EFFECTIVENESS OF DAIRY FARMING IN AGRICULTURE SECTER Introduction

Dairy farming is a class of agricultural, or an animal husbandry, enterprise, for long-term production of milk, usually from dairy cows but also from goats, sheep and camels, which may be either processed on-site or transported to a dairy factory for processing and eventual retail sale. Most dairy farms sell the male calves born by their cows, usually for veal production, or breeding depending on quality of the bull calf, rather than raising non-milk-producing stock many dairy farms also grow their own feed, typically including corn, and hay. This is fed directly to the cows, or is stored as silage for use during the winter season. Dairy farming has been part of agriculture for thousands of years. Historically it has been one part of small, diverse farms. In the last century or so larger farms doing only dairy production has emerged. Large scale dairy farming is only viable where either a large amount of milk is required for production of more durable dairy products such as cheese, butter, etc. or there is a substantial market of people with cash to buy milk, but no cows of their own

Abstract
It is possible to maintain higher milk production by injecting cows with growth hormones known as recombinant BST or rBST, but this is controversial due to its effects on animal and possibly human health. The European Union, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Canada have banned its use due to these concerns. In the US however, no such prohibition exists, and approximately 17.2% of dairy cows are treated in this way. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration states that no "significant difference" has been found between milk from treated and non-treated cows but based on consumer concerns several milk purchasers and resellers have elected not to purchase milk produced with rBST.

Animal welfare
The practice of dairy production in a factory farm environment has been criticized by animal rights activists. Some of the ethical complaints regarding dairy production cited include how often the dairy cattle must remain pregnant, the separation of calves from

their mothers, how dairy cattle are housed and environmental concerns regarding dairy production. The production of milk requires that the cow be in lactation, which is a result of the cow having given birth to a calf. The cycle of insemination, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation, followed by a "dry" period of about two months of forty-five to fifty days, before calving which allows udder tissue to regenerate. A dry period that falls outside this time frames can result in decreased milk production in subsequent lactation. Dairy operations therefore include both the production of milk and the production of calves. Bull calves are either castrated and raised as steers for beef production or veal. An important part of the dairy industry is the removal of the calves off the mothers milk after the three days of needed colostrums ,allowing for the collection of the milk produced. In order for this to take place, the calves are fed milk replacer, a substitute for the whole milk produced by the cow. Milk replacer is generally a powder, which comes in large bags, and is added to precise amounts of water, and then fed to the calf via bucket or bottle. Milk replacers are classified by three categories: protein source, protein/fat (energy) levels, and medication or additives (e.g. vitamins and minerals). Proteins for the milk replacer come from different sources; the more favorable and more expensive all milk protein (e.g. whey protein- a bi product of the cheese industry) and alternative proteins including soy, animal plasma and wheat gluten. The ideal levels for fat and protein in milk replacer are 10-28% and 18-30%, respectively. The higher the energy levels (fat and protein), the less starter feed (feed which is given to young animals) the animal will consume. Weaning can take place when a calf is consuming at least two pounds of starter feed a day and has been on starter for at least three weeks. Milk replacer has climbed in cost US$1520 a bag in recent years, so early weaning is economically crucial to effective calf management. Because of the danger of infection to humans, it is important to maintain the health of milk-producing cattle. Common ailments affecting dairy cows include infectious disease (e.g. mastitis, endometritis and digital dermatitis), metabolic disease (e.g. milk fever and ketosis) and injuries caused by their environment (e.g. hoof and hock lesions). Lameness is commonly considered one of the most significant animal welfare issues for dairy cattle, and is best defined as any abnormality that causes an animal to change its gait. It can be caused by a number of sources, including infections of the hoof tissue (e.g. fungal infections that cause dermatitis) and physical damage causing bruising or lesions (e.g. ulcers or hemorrhage of the hoof). Housing and management features common in modern dairy farms (such as concrete barn floors, limited access to pasture and suboptimal bedstall design) have been identified as contributing risk factors to infections and injuries.

There is a great deal of variation in the pattern of dairy production worldwide. Many countries which are large producers consume most of this internally, while others (in particular New Zealand), export a large percentage of their production. Internal consumption is often in the form of liquid milk, while the bulk of international trade is in processed dairy products such as milk powder. Most milk-consuming countries have a local dairy farming industry, and most producing countries maintain significant tariffs to protect domestic producers from foreign competition but, the largest dairy exporting country, does not apply any subsidies to dairy production. The milking of cows was traditionally a labor-intensive operation and still is in less developed countries. Small farms need several people to milk and care for only a few dozen cows, though for many farms these employees have traditionally been the children of the farm family, giving rise to the term "family farm". Advances in technology have mostly led to the radical redefinition of "family farms" in industrialized countries such as Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. With farms of hundreds of cows producing large volumes of milk, the larger and more efficient dairy farms are more able to weather severe changes in milk price and operate profitably, while "traditional" very small farms generally do not have the equity or cash flow to do so. The common public perception of large corporate farms supplanting smaller ones is generally a misconception, as many small family farms expand to take advantage of economies of scale, and incorporate the business to limit the legal liabilities of the owners and simplify such things as tax management. Before large scale mechanization arrived in the 1950s, keeping a dozen milk cows for the sale of milk was profitable. Now most dairies must have more than one hundred cows being milked at a time in order to be profitable, with other cows and heifers waiting to be "freshened" to join the milking herd . In New Zealand the average herd size, for the 2009/2010 season, is 376 cows. Worldwide, the largest milk producer is the European Union with its present 27 member countries, with more than 153,000,000 metric tons (151,000,000 long tons; 169,000,000 short tons) in 2009 (more than 95% cow milk). By country, the largest producer is India(more than 55% buffalo milk), the largest cow milk exporter is New Zealand,and the largest importer is China.

World total milk production in 2009 statistics

(including cow/buffalo/goat/sheep/camel milk)
Rank Country Production (10 kg/y)
6

World

696,554

India

110,040

United States

85,859

China

40,553

Pakistan

34,362

Russia

32,562

Germany

28,691

Brazil

27,716

France

24,218

New Zealand

15,217

10

United Kingdom

13,237

11

Italy

12,836

12

Turkey

12,542

13

Poland

12,467

14

Ukraine

11,610

15

Netherlands

11,469

16

Mexico

10,931

17

Argentina

10,500

18

Australia

9,388

19

Canada

8,213

20

Japan

7,909

European total milk production in 2009 statistics

(including cow/goat/sheep/buffalo milk)
Rank Country Production (10 kg/y)
6

European Union (all 27 countries)

153,033

Germany

28,691

France

24,218

United Kingdom

13,237

Italy

12,836

Poland

12,467

Netherlands

11,469

Spain

7,252

Romania

5,809

Ireland

5.373

Dairy Farming in Pakistan

The Agriculture sector continues to play a central role in Pakistans economy. It is the second largest sector, accounting for over 21 percent of GDP, and remains by far the largest employer, absorbing 45 percent of the countrys total labor force. Nearly 62 percent of the countrys population resides in rural areas, and is directly or indirectly linked with agriculture for their livelihood. The Agriculture sectors strong linkages with the rest of the economy are not fully captured in the statistics. While on the one hand, the sector is a primary supplier of raw materials to downstream industry, contributing substantially to Pakistans exports, on the other, it is a large market for industrial products such as fertilizer, pesticides, tractors and agricultural implements. Despite its critical importance to growth, exports, incomes, and food security, the Agriculture sector has been suffering from secular decline. Over the past six years, Agriculture has grown at an average rate of 3.7 percent per annum. However, volatility in the sector is high, with the range of growth varying between 6.5 percent and 1.0 percent. The fluctuation in overall agriculture has been largely dependent on the contribution of major crops. During the outgoing year 2009 10, the overall performance of agriculture sector has been weaker than target. Against a target of 3.8 percent, and previous years performance of 4.0 percent, agriculture is estimated to have grown by 2.0 percent. Major crops, accounting for 32.8 percent of agricultural value added, registered a negative growth of 0.2 percent as against robust growth of 7.3 percent last year. Minor crops contributing 11.1 percent to overall agriculture posted negative growth of 1.2 percent. Production of Minor crops has declined for the three years since 200405, a worrying trend which is partially contributing to food price inflation.

Crop Situation
There are two principal crop seasons in Pakistan, namely the "Kharif", the sowing season of which begins in AprilJune and harvesting during OctoberDecember; and the "Rabi", which begins in OctoberDecember and ends in AprilMay. Rice, sugarcane, cotton, maize, mong, mash, bajra and jowar are Kharif" crops while wheat, gram, lentil (masoor), tobacco, rapeseed, barley and mustard are "Rabi" crops. Major crops, such as, wheat, rice, cotton and sugarcane account for 82.0 percent of the value added in the major crops. The value added in major crops accounts for 32.8 percent of the value added in overall agriculture. Thus, the four major crops (wheat, rice, cotton, and sugarcane), on average, contribute 33.1 percent to the value added in overall agriculture and 7.1 percent to GDP. The minor crops account for 11.1 percent of the value added in overall agriculture.

Livestock contributes 53.2 percent to agricultural value added much more than the combined contribution of major and minor crops (43.9%).

Improved Seed
Improved highquality seed or planting material is the most desirable input for improving crop yield. Seed is an important component in agriculture productivity system. Seed has the basic position among various agricultural inputs because the effectiveness of all other inputs mainly depends on the potential of seeds. Seed is a high technology product and is an innovation most readily adapted. Improving access to good quality seed is a critical requirement for sustainable agricultural growth and food security. Effective use of improved seed can result in higher agricultural production and increase net incomes of farming families, which has a positive impact on rural poverty. Hence, availability of quality seed of improved varieties is essential to achieve the production target.

Mechanization:
A demographic change towards urbanization reduces the size of rural workforce, agriculture will also need to adopt new forms of mechanization and shift to land use intensification, with all of its connotations. High agricultural production assures food security and agriculture surpluses for export at competitive prices require efficient development and utilization of agricultural resources. Cost effectiveness in the production of various crops brings builtin competitive edge to low productivity attributed farmers. Farm operations being time specific, demand precision to optimize the efficiencies of agricultural input for higher productivity. The future changes of free market economy and faster globalization have further necessitated modernization of agricultural machinery through transfer of latest, efficient and cost effective technologies to the farming community. Efficient use of scarce agriculture resources and accelerated agricultural mechanization are, therefore, vital to meet the challenges of future scenario that need a comprehensive strategic loaning for future.

Livestock
Livestock plays an important role in the economy of the country. Livestock sector contributed approximately 53.2 percent of the agriculture value added and 11.4 percent to national GDP during 200910.While other development sector experienced saturation and decline there has been an increase in livestock sector in 200910. Gross value addition of livestock at current factor cost has increased from Rs. 1304.6 billion (200809) to Rs. 1537.5 billion (200910) showing an increase of 17.8 percent as compared to previous year.

The performance of Livestock the single largest contributor to overall agriculture (53.2 percent) however, grew by 4.1 percent in 200910 as against 3.5 percent last year. The Fishery sector expanded by 1.4 percent, against its previous years growth of 2.3 percent.

Facts
Fact is, if we could increase the yield from the present 1,300 liters annually to even one third of the yield per animal per day of the United States (about 9,000 liters annually), we will be able to not only meet the local demand but also have excess milk to export. In such a scenario, according to conservative estimates, the dairy industry will be contributing about US $41 billion to the national economy. Milk will be the countrys white gold. So is this possible? Experts believe it is, if all stakeholders are willing to do what is required to be done. And we really need to do it, because the countrys milk demand is growing at 4.5 per cent per year, whereas the production is growing at only 3 per cent per year. If we take a close look, the average price of milk is Rs35 per liter, compared to the farm gate price in USA or Europe, which is the equivalent of Rs28, whereas in New Zealand it is only Rs20. This means that there are sizeable inefficiencies in the system which should be addressed immediately. To start with, the gap between the demand and supply of milk is giving incentive to the middlemen to adulterate milk and bridge the gap. Out of the total milk production that is sold commercially, about 95 per cent is sold as loose milk by the informal sector through gawalas and only about 5 per cent is sold by the formal sector as processed and packaged milk. In order to understand the state of the dairy industry and the perils of what is called loose milk, it is imperative to understand what happens to milk when it leaves the farm till it reaches the final consumer. On an average, milk takes about 8 to 24 hours to reach consumers from farms. Due to increasing urbanization, farms have shifted out of the city, thus making it difficult to supply milk as soon as it is obtained from the animal. Karachi, for example, gets its milk from as far away as Shikarpur which is almost a days journey, whereas mi lk is a perishable item and should be kept in a cold chain i.e. under 4 degrees centigrade so that it does not go sour. Most gawalas, in order to keep milk from going sour during transportation, add adulterants like ice, formaldehyde, caustic soda and urea to preserve it, or add water to increase its volume. According to a recent documentary that ran on a television channel about the hazards of loose milk, the condition under which milk is kept in cold storage is alarming. What is worse is that even when milk is boiled at home these chemicals tend to remain in the milk and cause health problems.

There are many challenges in getting good quality milk from the farms to consumers and if the government is not able to provide the right infrastructure, market access and ample quality controls, then the only thing to do is to follow in the footsteps of other countries: most developed countries like Canada, US, some EU markets and Australia have either banned loose milk or prohibited it, whereas most developing countries still have fragmented laws or are in the process of realigning laws and standards to international levels (e.g. through the Codex). Exceptions are countries like Turkey who have banned loose milk altogether. Clich?d as it may sound; Pakistan possesses tremendous potential in milk sector but lags woefully behind compared to the developed countries because of lack of infrastructure and strict enforcement of food quality laws. The country needs to take a quantum leap forward, adopt latest technology, create infrastructure, put systems in place, build efficiencies, harness the vast potential of natural resources, and create sustainable growth in this very important sector of the economy.

Pakistans Livestock Sector Scenario

GDP $ 112 billion GDP growth rate: 8.4 % (growing economy) Share of Agriculture in GDP 23 % Avg growth rate: 7.5 % Employment: 42 % of work force Major Crops: Cotton, Sugarcane, Rice, Maize, Wheat Land Utilization: Total: 79.61 m hectares Cropped area: 22.94 m hectares (28.8 %) Contribution of Livestock towards Agriculture GDP 49.6 % Contribution of Livestock towards national GDP 11.5 % Rural Population engaged in Livestock raising 30- 35 m Income of the farmers derived from Livestock 35- 40 %

Livestock Products
Products Production ( 000 tons) Milk 38690.0 Meat 2,576.0 Wool 41.2 Hides (Million no.) 9.6 Skins(Million no.) 48.0 (Economic survey of Pakistan, 2006-07) Milk trade is US $ 65 Billion: Pakistan is importing US $ 180 million milk powder annually. Meat trade is US $ 600 billion: Pakistan share in Exports is only US $ 100 Million

Pakistan Dairy & Livestock Sector Issue

Not Competitive: Why? Low breeds efficiency: 1000 ltr/animal/lactation as compare to 10000 ltr/animal/lactation in developed countries Shortage/ unavailability of Trained/ skilled workforce Insufficient Milk marketing & processing system through processors (Nestle, Haleeb etc) as compared to Dairy Cooperatives in developed countries e.g. Fonterra New Zealand, Dairy farmers of USA, LandO Lakes Inc. USA

 Inefficient breeds for meat: 600 gram and 150 grams Daily Weight gain as compared to 1000 grams and 400 grams Respectively for beef and mutton Lack of Internationally certified slaughter houses and Supply chains.

Establishment/Up gradation of Model

Dairy Projects 1. Farmers Dairy Lahore 2. Alrazi dairy Gujranwala 3. Living dairy Chunian 4. Noble dairy Lahore 5. Hygienic dairy Chiniot 6. Eastern dairy Behra