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Family Background

Brief about Pasala Daaveedu and Solomon (Grandfather and Father of Dayaratnam)
Pasala Daaveedu Daaveedu is a Telugu version of biblical name David. The family name is Pasala, and most probably it was derived from a village known as Pasala. This village may be nonnot be existenceing at moment but must have existed few decades ago. This family name was noticed at different towns and also from different castes. There are two versions of the origin of the Pasala family, one from a village called Yamavaram or Yamaram in Nellore district and another from town Kakinada. It is also possible that both the families originated from the same village. A family in even Aatmakur town of Kurnool district has this family name, but is of different caste whose house I rented for office cum residence while I was Junior Engineer in PWD, Kurnool Division. The original name of my grandfather Mr.Pasala Daaveedu before he accepted the Christian faith was Pasala Venkataswamy. He was the eldest son of Mr. Pasala Venkaiah and Mrs. Gowri. Gowri was from Jonnakuti family of Bandarupally, a village situated about twenty kilometers from Guntur. Venkaiah was second son of Mysonna who had two other sons named as Periah and Naagaih. Venkaiah and Gowri had seven children and they are: 1. (Venkataswamy) alias Daaveedu, 2. Akkamma, 3. Ramaswami, 4. Ramulamma, 5. Nagamma, 6. Veeraswami and 7. Kotaiah. It was believed that Venkaiah moved to Sattenapalli some time in 1850s. Some extrapolations based on the age of Daaveedu and birth dates of his children, Daaveedu probably was born in 1874. He worked as gardener of at the Lutheran missionary bungalow at Sattenapalli. The missionary bungalow foundation stone was laid in 1903 during that year, his second son Solomon was born. Most extrapolation of the dates is based on the factual

1 Page 2 of 26 situation of the foundation date of the bungalow at Sattenapalli. John Christian Frederic Heyer, the father of Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church started the Church during 1846 at Guntur and toured most of the district. Large number of communities in many villages accepted Christianity during his missionary work. Sattenapalli is one of the towns in where the early Lutheran Congregation was initiated probably during 1880s. Venkataswamy accepted the Christianity and baptized as Daaveedu and, later on became a foundation in the development of the missionary compound. Daaveedu married Vasimalla Akkamma, Daughter of Kotilingam of Kondrupadu that is situated near Prattipadu of Guntur District. Akkamma accepted Christ about the time of marriage and named as Sarah. She had a younger brother who also accepted the Christ and came to known as Gnananadam. Gnananadam was much younger to his sister and received elementary school education, in fact practiced ayurvedic medicine in his village Kondrupadu.

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Grand Parents and Parents family


Fig. 1.1Grandpas House Original home

Dayaratnam grand father Pasala David probably was born in 1872 and was married to Vasimalla Sarah (maiden name) sometime in 1894. Davids mother Gouri and father Chinnaswamy were the earliest Christians. David had three sons and one daughter. Bhushanam, born in 1896 was the eldest of the four, joined the reserve police force of Madras presidency. Bhushanam, Solomaon and Satyanandam waere the three sons. Bhushnam had three daughters and one son from his firs wife and after first wifes death; he married again and had one daughter. Bhushanam passed away in 1942 while in service. The second was a daughter and the third, son, Solomon (father of Dayaratnam) was born in 1903, and the year the bungalow of the Lutheran missionary was built. David worked as a gardener to the Lutheran missionary at Sattenapalli and credited with the blessed task of planting many trees in the missionary compound. He tended the young samplings for years and retired sometime in 1936. The number of trees planted is probably more than fifty and most of them were Neem and Tamarind. Even today the tree is great inspiration to many in the town. He also volunteered as a helper in the building of the Zion Lutheran Church at Sattenapalli. The church was built and dedicated in 1925 during which year my eldest sister was born, a two months premature. As a volunteer he carried many granite stones with which the church was built, further he supplied water for construction. He is much

Daaveedu didnt go school but became a devoted intelligent gardener of the missionary compound. He planted many Neem and Tamarind tree in the compound. These type of trees not so common in north America but the missionaries realized that this variety grows to reasonable size and lives for about one hundred years if properly attended to. Education in agriculture or even either wise was almost unknown during that period and most

1 Page 4 of 26 of the cultivation or plant care was from the local experience. The Neem tree is not eaten by most cattle except in a strange situation, however it is likely to be subjected to cutting of the tender branches for cleaning of the teeth. Therefore He planted the Neem trees on the periphery of the compound and the Tamarind trees in the inner ring. These trees dont need too much water and in fact survive with very little or no water for few days. The branches of the Tamarind are very flexible and bend without breaking unlike Neem tree branches. The fruit of the Neem is useful in making neem oil which is supposed to have some medical use. The tender leafs of the Tamarind tree are a delicacy in Indian leafy curry. Further its fruit is used in many ways in the Indian culinary. The dried fruit that is the tamarind is the main source to add the sour taste and flavour to all curries. Tamarind pickles are also a specialty. It is a source of preservative. A large well dug at the missionary compound served as the source of water for drinking and gardening. The water was in big demand for drinking as it is very clean and tastes really great. The well yielded a large quantity of water that was used for gardening and watering the trees. The missionaries maintained a exclusive vegetable garden and many flower beds around the bungalow. The plant planted and nourished by Daaveedu grew health and large and provided most desirable shade in the compound. It used to be a place of large habitation of variety of birds. The children and the adults thronged into the compound for coolness and for some outdoor local games. His contribution towards developing the garden compound was appreciated by one and all. It was a source of pride to his children and grand children to see such a wealth of trees were developed by this man. People of the community paid loving tributes to this man who worked very hard to create such an environment which lasted till about 1995 in reasonable state. The tree that was planted during the first decade of the 20th century (1903-10) lasted reasonable well till about 1950s. The missionaries left the town in early 1960 from then onwards there was no adequate care or even protection to the graceful trees. Indiscriminate cutting of the branches and felling of the trees took place by the locals. Consequently most of the trees vanished by 2003 by which time the bungalow completed a centenary. The tree probably would have lasted even longer if wilful destruction didnt take place. Today the bungalow is in dilapidated state but more damaging is the elimination of the gracious trees. One can build more modern building in its location (the chances are very small as of now as the property is plundered by those who are protect.) but it would take several decades to grow the trees to the level. With lack of will on the part of the people and the scarcity of water and

1 Page 5 of 26 compounded by the destructive exploitation, the chances of bringing back the old glory is remote. The grand and the great grand children of Daaveedu feel very miserable to such a labor were lost. Daaveedu and Sarah who were married around 1895 had six children. Nagabhushanam was born in about 1897 and died in 1945, Meenakhi (born about 1899), Solomon born in 1903 during the laying the foundation of the missionary bungalow (died very peacefully without suffering even for few second on 19th November 1983 at his daughter Esther Lalitha place), Elisamma, Samuelu and Satyanandam (born 1910, died in 1987). Out of the six children Elisamma and Samuelu died young before they were married and the rest were married during his life and had children. The construction of Zion Lutheran Church at Sattenapalli started in 1924 and dedicated in 1925. A relatively large church planned well with stone masonry having a high ceiling of about 18 feet. The walls were built of well dressed granite stone probably brought from the hills near village Pericherla on the way to Guntur. The raised pointing with lime mortar on the outside surface gave maintenance free walls. The quality of the construction must be very high and it is a lime mortar which withstood the aggressive exposed weathering of the region. The Church is built by the side of the main highway from Macherla to Guntur. Very dusty weather exposed to heat and rain and yet the mortar has been intact for seventy five years without repairs when the platinum jubilee was celebrated in the year 2000. Inside was plastered with lime mortar and white washed. The roof system consists of relatively light steel trusses and roofed with Mangalore tiles. The slope of the gable roof is steep, may be 1 in 2 which made the replacement of the damaged tiles rather difficult. The flooring was of Kadapa stones with a beautiful stained glass mural depicting Jesus Christ as a shepherded. Daaveedu after his retirement from the active service as a gardener (around 1920) built a modest house of two rooms with mud walls and roof. He volunteered free labor in carrying stones for the Church building. During that period most elders who work in the fields or labour didnt wear shirt. So he carried the stone for construction on his bare shoulders. His children and the grand children have been proud of his little contribution in the construction of the Church. He was a very hard working, lost his wife when his youngest son was about eight years old and raised all the children with elementary school education. The eldest son Nagabhushanam was considered to be a strong and daring person who joined the reserve police service at young age and moved to Guntur. The second son Solomon, soft and thoughtful took the responsibility of the family and his younger brother Satyanandam.

1 Page 6 of 26 Daaveedu lived independently till end, on his own in one of the rooms while all his children got married lived on their own. Solomon who got married at young age like all others lived in the second room that was built by his father. Daaveedu lived in fullness till about 1945, at the age of about seventy he suffered mild illness and passed away peacefully and was buried in the Sattenapalli Lutheran burial ground. Some of the interesting aspects of this person are worth noting. He was small built of five feet and four inches height and weighed slightly on the higher side. Married early and had six children at very regular intervals of three years, boy and girl, boy and a girl, boy and boy in the order of birth during fifteen period of marriage. There was no concept of family planning during those days and yet either by accident or by Gods design of natural reproduction system, the children were born at a most desired frequency almost with scientific precision. Almost a similar situation was repeated in the reproduction system of his children. His second son Solomon had almost the same situation of five children born in a period of eleven years at frequency close to three years, and alternate child being of opposite sex except the last two children. He lived about ten years beyond his retirement without pension or retirement benefits. He neither saved any money for the retirement nor he planned any such thing; and yet he lived on his own, not depending on his children. He worked till his last breath for his living, and in fact he was fond of showing hospitality to others.

Pasala Solomon
Solomon was the third child and second son of Daaveedu and Sarah. One more sister and another two brothers followed him. He went to Harries higher elementary school at Sattenapalli up to sixth class. His mother Sarah passed away about that time, as he had three younger to me at that time he had to discontinue his studies. Elisamma, his sister and Samuelu, his younger brother also passed away leaving three sons and one daughter of Daaveedu. Nagabhushanam was about six years older and in his teens. He joined reserve constabulary in Guntur and so he moved out of Sattenapalli. Solomon has left the sixth class at the young age and took the responsibility of the family at the age of about thirteen years and started working. This was about 1916 and he encouraged his younger brother Satyanandam. Sixth class was good enough to become a teacher in a village nearby. During that period, people were given teachers training after sixth class, after eighth class which was called as primary grade teachers training and those who have appeared for the eleventh class board exam were allowed to enter into secondary grade training for teachers. Even if one didnt pass the board exam but have acquired some minimum marks were allowed to enter in

1 Page 7 of 26 to the training. However one has to pass the board exam to become eligible to enter in to the college.

Solomon had to go to a nearby village to teach the rural people and he had students of different ages and some were even older than him. This was the time of the First World War, and there was a recruitment of young people in to defense service. He joined the army at about the age of fifteen and served about one year in the army. Daaveedu, even though responsible person and working but couldnt monitor and look after his three children who were motherless. By this time his elder brother Nagabhushanam got married to Gnanamma, daughter of padamutham Prakasam, from Panedam, a village near Sattenapalli. Nagabhushanam probably had his first daughter by about 1919 or even earlier.

Fig. 1.1Grandpas House Original home1947

Dayaratnam grand father Pasala David probably was born in 1872 and was married to Vasimalla Sarah (maiden name) sometime in 1894. Davids mother Gouri and father Chinnaswamy were the earliest Christians. David had three sons and one daughter. Bhushanam, born in 1896 was the eldest of the four, joined the reserve police force of Madras presidency. Bhushanam, Solomaon and Satyanandam waere the three sons.

1 Page 8 of 26 Bhushnam had three daughters and one son from his firs wife and after first wifes death; he married again and had one daughter. Bhushanam passed away in 1942 while in service. The second was a daughter and the third, son, Solomon (father of Dayaratnam) was born in 1903, and the year the bungalow of the Lutheran missionary was built. David worked as a gardener to the Lutheran missionary at Sattenapalli and credited with the blessed task of planting many trees in the missionary compound. He tended the young samplings for years and retired sometime in 1936. The number of trees planted is probably more than fifty and most of them were Neem and Tamarind. Even today the tree is great inspiration to many in the town. He also volunteered as a helper in the building of the Zion Lutheran Church at Sattenapalli. The church was built and dedicated in 1925 during which year my eldest sister was born, a two months premature. As a volunteer he carried many granite stones with which the church was built, further he supplied water for construction. He is much remembered for his helpful services. He built one large room mud house. The walls were made of mud of about 350 mm thick pati matti, (a blackish grey soil that sticks together), plastered both sides with cattle dung to protect from erosion. The wall was about 3 m high and roofed with one main beam and split bamboos spaced closely and then topped with mud. The originally built by him personally with the help of friends is shown in Fig.1.1. Mud walls and Mud roof Father: Pasala Solomon was born in 1903 at Sattenapalli during the construction of the bungalow of the Lutheran missionary. He married at a very young age of nineteen (1923). His wife, Kamalakshi was only about fifteen at the time of marriage. Two first children were born premature and did not survive even for few days. Obviously for lack of any medical facilities. Five children were born, Ludiamma (1925), John Sundararao (1927), Ester Lalitha (1930), Dayaratnam (1932) and Samuel (1935), all five at about two and half years interval. The interval was very natural without any family planning. Satynandam married Sundaramma from Pillitla, Guntur district during 1930 and had four daughters and two sons. Daaveedu, Sarah Hemalatha, Amruthavalli, Bhushanam, Rajamani and Gouri. Mothers side: Nagelli Kamalakshi (maiden name) was born in 1907 to Nagelli family from munagodu, Guntur district, on banks of Krishna River. She was the eldest of the family of four, two brothers and two sisters. Kamalakshi, Kotaiah, Neelamberam and Manikyam.

1 Page 9 of 26 Solomon got discharged from the army at the end of the Second World War in 1918 and has to take the responsibility to look after his brother and elder sister. He got married at the age of nineteen in 1922 with Kamalakshi, daughter of Naagella Kotaiah and Somamma of Munagodu village, Sattenapalli Taluk. Kamalakshi was only fifteen years at the time of marriage and had a seven month premature baby in 1923 that unfortunately died immediately after birth. Once again another baby girl was born prematurely in 1924 that also died at birth. Kamalakshi even though used to work in their fields and considered to be in good health but couldnt contain the child birth at such young age. Even the third child (Lydia) Ludi amma was also born premature on 25th May 1925 but survived because of the medical attention. The Lutheran missionaries during 1920s established hospitals at Guntur, Rentachintala, Cheerala, and Rajehmandry with qualified doctors and nurses. The hospitals with very devoted staff and reasonable in house facilities have minimized the infantile mortality. Solomon and Kamalakshi had four more children, John Sundara Rao (1927), Esther Lalitha (1930), Dayaratnam (1932) and Samuel (1935). Solomon loved working with Bicycles, cars and other minor mechanical equipment that were available with the missionary. He more or less joined as a helper or an informal apprentice with the driver of the missionary. The missionary at Sattenapalli used to go on camps to villages, pitch tents, and preach the word of God and also establish or look after the primary schools. Missionary always travelled with couple of extra hands including evangelist or helpers, so Solomon became a member of the party paid or unpaid. He was left at the cam while the missionary and the evangelist went in to the village to do the service. During this course of the camps, Solomon learned the driving of the car and some car mechanism on his own through shear observations without formal training. The motor cars were rather rare during the period, early 20th century. Sattenapalli had only one car, owned by the Lutheran missionary. Bicycles were becoming popular with Teachers, pastors and evangelists. The bicycles were imported mostly from Europe and sold in big cities such as Guntur, the district head quarters. Some of the popular bicycle brands are: BSA, Phillips, Armstrong, and Raleigh etc. The talus headquarters such as Sattenapalli have also had one or two cycle selling and repair shops. The motor cycles were available in the country but were not used by any one in Sattenapalli till around 1940. Trucks to transport goods and Buses for travel were available at Sattenapalli. The town was also an important railway station on Guntur-Macherla meter gauge line run by MSM railways. Later on after independence, the route was broad gauged and connected to Hyderabad and Madras which is

1 Page 10 of 26 now called Chennai. The railways provide reasonable employment to the unskilled men as gang men, and labour force. Along with also came with some amount of technology of smithy, construction and fabrication. Solomon loved the mechanism and became an expert in bicycle repair & maintenance, and to some extent car or truck repair works. The story goes that one day when the missionary was away in Madras; his daughter became sick and had to be taken to Guntur missionary hospital. There was no trained car driver available at Sattenapalli but Solomon volunteered to drive to Guntur to take the child to the hospital, convinced the missionarys wife and drove to Guntur without driving license. The lady was thankful and immediately arranged to get the car driving license from Guntur and that is how he became as a regular driver to the missionary till his retirement. He was considered to be intelligent driver and gave training to many young people. His students were treated as family members, almost ate at his house on many occasions, especially during festival days. He joined the army during the later part of First World War and also in the Second World War. He tried to become a truck driver in the army but couldnt qualify as he had only small car driving license. His favoured and long lasting successful student was Jonnakuti Yeseibu (Joseph). As a young fellow, Joseph joined as a free helping hand to the missionary during the travels and slowly learned the driving. Whenever the missionary was dropped at Guntur either for meetings or for further travels to Madras, Joseph was at hand to get the driving lesions from Guntur to Sattenapalli. Joseph after the training got the driving license and settled down as a driver in Guntur and later he purchased a used car and run a taxi service in that city. Joseph probably distantly related, became a close family member and participated in most of the family celebrations. He was very grateful and helpful till the death of Solomon. Another student, a very excited one was Pallapati Manikyam from Bandaarupalli, near Guntur. Manikyam was the youngest brothers of Pallapati family related to the grand mother of Solomon. Gowrie, the mother of Daaveedu and grand mother of Manikyam were sisters. Pallapati Premaiah, Lukanandam and Manikyam were three brothers and maintained a close relationship with Solomon and his children for three or four generations. Solomon used to go on camps along with the missionary and return home may be after eight or nine in the night along with his trainee. Or sometimes the trainee stopped by at his residence in the night. It was his habit to offer the night meal to his trainee on such occasions. Food at home was prepared just enough for the family as any leftover cant be saved to the next morning as there was no refrigerator at home, and in fact the refrigerator

1 Page 11 of 26 was not available in the entire town except at the missionary bungalow. That was an imported one and used to work on kerosene oil and not on electricity. Even the electric power supply was not available to the town. All the children ate food rather early by between seven and seven thirty. The amount of food that was left after the children has eaten was just enough for the wife and husband only. Kamalakshi ate after her husband and the guest have eaten; and most of such occasions of the unexpected guests at night, the wife had to go to bed with a glass of water and no food. Obviously the food was cooked for the day without any extra to be left out for the next day so wife of the house graciously fed the guests with the food that is available in the house rather than restarting the fire place and cook again. Fireplace for cooking with firewood needs time to get started for cooking even a small quantity. Solomon had an excellent record of driving car for over forty years without accident, not even the minor scratch to the vehicle. The road traffic was of mixed type with few motor vehicles on the streets and even on the highway but there were plenty of bullock carts, cattle, bicycles and lot of pedestrians, most of them being rural people even on the highways. Further the roads were only of macadam, very dusty and irregular. AS usual there was no control on the cattle and the bullock carts but the pedestrians were more road conscience and careful. Accident free forty years of driving on the rough highway should be considered an excellent record. One of the hobbies of Solomon was to help Pastors and teachers with the maintenance of the bicycles. Most pastors of the region travelled on bicycles, used to visit the missionary often. Most of the pastors needed help in the repair and maintenance of the bicycles and established good rapport with Solomon. The connecting roads in and around of Sattenapalli were more of footpaths, some were one lane cart tracks, mostly muddy and dusty. Therefore the bicycles usually got dirty and damaged easily. Tube punctures were common place so most people carried repair kits and air pump to pump air into the tube. Solomon enjoyed overhauling, oiling and greasing of the bicycles of the pastors and even teachers freely. There were some pastors who came to his house directly and left the bicycle for overhaul during that day of stay. His wife welcomed the pastors to the home and provided lunch to some. Simple lunch of rice and dhal was considered to be reasonable considering the actual food cooked at home was only of Bajra or small corn; and white rice was considered to be a luxury at Sattenapalli. There was no irrigation facility to few Taluks of Guntur district. Sattenapalli, Palnadu, Vinakonda, Ongole and Guntur Taluks were growing dry crops only

1 Page 12 of 26 for lack of irrigation facility during those days. Nagarjuna Sagar project brought considerable relief to these places during late sixties by bringing Krishna river water for irrigation. Solomon was one of the well respected and loved elders of the community. Teachers and other members of the town sought his company and council on variety of things. His hard work with helping nature earned him goodwill among the professionals and elders of the town. Even though his earnings were low but he ensured that the family is well taken care and the friends are entertained well. He had good sense of geography of the region and good in understanding of the mathematics at that level. An example of his sense of logic can be seen in a simple case of numbering the birthdays. Often, parents celebrate the first birthday after completion of first year of the birth as first birthday, but he would always suggests that it should be called the second birthday and not first as the first one is the day of the birth. Movement of food grains before and immediately after Second World War was restricted to small zones, and each zone may consist of a taluk or even smaller than taluk. Rice was either purchased from the ration shop or smuggled from the rice growing taluk. The ration shop rice was of bad quality and even that was limited to a small quantity. People who can afford could buy the smuggled rice at much higher price. The coarse grain that was grown in the dry cultivation was certainly more healthy and tasty in a way when compared with the white polished rice. The grain has outer membrane is fibrous and contains vitamin B and some minerals that are considered to be good for health. But yet most people prefer the white rice as it is much easier to cook and cook in different ways compared with that of any coarse grain grown in the dry land. Jonnalu (a Telugu name, may be referred as Bajra) is most extensively grown and eaten by most people in the dry cultivated land zone till about 1950. Similar to corn but small in size and requires special effort to remove the hard outer skin of the grain before it can be cooked. Mechanical mills or grinders were not available to remove the outer skin of the corn. Coarse grain was considered to be a poor mans staple food.

Solomons Family Solomons Family

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Solomons family consisted of him, his wife Kamalakshi and five children. Ludiamma was the eldest of the family who lost one of her eye while she was still a baby. John Sundara Rao the next in the line was about two and half years younger. Both being the older of the children had more responsibility in sharing the household work. Both of them worked harder in cleaning the house, bringing water and doing other chorus in the house. The first child is a great experience for all parents; it all starts with some amount of pampering, over protection and great expectations. As more and more children added to the family, the love for the children increases but not distributed. Loving a child is a special abstract and real function that can only increase but doesnt decrease as the number increases. It is not a quantity that has limitations of size and character but is always unbounded and will tend to increase irrespective of sharing. Further any increase in the family stretches the boundaries beyond the mathematical comprehension. The concept of infinity in mathematics is better explained by the love a father or mother has towards the children. It appears a normal thing in most homes where the eldest carries responsibility more than his or her share. They to some extent developed more independence and made their own decisions. All seven lived in a one room with a verandah and small open air enclosure to take bath. A two room house was built by Daaveedu and one of the rooms was occupied by him and the other room was taken by his son Solomon. AS the family grew, the verandah was added to accommodate the five children. As mentioned earlier the room had mud walls and roof while the verandah was covered with dried wild grass with bamboo mat walls on two sides and the lower edge of the verandah had a mud wall of about a meter high. People that lived in the neighbourhood didnt have toilet facilities. The nearby fields or open areas were used as open air toilets either early in the morning or in the night. Men managed even during the day time but ladies had to settle for the darkness as a security against the public eye. There were couple of public toilets which were rarely cleaned and maintained; rather in most horrible stinking state which were used in emergency.

1 Page 14 of 26 The family got used to a way of living sharing the responsibilities without being assigned by any one. An interesting pattern got evolved in their lives based on the conditions of living, facilities available and the surroundings. Each one developed his or her friends and company mostly based on the age or school in which one is placed. The girl education was free up to high school while the boys have to pay nominal tuition fee. Ludiamma and Lalitha were admitted into the Sarabhaiah Hindu high school from class six onwards while the three boys were allowed to complete the eighth class in the Harries Higher Elementary school where there was no tuition fee. Both schools were considered to be having committed teachers and good infrastructure and in fact they were the only schools that have classes up to eighth. All other schools in the town at that time were only up to fifth class and aided schools. An interesting life style was developed in most houses during that period because there was no electric power supply to the town. It was sensible to complete the cooking of the food before dark and some people ate in the open front yard in the moon or star light. There was one kerosene oil lamp in the house that was hung at the door frame connecting the room and the Verandah, and provided light to the verandah and also to a part of the room. Solomons ritual unassigned duty was to see that the lamp at home was cleaned; wick was trimmed and kerosene oil filled into the lamp tank, just before the dark of everyday. He ensured that there was light in the home on time. The children were back into the home after the evening the play just before the darkness set in. Kamalakshi got the food ready by about seven in the evening and all the children had their food and are ready to study. Kamalakshi was not educated but conscious of the value of the education so she made it a point that all the kids sit for study in the night by around seven to seven thirty depending on the season. Assemble all of kids in the room with the lamp and she would sit at the door and made sure none of them sneak out of the door. Usually she takes light naps as she sits at the door as a warden to ensure no noise and no movements. She didnt know what the mathematics is neither she understands the English or any other subject but her control was in keeping order and avoid arguments or fighting among the children. It was a fascinating situation and an amazing understanding of the family. Some of the kids, especially John Sundara Rao who has lots of friends to play has watched his mothers slumbering situation and sneak out of the room but was often caught by his mother even in that semi-sleeping state. He was one who couldnt concentrate on studies and needed some extra coaching as he was falling behind his studies. One of the teachers, Miriamma came forward to tame him and give him extra coaching in the evening. Instead of reading, he loved

1 Page 15 of 26 to help the teacher in errands of getting milk or vegetables etc to avoid the reading. Even though the teacher didnt misuse his volunteered services but couldnt succeed in getting him interested in learning. In general the evening study was generally a good discipline and helped the kids to study under the supervision of the illiterate mother. The kids themselves tried hard to teach the mother some alphabets but with much success. However they succeeded in teaching the mother to sign her name. She was kind of proud to sign when a money order or something that calls for signature. To start with she had to do left-hand thumb impression for registered receipt but now she was happy to get out of such situation. Solomons Children Ludiamma Ludiamma, the eldest daughter even though born premature but grew healthy except for a handicap of losing one of the eyes as a baby. She was born with good eyes but during her second year, she developed some boil in the spinal card and lost one of the eyes when the boil erupted. Loss of one eye or going blind in one is not considered to be a handicap in the preset times. However, it was not so during 1950s. She was very hard working, helping at home and reasonably good in her studies. There were unkindly boys in the school who make fun of the one eyed girl for which she got used to without complain. After the completing the high school studies, that is 11th class, she tried to apply for secondary teacher training course to become a teacher. It must have been the British imported rule that disqualifies a candidate to go through the training in case of such a disability of having only one eye. According to the law at that time people with such inherent disadvantage were disqualified to enter into any professional courses such as engineering and medicine etc. Even a flat foot was considered to be disqualification to enter into professional courses. The rule was very unfriendly and hard on such youngsters during those times. Today there is a reservation for physically or mentally challenged children at various levels of studies and also in employment. A Lutheran church missionary doctor at Kuglar hospital, Guntur was sympathetic and admitted her to the nursing training even though it was not legal. Further, she wouldnt be eligible to get into the Government service with such handicap even after successful completion of the training. If one with such a disability is disqualified to become a school teacher, the question of her employment into the medical services was totally ruled out. The missionary spirit went above the so called unfriendly law and did a natural justice. Some

1 Page 16 of 26 private hospitals and doctors were willing to go extra mile and help such persons in hiring as nurses. Ludiamma successfully completed the nursing training and worked for a brief period in the same hospital. She had to stay in the nurses hostel which had strict code of conduct and limited career opportunities. So she left the hospital to work in a private nursing home. May be it wasnt a wise decision but she made her own choice. Her parents and even other members of the family were not happy about the decision but then she was bold to stand on her own and face the wide world. There were not good and compatible arranged marriage proposals because of her handicap and partly because of her profession. Nursing profession was looked down when compared with the teacher or even a clerk in an office. That may be because many were not educated to appreciate the services rendered by the nurses. Nurses have to deal with the sick, and the sickness in most cases was looked as a not so clean environment. She had her ups and downs which she took in sportive spirit and did reasonably well. At a later date she got married to Kanda Swami, of her choice and lived happily. She had three children, one boy, Sudhakar, and two girls, Vijaya and Ramana. Late when the Government waved away the rule of discrimination against the employment, she entered into the Government service at much lower level than she deserves and retired with small pensioner benefits. The three children have done reasonably well got married and brought up their own families. After her retirement, her youngest daughter was very helpful in providing her shelter and care in the old age. She had her own health problems of the old age but her children especially Ramana and her family were very thoughtful and loving in taking care of her. John Sundara Rao John Sundara Rao, normally referred as Sundara Rao is the second child but eldest boy in the family. Elder children as a practice are pampered to some extent but given the responsibility of carrying some of the duties at home and the younger ones as the family grows. Sundara Rao has grown strong and bold with the responsibilities.

Fig. 4 Solomons family, in 1953 wedding of John Sundara Rao.

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An interesting life style was developed in most houses during that period because there was no electric power supply to the town. It was sensible to complete the cooking of the food before dark and some people ate in the open front yard in the moon or star light. There was one kerosene oil lamp in the house that was hung at the door frame connecting the room and the Verandah; and provided light to the verandah and also to a part of the room. Solomons ritual was to see that the lamp at home was cleaned; wick trimmed and kerosene oil filled into the lamp tank just before the dark of everyday. He ensured that there was light in the home on time. The children were back at home after the evening play just before the dark. Kamalakshi got the food ready by about seven in the evening and all the children eat and were ready to study before seven thirty in the night. Kamalakshi had no education but conscious of its value so she made it a point that all the kids sit for study in the night by around seven thirty depending on the season. Assemble all of kids in the room with the lamp and she would sit at the door and made sure none of them sneak out of the door. Usually she takes light naps as she sat at the door to ensure no noise and no movements. She didnt know what the mathematics is neither she understands the English or any other subject but her control was in keeping the order and avoid arguments or fighting among the children. It was a fascinating situation and an amazing understanding of the family. Some of the kids, especially John Sundara Rao who had lots of friends to play watched mothers slumbering situation and tried to sneak out of the room but was often caught by his mother even in that semi-sleeping state. He was one who couldnt concentrate on studies and needed some extra coaching as he was falling behind his studies. One of the teachers, Miriamma came forward to tame him and give him extra coaching in the evening. Instead of reading, he loved to help the teacher in errands of getting milk or vegetables etc to avoid the reading. Even though the teacher didnt misuse his volunteered services but couldnt succeed in getting him interested in learning. In general, the evening

1 Page 18 of 26 study had good discipline and helped the kids to study under the supervision of the illiterate mother. The kids themselves tried hard to teach the mother some alphabets but with little success. However they succeeded in teaching the mother to write her name. She was kind of proud to sign when a money order or something that calls for signature. To start with she had to do thumb impression for registered receipt but now she was happy to get out of such situation. Six teenagers gathered around a ferocious wild goat with long sharp horns and challenged among themselves whether any one is capable of catching it by horns. There this fair complexioned fellow in half pants took the risky bet for nothing and tried to catch it. It is almost like bull fighting. The fellow went to just face it, even before he was ready, the wild goat rammed into him piercing one of the leg calf muscle of the fellow with its sharp horn. All the boldness of the guy smashed into agony of pain. That teen ager was John Sundara Rao normally referred as Sundara Rao, the eldest son of Solomon. He was very sportive; dare devil, challenging in risk from his very young age; sometimes even taking pride in such risky habits. He was the one who carried water from the nearby well to home from the age of about thirteen years. The domestic water requirement of the house was about five hundred litres per day, brought from the one well which was situated about hundred meters away from home, and the drinking water requirement was about hundred litres. All the water supply to the home was handled or supplied by the two eldest children, namely Ludiamma and Sundara Rao. Sundara Rao in his exuberant style carried three pots simultaneously, one with each hand the third one gripping with his teeth and partly supporting the pot on his chest. Each brass pot weighs about four kilograms, and holds about twenty five liters of water. In all, he must have carried more than eighty kilograms at a time. Often he was a show offer and leader of the teenagers in the community. Elder children are pampered to some extent but given the responsibility of carrying some of the duties at home and even taking care of the younger ones as the family. Sundara Rao has grown strong and bold with the responsibilities but neglected studies. This might have resulted in his lack of interest in studies. Slow in studying and taking all possible excuses such as doing odd works to avoid study. In the community Sundara Raos sisters and brothers cant hackled by any one; as he grow up he became the protector of even the parents.

1 Page 19 of 26 Sundara Rao discontinued his studies at eighth class and joined the army in Second World War at very young age of about sixteen declaring higher age. He served the Army in war and peace time, for less than ten years before he got demobilization with a meagre pension. While he was in the army, may be about three years he used to send Rupees thirty for month to home in his mothers name. It was lot of He learned driving heavy vehicles in the army so it became very helpful as he entered civil profession. He became a long distance truck driver, driving up to Madras at the age of twenty three. He was the bread winner supplementing the earnings of the father. One fine morning Sundara Rao went to maternal grandmothers home in Munagodu, a village about forty km from Sattenapalli. Grandmother Sovamma passed away by that time and Kotaiah, the younger brother of Rao mother was in charge of things. There Rao noticed an active a young and pretty girl the daughter of Kotaiah. Even though the girl is about eight years younger than him, he conveyed his desire to marry her. It was love at first sight. The elders got together and arranged the wedding that took place during summer of 1953 at Sattenapalli. Mariyamma was the eldest daughter of Kotaiah and Gangamma, niece of Kamalakshi. The couple was closely related and the parents were happy about the union. By that time Lalitha was married (1951), Dayaratnam was in 2nd year engineering and Samuel was in high school. Sundara Rao was selected as a driver in APSRTC, as he has wide experience, he become the driver of long distance travel buses. The roads at that time were not only narrow and were more mettle Macadam, so the distance between Guntur and Hyderabad was coved in about ten hours with two shift duty drivers. He was well respected among staff of RTC and the community members, had many close friends. Bhaskar, the first child was born in 1958, Ravi the next one was born in 1959, Padma born in 1962, Kamalakshi born in 1964 and last child Lalitha was born in 1966. The last girl died while she was a baby. Even though he was feared by some for his rash decisions and anger, he was most loving person, very helpful and who was willing to risk anything for the sake of the family members and friends. That way he earned good name and loving kindness from one and all. By unfortunate accident he left for the heaven abode in August 1974, leaving young wife and small children in grief. His wife Mariyamma even though young, took the enter responsibility of the family, got a job in APSRTC on compassionate grounds and brought up all the children. She was diabetic and yet worked hard, saw that her four elder children were married

1 Page 20 of 26 and settled. The youngest daughter Kamalakshi was not married when she passed away after retirement in 2001. John Sundara Rao has lots strength to his credit, before listing out his strengths, an illustrative incidence will speak of him. As it was getting dark on one day, Solomon at the age of fifty two was walking across the Church compound play ground and noticed a teacher who is known to be a bad element in the community. The cheated a colleague, brother in law of Solomon; that lead to the death. Solomon was angry with that person, but couldnt do anything. As this fellow was crossing his path in the open ground, Solomon made a comment that they are friends who are also cheaters and become responsible for calamities. The teacher was much younger and manhandled Solomon, who in turn shouted for help. Dayaratnam, the second son on vacation from the engineering college, heard his father calling for help ran to the spot, but by that time Solomon left the scene fearing shame before his own son, had sought shelter in one of the nearby houses. When Dayaratnam enquired the teacher whom he used to call elder brother, asked what really happened, why my father called for, you must have done something harmful. The teacher flatly said nothing happened. John Sundara Rao returned home the next from his overnight duty and came to know of the incidence through a neighbor. He couldnt stand the humiliation of his father and so decided to teach a lesson to the teacher whom he also called elder brother. He got hold of two scavengers of the public toilets, asked them to collect two mud pots of the raw sewage from the public toilets. He took the two scavengers along with the raw sewage, and went to the house the teacher in the night and got the raw sewage dumped on the fellow in the house without directly hurting him, and warned not to repeat any such insults on his father or any one. He got it done in few minutes time and taught a good lesson to the bullying fellow; who never bothered others from this wise lesson. There many strengths of Sundara Rao, some the notable ones are: sacrificing love towards family and friends. He was courageous and willing to risk for the sake of justice to the poor and needy. He counts friendship above all, everyone in around him were his friends. He commanded great respect and love from his colleague and other staff. He was willing to work harder than his capacity for the sake of helping others. In midlist of his various activities and care for others, somehow he didnt pay adequate attention to the family. His wife was also his strength.

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Esther Lalitha
Esther Lalitha is the third child born in 1930. She is one of the prettiest girls around. After studying up to class five at Harries Higher Elementary School, Sattenapalli, She joined Sarabhaiah Hindu High School, completed 8th class and joined higher grade teachers training school at Phirangipuram near Guntur. She couldnt continue further education for financial reasons and also parents wanted her to start a career at early unlike her elder sister. She completed the teachers training successfully and worked for few months as a teacher, then joined Bible training school at Mangalamandiram, next to Kuglars hospital in Guntur at a meager stipend of few Rupees. As a school girl, she was good in sports and had many friends all around her. Afterwards she has worked as a teacher in by places only couple years. One fine morning, of May 1951, four people of a family of from nearby town Narasaraopeta walked into Solomons residence and introduced themselves. They were Mr. Borugadda John and his wife Mrs. Manikyamma, and two elder sons Mr. Raja Rao and Mr. Sundara Rao. It was pleasant surprise visit and they proposed the wedding proposal, my sister Lalitha with their son named Sundara Rao. They inquired if there is another girl available who is suitable to the elder son, Mr. Raja Rao. MY sister had a classmate in the training school, Miss Pumba Kanthamma, whose mother works in Kuglar hospital. After the consultation with Kanthamma in Guntur, they finalized the wedding in July of the same year. Both weddings of Esther Lalitha and Kanthamma took place on 8th of July 1951 at Lutheran Church at Narasaraopeta. Sundara Rao and Lalitha started as teachers in a nearby village after the wedding. My father wanted that Mr. Sundara Rao should go into Christian Seminary, so apparently he himself filled up the application to Lthergiri AELC seminary in Rajahmundry. He was selected for pastors training and the family happily settled for the training. She had give up teachers job as the pastors wife is available to serve the congregation. Rev Sundara Rao served for years in various congregations including large ones like Hyderabad parish, Sattenapalli, and Vijayawada with diligently and earned the love and respect of the congregations. He is considered one of the blessed speakers with thoughtful messages. He was selected for training in the USA for about six months, where he earned love and respect from the ones where he stayed. The couple had four daughters and two sons, namely: Mary Vijayalakshmi, Geetanjeli, Soraja, Shekeela, Ravi and Solomon Raju. Everyone was married at the right age and had their families. Unfortunately, Mary Vijayalakshmi passed away at promising age.

1 Page 22 of 26 They were blessed to see and bring up all the grand children and even great grandchild. Rev Sundara Rao is not merely a son-in-law to Solomon and Kamalakshi but a son in care. The couple cared for both the parents after retirement of Solomon. They lived happily with their daughter who took care of them till their demise. Lalitha has much strength in taking care of the large family, and nursing all the children and grandchildren, and her parents for more than twenty five years. She has always has tender love towards all the family members. Lalitha and Sundara Rao were considered as guide support to all the family members of Solomon. Any problem in any one of the family of Solomon and hers, the couple were at hand to solve and strengthen the bonds. Rev. Sundara Rao was much sought after many congregations, and parents whose children have grown to marriageable age. He has help to arrange and perform hundreds weddings. In some case he had performed the wedding of three successive generations. He ministered for more than fifty five years and continues to do. Rev. Sundara Rao had great regard and love to Solomon and treated with loving care. God blessed him with the holy spirit to preach the word of God at thousands of congregation, prayer meetings; and many more house prayers.

Dayaratnam
Dayaratnam is the fourth child of Solomon and a number of chapters are devoted to his career and experiences; so only reference is made here completes.

Samuel
Samuel is the youngest of the five children of Solomon, may be pampered as he is youngest in the family. He also studied in the Harries Higher Elementary School and then the Sarabhaiah Hindu High School at Sattenapalli. He studied up to eleventh class and joined technical training Institute. He was very active in sports and extracurricular activities, so he became the school peoples leader when he was at eleventh class. It shows his leadership qualities. After the training, he joined as a mechanic at Department of Geophysics, Andhra University Waltair. He is an excellent mechanic and had a host of friends at home town. He married Mariyamma, who was a nurse and worked in Warangal general hospital. After few years of work at Andhra University, he joined Regional Engineering College Warangal. He had three children, namely Suneel, Sridhar and Sailija. The couple worked hard in their profession and somehow seemed to have neglected the children. Both son sons joined

1 Page 23 of 26 some odd jabs and Sailija became a teacher. Samuel is an excellent mechanic and earned good name among his colleagues and the College authorities.

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Neem tree
Car garage
Tamarin d tree

Bungalo w

Zion Lutheran Church

Macherla-Guntur main road

Great trees planted by Daaveedu, Mission compound Sattenapalli, about 1947

10 9

12 11

13 14

24

25

26 27

31 30 29

34 33

39 36

22 23 2 1 4 3 6 5 8 21 7 19 16 17 20 18 28

35 31 32

37

Church Compound
26

15

Zion Lutheran Church Police lines Police lines

Macherla-Guntur main road Malapalli, Sattenapalli, about 1947

Gravel path

38

Tennis court

Servant quarters

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10
9

12
11

13

24

25 2 6
2 7 2 8

3 1 3 0 29

3 4 33 3 31 32 5

39
36

14 22 2 3 21

37 38

2 1

4 3

6 5

8 7

19 16

20

26

Church Compound

15

17 18

1 Pastors house 2 Teachers 3 Tumurugoti Enoch 4 Tumurugoti 5 Kancherla 6 Kancherla 7 Moperti Lazarus
8 Kancherla 9?

9?
14 T.

15 Jones sheild 16 Devarapalli Premaih 17 Padmutham Solomon


18 Pasala Solomon

25 Pilli Yohanu? 26 Pilli Samuel 27 Gottemukkal Yesebu 28 Gottemukkal Yesebu 29 Katta Yesuratnam 30 Bhimala Rajaratnam 31 Modi Seethaih 32 moperti Issac 33 34 35 Teetla David 36 Tumurugoti Yesuratnam 37 38 39 Moperrti Luther

19 Pasala David 20 Gottemukkal Thomas


21 Tadimalla Yohanu 22 Billa Manikyam.

10 Janana Teachers
11 ?

12 Tumurugoti Abraham 13 ?

23 Tadimalla ? 24 Pilli Daniel ..

Malapalli, Sattenapalli, about 1947

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