviandA.Alihosseini,2010,Transforminglargevillagesinto smalltownsandstudyingtheirroleinruraldevelopmentthrough NetworkAnalysis Methodology:Ruraldistrictof SouthernBehnamArab(JavadAbadzonefromtheregion ofVaramin),JournalofGeographyandRegionalPlanning,Vol.3(6),pp158168. 9. Siyuan.W,L.JingshiandY.Cunjian,2007,Temporalchangeinthelandscapeerosion patternintheYellowRiverBasin,China,InternationalJournalof Geographical InformationScience,Vol.21(10),pp10771092 10. Sudhira.H.S,T.V.Ramachandra,K.S.Jagadish,2004,Urbansprawl:metrics,dynamics andmodellingusingGIS,InternationalJournalofAppliedEarthObservationand Geoinformation,Vol.5,pp2939
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INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFGEOMATICSANDGEOSCIENCESVolume1,No2,2010 Copyright2010AllrightsreservedIntegratedPublishingservices

areaalongthe majorroads inMadurai,Tamil Nadu.Thispaper isan attemptofunderstanding theurbansprawlphenomenon. 1.1AimandObjectives

ToidentifythepatternsofurbansprawlforMadurairegion Tostudyandcomparethedemographicchangebetweenthesamplevillages Tospatiallymaptheresidentialdevelopmentofsamplevillage

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