Hardness

Resistance to penetration or localized plastic deformation Commonly measured by: Rockwell or Brinell test
Rockwell test

Hardness
Indenter

Hardness
Rockwell test Indenters: conical diamond or hardened steel balls (1/16, 1/8, 1/4 or inch dia) F
Brale Ball

Hardness
Rockwell test Hardness number: from the difference in depth of penetration resulting from the application of an initial minor load (10 kg) followed by a larger major load (60, 100 or 150 kg) F
Brale
Depth
Depth

F
Ball

Depth

Depth

Hardness
Brinell test Indenter: hardened steel or tungsten carbide ball 10 mm dia Load: 500 to 3000 kg in increments of 500 kg
F

Hardness
Brinell test
Hardness is related to load and diameter of indentation The Brinell hardness number is designated as HB F

Diameter Diameter

Hardness
Differences between Rockwell and Brinell tests Indenters: a conical diamond in Rockwell for hard materials Hardness related to depth of penetration In Rockwell width of indentation in Brinell Brinell test uses much higher loads than Rockwell

Hardness
Knoop and Vickers microhardness tests Lower loads and smaller indenter size Load: between 1 and 1000 g much lower than Rockwell and Brinell tests Indenter (both tests): a very small pyramidal diamond

Hardness
Knoop and Vickers microhardness tests They measure the hardness of small specimens

Tensile Strength versus Hardness

Both indicate resistance to plastic deformation Relation between Tensile Strength (TS) and Brinell Hardness (HB) for steels: TS (psi) = 500 HB
300

Knoop is used for brittle materials like ceramics Knoop and Vickers hardness numbers: HK and HV

250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Brinell Hardness

Alloy

Yield Tensile Strain at Strength Strength Fracture MPa MPa 310 100 415 700 340 120 550 850 0.23 0.40 0.15 0.14

Fracture Strength MPa 265 105 500 720 650

Elastic Modulus 1000 MPa 210 150 310 210 350

Alloy

Yield Tensile Strain at Strength Strength Fracture MPa MPa 310 100 415 700 340 120 550 850 0.23 0.40 0.15 0.14

Fracture Strength MPa 265 105 500 720 650

Elastic Modulus 1000 MPa 210 150 310 210 350

A B C D E

A B C D E

Fractures before yielding

Fractures before yielding

Which of these materials: (a) is the hardest? (b) will experience the greatest % reduction in area? (c) is the strongest? (d) is the stiffest? (e) has the highest modulus of resilience? Explain why.

(a) Which of these materials is the hardest? Why? -- Alloy D is the hardest because it has the highest yield strength

Alloy

Yield Tensile Strain at Strength Strength Fracture MPa MPa 310 100 415 700 340 120 550 850 0.23 0.40 0.15 0.14

Fracture Strength MPa 265 105 500 720 650

Elastic Modulus 1000 MPa 210 150 310 210 350

Alloy

Yield Tensile Strain at Strength Strength Fracture MPa MPa 310 100 415 700 340 120 550 850 0.23 0.40 0.15 0.14

Fracture Strength MPa 265 105 500 720 650

Elastic Modulus 1000 MPa 210 150 310 210 350

A B C D E

A B C D E

Fractures before yielding

Fractures before yielding

(b) Which of these materials will experience the greatest % reduction in area? Why? - Alloy B. It has the highest strain at fracture, and, therefore is most ductile.

(c) Which of these materials is the strongest? Why? - Alloy D is the strongest as it has the highest yield strength.

Alloy

Yield Tensile Strain at Strength Strength Fracture MPa MPa 310 100 415 700 340 120 550 850 0.23 0.40 0.15 0.14

Fracture Strength MPa 265 105 500 720 650

Elastic Modulus 1000 MPa 210 150 310 210 350

Alloy

Yield Tensile Strain at Strength Strength Fracture MPa MPa 310 100 415 700 340 120 550 850 0.23 0.40 0.15 0.14

Fracture Strength MPa 265 105 500 720 650

Elastic Modulus 1000 MPa 210 150 310 210 350

A B C D E

A B C D E

Fractures before yielding

Fractures before yielding

(d) Which of these materials is the stiffest? Why? - Alloy E is the stiffest as it has the highest elastic modulus.

(e) Which of these materials has the highest modulus of resilience? Why? - Modulus of resilience = 0.5y2/E Alloy D has the highest value.

Safety Factor
Stress calculations are approximate Design allowances must be made to protect against unanticipated failure Need to establish a safe stress or a working stress

Safety Factor
Working stress = Yield strength/Factor of safety w = y/N Factor of safety: 1.2 to 4.0 (normal range) Based on consequences of failure, economics, previous experience and the accuracy of the property data

Impact Test
What if a material is subjected to a sudden, intense blow? It would behave in a much more brittle manner than observed in the tensile test This behavior is tested by impact test (Charpy test)

Impact Test

Impact Test

Impact Test

Impact Test

Impact enegry needed for fracture is measured from h (i.e. ho-hf) ho hf