Wireless Fundamentals

Peter Wang

January 16,2011
1 Wireless fundamentals_04022010

OUTLINE
Wireless channels

Far-field average power

Long-term fading channel Short-term fading channel

Signal transmission through a system

Nonlinear system
Linear system

Linear time invariant

Linear time variant

Fading mitigation techniques

2

Six ways to mitigate fading

Diversity combining methods

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Wireless channels
Wireless -> Mobility -> Channel complexity

The radiating electromagnetic field is reflected, diffracted, and scattered by various obstacles The received signal has a spatially and temporally varying energy pattern (fading) due to the combined interference
Three phenomena together effects the received power

Far-field average power (i.e., the area-mean power)

Long-term fading due to the shadowing Short-term fading due to multipath and mobility

The statistically varying received signal power can be 2 modeled as: PR 10X /10 g(d ) P T GT GR
is multipath fading 10X /10 is shadow fading
2

g (d ) is pathloss

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Long-term & short-term fading regions

Scatterer

Building

Semi-transmission

Reflector Diffrector Ground

Long-term fading region

Short-term fading region

PR
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10 X / 10 g(d ) PT GT GR

Long-term fading
Local mean power

PR _ localm ean 10 X / 10 g(d ) PT GT GR

Path Loss

g (d ) k (d )

n
d ht

For Free-space propagation n = 2

For two ray propagation n=4
d1 d2 hr

Long-term fading (i.e., Lognormal shadowing)

Slowly varying fading (~20 wavelength in distance)

Lognormal distribution

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Short-term fading due to multipath (1/2)

Flat Fading (e.g., Rayleigh or Ricean distribution)

Frequency-Selected Fading

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Short-term fading due to multipath (2/2)

Flat Fading Example
Transmitted Signal Received Signal

( f )c
Coherence Bandwidth

1 Tm
Delay Spread

Frequency Selective Fading Example

Transmitted Signal Received Signal

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Short-term fading due to mobility

Slow Fading

Fast Fading
velocity

velocity

( t )c
Coherence Time
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1 Bd
Doppler Spread

Example of short-term fading channel

Power density
5 4 3 2 1

Frequency (Hz)
1 us 2 us 3 us 4 5 us us

-80 Hz

-20 0

20 40 6 80 Hz 0

Time delay (us)

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Fast channel varying (~0.5 wavelength in distance)

Fading channel measurement

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Types of received power variations

Wireless Communication, Andreas F. Molisch, IEEE Press, John Wiley

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Example of received power measurement

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Summary of propagation channels

Propagation effects

Large-scale/Long-term fading

Small-scale/Short-term fading

Rayleigh /Ricean distribution Log-normal distribution

Pathloss

Shadowing variation (~20 )

Suzuki distribution Multipath delay spread Doppler spread

Flat fading

Frequency selective fading

Slow fading

Fast fading

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Signal transmission through a system (1/3)

Nonlinear Systems

A memoryless nonlinear case:

y(t) a0 a1 g(t) a2 g 2 (t)

ak g k (t)

If g(t) bandwidth is B(Hz), then gk(t) bandwidth is kB(Hz) If a signal is transmitted over a nonlinear channel (system), the nonlinearity
Distorts the signal Causes interference with other signals in the channel because of its spectral dispersion (spreading)

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Signal transmission through a system (2/3)

Linear Systems

Distortionless System

The input and the output have identical waveshapes within a multiplicative constant. A delay output that retains the input waveform is also considered distortionless
d

y(t ) k x(t t d )

LTI system
ht

Y( f ) k X ( f ) e

j2

f td
r

hr

For distortionless transmission condition

H( f )
H( f )

k
h

H( f )

(f)

2 f td

d df
f

(f)

2 td

h ( f ) is linear with respect to

(f)

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Signal transmission through a system (3/3)

Linear Distortion Systems

Signal distortion caused by non-ideal channel characteristics of magnitude distortion, phase distortion, or both Linear channel distortion (time dispersion) introduce the intersymbol interference (ISI)

Linear time-invariant distortion caused by multipath effect

Linear time-variant distortion caused by mobility + multipath

d ht d1 d2 hr

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Fading mitigation techniques (1/2)

Various techniques to overcome the combined effects of fading, noise, and signal interference

Interleaving: reduce the effect of fast fading and possible bursts and noise OFDM: transmit sequences of digital signals in parallel reducing their BW requirements. Frequency-selective-fading becomes flatfading for each signal BW reducing ISI

Channel coding: detect or correct digital-signal errors

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Fading mitigation techniques (2/2)

Another three techniques to mitigate the effect of fading on signal

Equalizer: Overcome ISI (used in GSM system)

Diversity techniques: Overcome short-term fading

Space, Frequency, Time, Angle, Polarization, Multipath diversities

RAKE receiver: overcome multipath fading (used in CDMA system)

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Diversity Combining Methods

Receive diversity (Linear combining)

Selection combining (simple implementation)

Equal-gain combining Maximum-ratio combining (optimum combining)

Transmit diversity

Space-time block code

MIMO reception

Trade off between diversity and multiplexing schemes

Diversity scheme improves SINR Multiplexing scheme improves transmission bit rate

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Summary
Wireless channels

Far-field average power (A general equation) Long-term fading channel (Large-scale fading, Log-normal shadowing)

Short-term fading channel (Caused by Delay spread & Doppler pread)

Signal transmission through a system

Nonlinear system (Spectral Dispersion) Linear system (Time Dispersion)

Time invariant (Due to multipath) Time variant (Due to multipath & mobility)

Fading mitigation techniques

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Six methods to mitigate fading Diversity combining methods (e.g., Maximum Ratio Combining, SpaceTime Block Code)

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Reference
Reference website:
http://www-ee.uta.edu/Online/PWang/ee5368/index.htm) Reference books:
(1) Mobile Wireless Communications, by M. Schwartz. (2) Modern Digital & Analog Communication Systems, by B. P. Lathi and Zhi Ding.

(3) Wireless Communications, by A. F. Molisch.

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Cellular System Evolutions

LTE GSM IS-95 IS-136 AMPS Analog or Digital System Multiple Access Method Digital Digital Digital Digital Analog

OFDMA/ SC-FDMA

FD/TDMA

FD/CDMA

FD/TDMA

FDMA

FDD or TDD FDD Mode TDD BW/Radio Channel Flexible (Up to 40 MHz)

FDD

FDD

FDD

FDD

200 KHz

1.25 MHz

30 KHz

30 KHz

Voice Flexible annels/Radio Channel Modulation Seme Hard or Soft Handoff

8 Users

(~20 Users) PSK

3 Users

1 Users

PSK, QAM MSK

/ 4 DQPSK FM

Hard

Hard

Soft

Hard

Hard

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