STUDY OF CARBON STEEL PIPE

By: Deepak Ramchandani SDB-90, Adipur Taluka-Gandhidham District-Kachchh, Gujarat

CARBON STEEL PIPES

A STUDY

BY
Deepak Ramchandani
SDB-90, Adipur, Taluka Gandhidham, District Kachchh, Gujarat-India M-+919426321521

JULY-2013

Preamble: This study is conducted as a technocrat and this has nothing to do about promotion and demotion of any type of pipe and also nothing to do for selection of pipe material. This study is not compared with other variety of pipe line. This is for private circulation for fresh pipe line engineers and shall not be considered as any authentic document for any purpose. The suggestions for improvement are invited from all readers. It is just the effort to study the carbon steel pipe as it is now being widely used for large size diameters. The study shall not be related to my personal experience of me with different type of pipelines. It is just a study made for reference purpose to the learners. This shall not be treated as document from the expert, but I myself is learner and had made effort to learn while writing the same. Deepak Ramchandani
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STUDY OF CARBON STEEL PIPES

Definition of pipe:A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders, masses of small solids. It can also be used for structural applications; hollow pipe is far stiffer per unit weight than solid members. In common usage the words pipe and tube are usually interchangeable, but in industry and engineering, the terms are uniquely defined. Depending on the applicable standard to which it is manufactured, pipe is generally specified by a nominal diameter with a constant outside diameter (OD) and a schedule that defines the thickness. Tube is most often specified by the OD and wall thickness, but may be specified by any two of OD, inside diameter (ID), and wall thickness. Pipe is generally manufactured to one of several international and national industrial standards.[1] While similar standards exist for specific industry application tubing, tube is often made to custom sizes and a broader range of diameters and tolerances. Many industrial and government standards exist for the production of pipe and tubing. The term "tube" is also commonly applied to non-cylindrical sections, i.e., square or rectangular tubing. In general, "pipe" is the more common term in most of the world, whereas "tube" is more widely used in the United States. Both "pipe" and "tube" imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a hose (or hosepipe) is usually portable and flexible. Pipe assemblies are almost always constructed with the use of fittings such as elbows, tees, and so on, while tube may be formed or bent into custom configurations. For materials that are inflexible, cannot be formed, or where construction is governed by codes or standards, tube assemblies are also constructed with the use of tube fittings.

Types of Pipe Material

In the past, many types of material have been used in conveying water from one point to another. Masonry and wood were probably the first materials used. Plastics are the newest, and are now being used quite extensively. At present, water mains are made of a variety of materials, summarized in the chart below.
Material cast iron Advantages Disadvantages no longer manufactured; deteriorates in some soils strong, ductile inexpensive deteriorates in some soils wall thickness must be carefully considered Primary Use large, old systems Coated? yes

ductile iron steel

large systems raw water mains raw water mains and industrial systems raw water mains and industrial systems

yes yes

concrete

inexpensive

no

pre-stressed concrete

inexpensive

no

asbestos cement

brittle; no longer manufactured

replaced no cast iron; in old systems no

PVC

inexpensive

gasoline from soil can <10 inch pass into pipe pipes

non-rigid plastic

requires special heat fusion joining tools; inorganic chemicals in soil weaken pipe

service lines no in water systems and main lines in gas systems service lines no

copper galvanized iron corrodes; produces discoloured water; has a short life; deteriorates in some soils

no

Steel piping may be used in water transmission mains due to the cheap initial construction cost of the system. However, care must be taken in the design of the wall thickness of the steel pipe for the particular systems that exist. Steel pipes are more commonly used for raw water mains. Even though most public water supplies are treated where necessary for corrosion control, all three types of metal pipes described above can be corroded by acidic water. For this reason, these pipes are usually lined to protect the metal against corrosion. Carbon steel pipes can all be weakened in just a few years when laid in aggressive soil. To prevent this type of damage, the soil should be tested before laying the pipes in the ground. If necessary, the pipes shall be externally coated.

Metallic pipes
Metallic pipes are commonly made from steel or iron; the finish and metal chemistry are peculiar to the use, fit and form. Typically metallic piping is made of steel or iron, such as unfinished, black (lacquer) steel, carbon steel, stainless steel or galvanized steel, and ductile iron.
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Manufacture
There are three processes for metallic pipe manufacture. Centrifugal casting of hot alloyed metal is one of the most prominent process.[further explanation needed] Ductile iron pipes are generally manufactured in such a fashion. Seamless (SMLS) pipe is formed by drawing a solid billet over a piercing rod to create the hollow shell. Historically seamless pipe was regarded as withstanding pressure better than other types, and was often more easily available than welded pipe. Advances since the 1970s in materials, process control and non-destructive testing allow correctly specified welded pipe to replace seamless in many applications. Welded (also Electric Resistance Welded ("ERW"), and Electric Fusion Welded ("EFW")) pipe is formed by rolling plate and welding the seam. The weld flash can be removed from the outside or inside surfaces using a scarfing blade. The weld zone can also be heat treated to make the seam less visible. Welded pipe often has tighter dimensional tolerances than seamless, and can be cheaper if manufactured in the same quantities. Large-diameter pipe (25 centimeters (10 in) or greater) may be ERW, EFW or Submerged Arc Welded ("SAW") pipe.

Standards
Pressure piping is generally pipe that must carry pressures greater than 10 to 25 atmospheres, although definitions vary. To ensure safe operation of the system, the manufacture, storage, welding, testing, etc. of pressure piping must meet stringent quality standards. Manufacturing standards for pipes commonly require a test of chemical composition and a series of mechanical strength tests for each heat of pipe. A heat of pipe is all forged from the same cast ingot, and therefore had the same chemical composition. Mechanical tests may be associated to a lot of pipe, which would be all from the same heat and have been through the same heat treatment processes. The manufacturer performs these tests and reports the composition in a mill traceability report and the mechanical tests in a material test report, both of which are referred to by the acronym MTR. Material with these associated test reports is called traceable. For critical applications, third party verification of these tests may be
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required; in this case an independent lab will produce a certified material test report(CMTR), and the material will be called certified. Some widely used pipe standards are:

IS:3589 , Indian standard The API range - now ISO 3183. Used for oil and gas pipe line ASME SA106 Grade B (Seamless carbon steel pipe for high temperature service) ASTM A312 (Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel pipe)

Installation
Pipe installation is often more expensive and a variety of specialized tools, techniques, and parts have been developed to assist this. Pipe is usually delivered to a customer or jobsite as either "sticks" or lengths of pipe (typically 12 mt, called single random length). The pipe and pipe spools are delivered to a warehouse on a large commercial/industrial job and they may be held indoors or in a gridded lay down yard. The pipe or pipe spool is retrieved, staged, rigged, and then lifted into place. On large process jobs the lift is made using cranes and hoist and other material lifts. They are typically, temporarily, supported in the steel structure using beam clamps, straps, and small hoists until the Pipe Supports are attached or otherwise secured. After the pipe is installed it will be tested for leaks. Before testing it may need to be cleaned by blowing air or steam or flushing with a liquid.

Pipe supports
Pipes are usually either supported from below or hung from above (but may also be supported from the side), using devices called pipe supports. Supports may be as simple as a pipe "shoe" which is akin to a half of an I-beam welded to the bottom of the pipe; they may be "hung" using a clevis, or with trapeze type of devices called pipe hangers. Pipe supports of any kind may incorporate springs, snubbers, dampers, or combinations of these devices to compensate
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for thermal expansion, or to provide vibration isolation, shock control, or reduced vibration excitation of the pipe due to earthquake motion. Some dampers are simply fluid dashpots, but other dampers may be active hydraulic devices that have sophisticated systems that act to dampen peak displacements due to externally imposed vibrations or mechanical shocks. The undesired motions may be process derived (such as in a fluidized bed reactor) or from a natural phenomenon such as an earthquake (design basis event or DBE). Pipe hanger assembles are usually attached with pipe clamps. Possible exposure to high temperatures and heavy loads should be included when specifying which clamps are needed

Joining
Pipes are commonly joined by welding.Process piping is usually joined by welding using a TIG or MIG process. The most common process pipe joint is the butt weld. The ends of pipe to be welded must have a certain weld preparation called an End Weld Prep (EWP) which is typically at an angle of 37.5 degrees to accommodate the filler weld metal.

Design Period
Manual stipulate design period, For some components it may be modified depending on its useful life, facility for carrying out extensions when required and interest rate so that expenditure far ahead of utility is avoided. Land for future extension should be acquired in beginning itself. Project components may be designed to meet the requirements of the following design period.

Sl.No. Data Source 1 2 3 Storage by dams Infiltration Works Pumping i. Pump house (civil works)
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Design period in years 50 30 30

4 5 6 7

ii. Electric motors and pumps Water treatment units Pipe connection to several treatment units and other small appurtenances Raw water and clear water conveying mains Clear water reservoirs at the head works, balancing tanks and service reservoirs (overhead or ground level) Distribution system

15 15 30 30 15

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Important:-The pipe line shall be of such material that shall last at least 30 years

Corrosion resistance of some metals:The below mentioned list shows the corrosion resistivity of various type of pipe material. The list is extensive only mentioned for purpose of knowledge, but the main concern in this list is chlorinated water, as carbon steel pipes are also being used in the conveyance lines after treatment plant.

Corrosion Resistance 1)Good 2) Be Careful 3) Not Useable

302 and 316 416 Carbon Cast 304 Stainless Stainless Steel Iron Stainless Steel Steel Steel 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11

Acetaldehyde Acetic acid, air free Acetic acid, aerated Acetic acid, vapors Acetone Acetylene Alcohols

Aluminum Sulfate Ammonia Ammonium chloride Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Phosphate Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Sulfite Aniline Asphalt Benzene (benzol) Benzoic acid Boric acid Butane Calcium Chloride (alkaline) Calcium hypochlorite Carbolic acid Carbon dioxide, dry Carbon dioxide, wet Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Carbonic acid Chlorine gas Chlorine gas, wet Chlorine, liquid Chromic acid Citric acid Coke oven gas Copper sulfate Cottonseed oil Creosote Ethane Ether Ethyl chloride

302 and 316 416 Carbon Cast 304 Stainless Stainless Steel Iron Stainless Steel Steel Steel 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 3 1 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 3 3 1 1 2 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 2 12

Ethylene Ethylene glycol Ferric chloride Formaldehyde Formic acid Freon wet Freon dry Furfural Gasoline Glucose Hydrochloric acid, aerated Hydrochloric acid, air free Hydrofluoric acid, aerated Hydrofluoric acid, air free Hydrogen Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide, liquid Magnesium Hydroxide Mercury Methanol Methyl ethyl ketone Natural gas Nitric acid Oleic acid Oxalic acid Oxygen Petroleum oils Phosphoric acid, aerated Phosphoric acid, air free Phosphoric acid vapors Picric acid Potassium chloride Potassium hydroxide

302 and 316 416 Carbon Cast 304 Stainless Stainless Steel Iron Stainless Steel Steel Steel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 na 2 2 1 1 na 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 1 3 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 13

302 and 316 416 Carbon Cast 304 Stainless Stainless Steel Iron Stainless Steel Steel Steel Propane 1 1 1 1 1 Rosin 2 2 1 1 1 Silver Nitrate 3 3 1 1 2 Sodium acetate 1 1 2 1 1 Sodium carbonate 1 1 1 1 2 Sodium chloride 3 3 2 2 2 Sodium chromate 1 1 1 1 1 Sodium hydroxide 1 1 1 1 2 Sodium hypochlorite 3 3 3 3 3 Sodium thiosulfate 3 3 1 1 2 Stannous chloride 2 2 3 1 3 Stearic acid 1 3 1 1 2 Sulfate liquor 1 1 1 1 Sulfur 1 1 1 1 1 Sulfur dioxide, dry 1 1 1 1 2 Sulfur trioxide, dry 1 1 1 1 2 Sulfuric acid, aerated 3 3 3 3 3 Sulfuric acid, air free 3 3 3 3 3 Sulfurous acid 3 3 2 2 3 Tar 1 1 1 1 1 Trichloroethylene 2 2 2 1 2 Turpentine 2 2 1 1 1 Vinegar 3 3 1 1 3 Water, steam boiler feeding system 2 3 1 1 2 Water, distilled 1 1 1 1 2 Water, sea 2 2 2 2 3 Zinc chloride 3 3 3 3 3 Zinc sulfate 3 3 1 1 2

From the above it is observed that corrosion resistivity of carbon steel against gases is good and against acids and liquid chlorine is very poor.

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Effect of corrosion on carbon steel and cast iron due to chlorine

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Effect of corrosion on mild steel due to chlorine

Corrosion causes gradual decay and deterioration of pipes, both internally and externally. It can reduce the life of a pipe by eating away at the wall thickness. Under certain conditions, the time for the decay to cause the pipe to fail is as short as five years. Corrosion can also result in encrustation inside the pipe, reducing the carrying capacity of the pipe to a point that it has to be replaced to provide the flow needed
EXTERNAL CORROSION

The best indication of whether or not the outside of a pipe will corrode is the soil resistivity, which can be measured by one of several types of meters. The four-point type is used most often because it can measure the average resistivity of the soil down to the pipeline. Some water systems use soil resistivity to determine the type of pipe to install. If the soils resistivity is greater than 5,000 ohms per centimeter (cm), serious corrosion is unlikely; ductile iron or steel pipe could be used in these situations. If the resistivity is less than 500 ohms/cm, however, the potential for corrosion is greater. In these cases, nonmetallic pipe such as asbestos cement or PVC should be used.
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Ductile iron, if used in soil with low resistivity, should be wrapped to prevent contact with the soil.
INTERNAL CORROSION PROPERTIES OF WATER AFFECTING CORROSION

The property of the water passing through the piping system greatly affects the corrosion rate of the material. These effects can be explained in terms of electrochemical theory. The water properties that affect corrosion include the concentration of dissolved oxygen, the temperature, the velocity of the water, the chlorine residual, and the concentration of the chloride ions. Dissolved Oxygen The concentration of dissolved oxygen is one of the most important factors influencing the rate of corrosion for all metals. At ordinary temperatures, the absence of dissolved oxygen will greatly slow corrosion of ferrous metals. Oxygen is a direct participant in the corrosion reaction, acting as a cathode-accepting electron. The level of oxygen concentration increases as the rate of the electron transport increases. As a result, the rate of corrosion for most metals increases with any increase of dissolved oxygen. Temperature Corrosion represents a particular group of chemical reactions. The rate of any particular chemical reaction will increase with a rise in the temperature and decrease with a drop in the temperature. Changes in temperature can influence the chemical composition and physical properties of the water, the character of any scales formed on the metal, and the nature of the metal itself. Temperature affects the solubility of many gases, such as oxygen, that are important to the rate of corrosion. With any increase in temperature, an increase of corrosion activity is expected.
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Velocity The velocity of the water in the piping system is important to the rate of corrosion. The critical velocity is considered to be greater than 1.2mt per second. This type of corrosion is called erosion corrosion and involves the removal of dissolved metal ions. It is typically characterized by grooves, gullies, or waves on the inside of the pipe, especially near points of turbulence. Tees and elbows are often the first to fail when excessive velocities occur. Chlorine Chlorine is an effective oxidation chemical; therefore, it is assumed that it will take the place of oxygen in any corrosion processes. Free chlorine residuals tend to cause more corrosion than combined residuals.

Conclusion :-In case of chlorine liquid all the type of metals are not useable : If carbon steel pipe used for treated water in which there is chlorine contain than the metal is highly susceptible to the corrosion , hence in small pipes where inside protection on joints is not possible such pipes must not be used. In larger pipes where internal coating on pipes is possible shall only be used, pipes shall also be externally coated with impervious coat and cathode protection is desirable to increase the life of pipe.

Cathode Protection: Remedy for corrosion

The reactions involved in corrosion are electrochemical in nature. With external corrosion, the current paths are not continued to the inside surfaces of the pipe; therefore, galvanic corrosion electrolysis is relatively more important and cathodic protection is usually practical. Electrolysis is the decomposition of a substance by the passage of an exterior source of direct electrical current (D. C.). When a D. C. current flows from a metal to soil, most metals are corroded.
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Alternating current (A. C.) electrolysis will also corrode metals, but the possible effect is considered to be only one percent of what would be caused by the same flow of direct current from the pipe and causes it to flow from the anode to the cathode. This method of protection has also been used with some success on water piping. The natural-gas industry has had great success with this method, which involves attaching cathodes (negatively charged metals) or anodes (positively charged metals) to the pipe. These charged metals will corrode instead of the pipe. The anodes or cathodes introduce a current to the pipe. This changes the current flow
ADDITIONAL DATA COLLECTION FROM FIELD SURVEY FOR ARRANGEMENT OF EVALUATION OF CATHODE PROTECTION IS REQUIRED:

Route and types of foreign service/ pipelines in and around, running parallel or crossing the right of way. Diameter, wall thickness, pressure, soil cover etc. of the foreign pipeline. Foreign pipeline coating details. Details of existing cathodic protection systems protecting the services including rating and location of grounds bed, test station locations and connections schemes etc. Where pipeline is likely to pass close to any existing ground bed, necessary anode-bed potential gradient survey shall be carried out. Interference remedial measures existing on foreign pipelines/ services/ shall be collected from the owner of the foreign pipeline/ services. Graphical representation of existing structure/ pipe to soil potential records, Transformer Rectifier Unit/ CP Power source voltage/ current readings. Possibilities of integration / isolation of the proposed pipeline CP System with foreign pipeline / structure CP System, which may involve negotiation with Owners of foreign services. Crossings or parallel running of any H.T. AC/ DC overhead line with in approximately 25 mtr from ROW along with details of voltage rating, fault level etc. Voltage rating, phases and sheathing details of parallel running or crossing of under ground cables with ROW.

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 Crossing and parallel running of electrified and non-electrified railway tracks along with details of operating voltage and type (AC/ DC) as well as abandoned tracks near ROW having electrical continuity with track in use. Information on existing and proposed DC / AC power sources and system such as electric substations / earthing stations, fabrication yards with electric welding in the vicinity of the entire right of way. Major river / canal crossings. Major cased crossings. Any other relevant information that may be needed in designing and implementing of proper cathode protection scheme for the proposed pipeline.

SOIL RESISTIVITY SURVEY:-

The provision in the specification of GAIL

Unless otherwise specified the soil resistivity measurements shall be carried out at intervals of approximately 500 mtr. along the ROW. Where soil resistivity is less than 100 ohm mtr and two successive readings differ by more than 2:1 then additional soil resistivity readings in between the two locations shall be taken. To carryout the soil resistivity measurement Wenners 4 pin method or approved equal shall be used. The depth of resistivity measurement shall be around the burial depth of the pipeline or 1.5 mtr approximately. At locations where multi layer soil with large variation in resistivity/ corrosiveness is expected and/ or locations specifically advised by Owner or his representative resistivity measurements at additional depth of up to 2.5 mtr (approx.) or more shall be taken. In general the resistivity of soil which shall be surrounding the pipe shall be measured. Hence the depth of measurement/ electrode spacing may vary depending on topography and strata at the area. In general, electrode spacing, shall be approximately equal to 1.5 times the depth of the pipelines.

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TESTS ON SOIL SAMPLES

Soil/ water samples shall be collected along the right of way for analysis. Samples shall be collected on an average at one location per every 10 km along right of way with minimum at two locations. Exact locations shall be decided at site depending on the type of soil, soil resistivity and in consultation with Owner or his representative. The soil samples shall be collected at 1 mtr and 2 mtr depth at each location. The collected soil/ water samples shall be analysed to determine presence and percentage of corrosive compounds including moisture content, oxygen activity and pH value.
HR COILS WITH BELOW MENTIONED ADDATIVES TO BE USED TO IMPROVE THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF THE MATERIAL:

Chromium: Best for corrosion resistance

Among the alloying elements of steel, chromium forms part of those which best promote harden ability. In fact, its effect on steel is quite similar to that of manganese in the way that it enhances much hardness penetration. When being present in reasonable quantities, chromium contributes much in reducing the quenching speed. In fact, such a slow quenching is achieved thereby enabling steel to be oil or air hardened. Chromium is also recommended when there is good wear resistant steel of appreciable toughness required. Chromium is also very popular as alloying element as it is quite efficient in rendering steel resistant to staining and corrosion. Moreover, chromium forms carbides that improve edge-holding capacity. Steel, rich in chromium have also high temperature strength and they are quite resistant to high-pressure Hydrogenation.

Molybdenum: For corrosion resistance

Molybdenum is an alloying element which is seldom used on its own. In fact, molybdenum is used in combination with other alloying elements. This alloying element increases the hardness penetration of steel and also contributes in slowing down the critical quenching
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speed. Molybdenum proves to be useful also for increasing tensile strength of steel. Furthermore, it prevents temper brittleness and it favors the formation of a fine grain structure. It is good also to mention that molybdenum forms carbides readily and it thus improves the cutting properties in high-speed steels. Hence, it can be said that molybdenum helps much in increasing machinability.

Nitrogen: For corrosion resistance

Being a residual element, nitrogen is present, in small quantities, in all steels. In fact, the nitrogen will normally combine with other elements in the steel (like Aluminum, for example) to form hard nitrides. Thus nitrogen increases hardness, tensile and yield strength, but still, there are certain drawbacks related to nitrogen as it causes a considerable decrease in toughness and in ductibility of steel.

Types of manufacturing process LSAW

LSAW has large diameter and wall thickness, resistance to high pressure, resistance to low temperature and strong corrosion characteristics. When constructing high strength and toughness, high quality oil and gas pipeline over long distances, what is required is mostly large caliber straight double submerged arc welding joints. According to the API standard provisions, LSAW is the only designated for tube type when passing through the cold region, submarine, the urban population dense area of 2 kinds, 1 region in the large oil and gas pipeline.

SSAW
Spiral welded steel pipe(SSAW) is mainly used in oil and gas transmission pipe line, and its specification is expressed as outside diameter * wall thickness .according to the external structure, it is classified single welding and double welding. Technically, the welded

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steel pipe should ensure that hydrostatic test, weld tensile strength and the cold bending property can comply with the regulations.

Design Criteria for Metallic Pipe :

The code uses three different approaches to design, as follows: 1. It provides for the use of dimensionally standardized components at their published pressure-temperature ratings. 2. It provides design formulas and maximum stresses. 3. It prohibits the use of materials, components, or assembly methods in certain conditions.

IS:3589 :- Indian standard code for manufacturing of carbon steel pipes:This standard was originally published in year 1966, revised in 1981, 1991 and year 2001. 1. In this revision diameter and thickness of the pipes are now as per international standards. 2. Table for chemical composition of metal properties is included. 3. For coatings some suggestions are given and details code are yet to be published This standard is limited to diameter ( OD) 2540 mm In Indian standard code design of pipe thickness for internal pressure is given where as for handling stresses and ring stability standards of American manual could be adopted. For handling stability minimum thickness shall be D/288 in mm. For buried pipe under vacuum and internal pressure minimum thickness of D/158 in mm may be adopted.
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For deciding thickness for height of soil cover following chart could be considered.

SOME SUGGESTIONS
Coating thickness of 3 lpe along with relevant code is required to be mentioned in SOR 2 mm for pipe up to 250 mm 2 2 mm for pipe from 250-500 mm 2.5 mm for pipe from 500-800 mm Above 800 mm diameter -3.0 mm Coating for joint thickness shall also be specified.

For internal coating, coating thickness of epoxy paint of 406 microns to be specified in SOR with applicable code AWWA C210-03
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 Steel grade not specified in the SOR , grade Fe-410 to be specified Thickness in lower diameters is having ranges and field officers are at liberty to take any thickness , calculation of thickness are rarely asked in technical committee In larger diameters thickness is kept fixed, even if as per design thickness is less or more field officers follow the SOR provisions only without deriving exact thickness requirement. Norms for thickness of MS pipes shall be finalized by technical committee and only provision of that thickness to be made in SOR. This SOR is used for other organization which rely on GWSSB, hence a note should be mentioned in SOR regarding thickness to be calculated as per actual requirement of the user Standard code for cement mortor lining and gunniting are also not mentioned, even thickness of lining and gunniting is not mentioned. Manual of steel pipe of America to be studied in depth and to be made applicable as per requirement. Carbon steel pipes in aggressive soil without any impervious coating shall not be used. Cement coating is not impervious coating as the cement have tendency to absolve water. Carbon steel pipes of the size in which it is not possible for a human to enter and apply coating at joints shall not be used , as the pipe lines laid in the department of small sizes are left uncoated at internal joints and advanced techniques of mechanical methods were never used. Human can enter in minimum 900 mm diameter pipe that too it is possible to coat 56 joints from the open end and a continuous process shall be adopted for inside joint coating along with pipe laying.
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 Carbon steel pipes when used for treated water are most susceptible to corrosion due to residual chlorine in water , in such types only impervious internal coating is suggestive, and inside joint coating is compulsory required It is suggestive to conduct a survey of performance of pipes laid under the department in various soil conditions and for treated and raw water pipes.

References: Source internet

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