Name : Nikman Adli b. Nor Hashim. ( M04D ) Title : Structure, bonding and properties.

Objective :
To try out the structure, bonding and properties of some compound chemically.

Apparatus : 1. Burette.
2. Cotton cloth. 3. Carbon electrodes. 4. Ammeter. 5. Beaker.

Materials :

1. Water. 2. Ethanol. 3. Hexane. 4. Calcium Chloride. 5. Argentum Nitrate. 6. Graphite. 7. Iodine. 8. Ethoxyethane. 9. Ethyl Ethanoate. 10. Trichloromethane.

Methods : Please refer to Chemistry Practical Handbook page 50 and 51. Results:
Data collection : Experiment 1 Objective : To find the effects of a charged rod on liquid jets. Liquid Water Ethanol Hexane Observation Some deflection occurred to the liquid after the charged rod being placed close to the liquid jet.Water was deflected towards the charged rod. Some deflection occurred to the liquid, but the deflect angle is less than the deflection of water above.Ethanol was deflected towards the charged rod. Some deflection occurred to the liquid.Hexane was deflected towards the charged rod.

Table 1 : The observation of the effect of charged rod on liquid jets.

Discussion : 1. From the observation, I can deduce that charged rod really effects on the liquid jet of water, Ethanol and Hexane. 2. When the rod is rubbed, it is positively charged.So, deflection occurred when it is placed close to the liquid jets.All of the flows of the liquid jets was attracted to the charged rod. Conclusion : Charged rod really affect the flow of water, Ethanol and Hexane(liquid jets).The magnitude of deflection between the three liquids are different.

Data collection : Experiment 2 Objective : To test the miscibility of liquid. Liquid Water and Ethanol Water and Hexane Ethanol and Hexane Observation The liquids can mix together and no precipitation was formed. Both liquids cannot mix together and was separated. Both liquids cannot mix together and was separated.

Table 2 : The observation on the miscibility of liquids. Discussion : Water can mix together with Ethanol because the OH- molecules are exist in Ethanol. Conclusion : Ethanol is soluble in water because of the existence of OH- molecules.

Data collection : Experiment 3 Objective : To test the solubility of Iodine in different liquids. Liquid Water Ethanol Hexane Observation Iodine dissolved slightly and the solution becomes light brown in colour. Iodine dissolved better than in water as the solution becomes dark brown. Iodine dissolved completely as the solution becomes dark purple.

Table 3 : The observation of the solubility of Iodine in water, Ethanol and Hexane. Conclusion : In the experiment, it was found that Iodine is able to dissolve in each of the liquids, but its solubility differs for each different liquids.Iodine dissolved most in Hexane followed by Ethanol and then in water. Data collection : Experiment 4 Objective : To test the solubility of graphite in liquid. Liquid Water Ethanol Hexane Observation Graphite did not dissolved. Graphite did not dissolved. Graphite did not dissolved.

Table 4 : The observation of the solubility of graphite in different liquids. Evaluation : 1. From my observation, it is concluded that graphite do not dissolve in any of the three liquids. 2. This is because all the three liquids are covalent bonds. 3. Graphite is also a more stable allotropic form of the carbon than diamond, so it is known that graphite will not dissolve or react in any circumstances in this experiment. Conclusion : Graphite does not dissolve in any liquid because graphite is an insoluble compound.

Data collection : Experiment 5 Objective : To test the solubility of Calcium Chloride in liquid. Liquid Water Ethanol Hexane Observation After adding silver nitrate, there were a lot of precipitate occurred.CaCl2 dissolved well in water. After adding silver nitrate, there were precipitate occurred. CaCl2 dissolved not as well as in water. No precipitate occurred after silver nitrate is added in the solution. CaCl2 dissolved at all in Hexane.

Table 5 : The observation of the solubility of Calcium Chloride in different liquids. Discussion : 1. From the experiment, Calcium Chloride can only dissolved in water and Ethanol. 2. Calcium Chloride cannot dissolve in Hexane, because Hexane is a hydrocarbon molecule and it is a non-polar molecule, so it cannot be dissolved in Hexane. Conclusion : Calcium Chloride is well dissolved in water, followed by in Ethanol but does not dissolve in Hexane. Data collection : Experiment 6 Objective : To test the volatility of Iodine, graphite and Calcium Chloride. Material Iodine Calcium Chloride Graphite Observation After solid iodine is being heated, it reacts quickly and turn into gaseous form for a few seconds. After solid Calcium Chloride is being heated, it turned into gaseous form, but as it contacted with the test tubes wall, it became solid immediately. No reaction occurred after the solid graphite is being heated.

Table 6 : The observation of the volatility of Iodine, Calcium Chloride and Graphite after being heated.

Discussion : 1. Solid Iodine is very volatile as it is reacted easily after being heated. 2. Calcium Chloride is also a compound that has high volatility as it turned into gases after being heated. 3. Graphite is a non volatile compound because it has a very strong covalent bond in the element. Conclusion : Iodine is a highly volatility compound, followed by Calcium Chloride which its volatility is less than Iodine.Graphite does not has the ability to volatile. Data collection : Experiment 7 Objective : To find the conductivity of Iodine in water, Iodine in Ethanol, Iodine in Hexane, Calcium Chloride in water, Calcium Chloride in Ethanol, Calcium Chloride in Hexane, distilled water, Ethanol and Hexane itself. Solution Iodine + Water Iodine + Ethanol Iodine + Hexane Calcium Chloride + Water Calcium Chloride + Ethanol Water Ethanol Hexane Observation/Reading (mA) 70 16 0 100 100 100 2 0

Table 7 : The observation of the conductivity on different solutions. Discussion : 1. From the data, the solution of Calcium Chloride have the highest reading because it is an ionic compound, which can conduct effectively. 2. There is no reading for Hexane because it is a hydrocarbon compound and cannot conduct electricity. Conclusion : All ionic compounds can conduct electricity, but covalent compounds which represented by Hexane cannot conduct electricity.

Data collection : Experiment 8 Objective : To test the colour of Iodine in different solutions. Solution Ethanol Hexane Diethyl Ether Ethyl Acetate Chloroform Observation (Colour of Iodine) Iodine dissolved, colour of Iodine turned to dark brown. Iodine dissolved, colour of Iodine turned to dark purple. Iodine dissolved, colour of Iodine turned to reddish brown. Iodine dissolved, colour of Iodine turned to reddish brown. Iodine dissolved, colour of Iodine turned to purple.

Table 8 : The observation of the colour of Iodine in different solutions. Discussion : From the experiment, different solvent will give different colour of iodine.In organic compound, the colour of iodine will change into darker colour, different from the colour of iodine that dissolve in the water. Conclusion : Iodine can dissolve in all solutions, but different in colour for this experiment.