IT2202-PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

A.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE VILLUPURAM DEPARTMENRT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING UNIT-I FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALOG COMMUNICATION PART-A 1. Define modulation? 2. Define amplitude Modulation. 3. Define Modulation index and percent modulation for an AM wave. 4. Why carrier frequencies are generally selected in HF range than low frequency range? 5. Define Low level Modulation. 6. Define High level Modulation. 7. Distinguish between low level and high level modulation. 8. Give the bandwidth of AM? 9. Define image frequency. 10. Give the formula for AM power distribution. 11. What are the disadvantages of conventional (or) double side band full carrier system? 12. Define Single sideband suppressed carrier AM. 13. Define AM Vestigial sideband. 14. What are the advantages of single sideband transmission? 15. What are the disadvantages of single side band transmission?. 16. Define Heterodyning.. 17. Define direct frequency modulation. 18. Define indirect frequency Modulation. 19. Define instantaneous frequency deviation. 20. Define frequency deviation. 21. State Carson rule. 22. Define Deviation ratio. 23. Write down the comparison of frequency and amplitude modulation.
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24. Define Phase modulation. 25. What are the advantages of angle modulation and also list its disadvantages. 26. What is Phase deviation ? 27. Define deviation sensitivity for FM and PM and give its units. PART-B 1. (i) compare AM,FM and PM. (ii) Write short notes on AM power distribution. 2. (i) compare FM and AM. (ii)The phase deviations constant in a phase modulation system is K=.01 . (4) (12) (4) (12)

Calculate the maximum phase deviation when a modulating signal of 10v is applied. 3.(i) Write short notes on: (1) AM voltage distribution. (2) AM power distribution. (ii)An audio frequency signal 10 sin2*500t is used to amplitude modulate a carrier of 50 sin2* (1) Modulation index (2) Side band frequencies (3) BW required (4) Total power delivered to the load of 600. t.Calculate

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4. (i) Derive the power relations for single tone AM wave.

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(ii) Define FM . Explain the indirect method of producing FM with block diagram 5. (i) Determine the side band frequencies of an angle-modulated wave. (ii) Derive the expression for average power of an angle-modulated wave. 6. With the help of neat block diagram explain functioning of a super heterodyne receiver list out ignorance. 7. (i) Explain the detection of AM signals using envelope detector. (ii) Explain about AM transmitters. 8. Explain the principle of working FM system modulation and demodulation. 9. (i)Draw the block diagram of high level AM transmitter and explain the function of each block. (ii) Explain about superheterodyne. UNIT-II DIGITAL COMMUNICATION PART-A 1. What is digital modulation? 2. What is information capacity? 3. Give the expression for Shannon limit for information capacity. 4. Give the Nyquist formulation for channel capacity. 5. Compare QASK and QPSK. 6. What are Antipodal signals? 7. Define minimum shift keying. 8. Give the difference between standard FSK and MSK.. 9. What are the advantages of M-ary signaling scheme. 10. What does correlative coding mean? 11. Differentiate coherent and non coherent methods. 12. Define peak frequency deviation for FSK. 13. Define bit rate.
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14. Define Baud rate. 15. Compare binary PSK with QPSK. 16. Define QAM. 17. What is a constellation diagram? 18. Bring out the difference between DPSK and BPSK. 19. What is bandwidth efficiency? 20. What is an Offset QPSK? 21. Mention any four advantage of digital modulation over analog modulation. 22. Define carrier recovery. 23. What is DPSK?. 24. What do you mean by ASK PART-B 1.Explain the concept of binary phase shift keying and describe its generations and reception with neat diagram. 2.Explain the signal space representation of QPSK. Describe its generation and reception with block diagrams. 3. (i) Explain the principle of PSK transmitter and receiver. (ii) Write short notes on the spectrum and bandwidth of FSk? 4. (i) Compare the various types of digital modulation techniques. (ii) Explain the eye pattern in base band digital transmission with a neat diagram. 5. (i) Explain about the Shannon limit for information capacity (ii) Define bit rate, baud rate and bandwidth consideration of PSK. (iii) Define digital amplitude modulation. 6. (i) Explain ASK system and discuss its advantages. (ii) Describe FSK modulator with neat diagram. 7. with the neat diagram explain the operations of 16-QAM transmitter. Draw its output signal constellation diagram.
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8.(i) Explain BPSK transmitter and receiver with help of block diagrams. (ii) The bit stream 101100011 is to transmitted using DPSK. Determine the encoded sequence and transmitted phase sequence. 9. Describe FSK transmitter and FSK receiver. 10. Draw the block diagram for generation and detection of binary FSK signal and explain with signal space diagram. UNIT-III DIGITAL TRANSMISSION PART-A 1. State the sampling theorem for band-limited signals of finite energy. 2. What are the advantages of digital transmission? 3. What are the disadvantages of digital transmission? 4. Define pulse code modulation. 5. What is the purpose of the sample and hold circuit? 6. What is the Nyquist sampling rate? 7. What is the principle of pulse modulation? 8. List the four predominant methods of pulse modulation. 9. What is codec? 10. Define and state the causes of fold over distortion. 11. Define overload distortion. 12. Define quantization. 13. Define dynamic range. 14. What is non-uniform or nonlinear encoding? 15. What is the advantage and disadvantage of midtread quantization? 16. What is the necessity of companding? 17. What is idle channel noise? 18. How is percentage error calculated? 19. Compare slope overload and granular noise. 20. Give the concept of delta modulation PCM. 21. What is ISI and give its causes. 22. What is an eye pattern? 23. List the significance of eye pattern.
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24. What are the two fold effects of quantizing process? 25. Define quantization error? 26. What is nyquist rate? 27. What is PAM?

PART-B 1.Write short notes on: (i) Adapative delta modulation. (ii)Differential pulse code modulation. (iii)Inter symbol interference. 2 (i) Explain the quantization process in PCM. (ii) describe the delta modulation system with necessary diagram. 3.(i) Explain the elements of PCM system with a neat block diagram. (ii) What is companding? (6) (6) (4) (6) (10) (12) (4)

4. Derive an expression for signal to quantization noise ratio for a PCM system which employs linear quantization techniques. Given that input to the PCM signal is a sinusoidal signal.(16) 5. (i) Explain DPCM transmitter operation with its block diagram. (ii) Compare between PCM,DM,ADM and DPCM on number of bits, levels and step size, quantization error and transmission bandwidth. 6. (i) Describe the working of delta modulator with necessary block diagram. (ii) Compare DPCM and PCM. 7.(i) Discuss the four primary causes of inter symbol interference. (ii) Explain the flat-top sampling process with necessary diagram. 8. Describe DPCM transmitter and receiver with suitable block diagram. 9.(i) What is eye pattern. What are the interpretations obtained from it?
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(ii) Write notes on Inter-symbol Interference. 10. With a neat block diagram explain Delta modulation. How slope over and granular noise can be minimized. UNIT IV SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES. PART-A 1.Define pseudo-noise sequence. 2. What is the function of pseudo noise sequence? 3. Explain why FH spread spectrum is not affected by near-far problem. 4. what is meant by spread spectrum? 5. what are the advantage of spread spectrum modulation? 6. what are the application of spread spectrum?

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7.A spread spectrum communication system has the information bit duration of 2.047 ms and PN sequence chip duration of 1 if the maximum is consider as 10, determine the jamming margin.

8. A direct sequence spread BPSK system uses a feedback shift register of length 19 for the generation of PN sequence. Calculate the processing gain of the system. 9.Define the anti jamming. 10.Define the multiple accessing. 11. What do you mean by direct sequence spread spectrum technique ? 12. mention the advantage of DS spread spectrum ? 13.what is frequency hop spreading?

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14. Give the advantages of frequency hopping? 15.Compare direct sequence and frequency hopping spread spectrum. 16. Define processing gain? 17.List the properties of the maximum length sequence. 18. State the correlation property of maximum length sequence? 19.Mention the classification of multiple access protocols. 20 .What is time division multiple access? 21. Mention the advantage of TDMA ? 22. What is CDMA ? 23. Mention the advantage of CDMA ? 24. State the difference between TDM and TDMA.

PART B 1.(i) Explain the principle of spread spectrum. briefly explain the FH spreading transmitter and receiver. (ii) Describe the concept of DS-SS with coherent binary PSK. (8) (8)

2.( i) Explain the application of TDMA and CDMA for wireless communication. ( ii) Write short notes on source coding of speech for wireless communication.

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3.(i)Write a short note on frequency hop spectrum. (ii)Explain the application of spread spectrum techniques.
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4.(i) Give a detail account of the different types of multiple access techniques. (ii) Compare TDMA and CDMA.

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5.(i)Explain the concept of frequency reuse and cell splitting in wireless communications. (ii)What is RAKE receiver? Explain the same with block diagram.

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6.(i) Explain in detail about DS/BPSK transmitter and receiver with block diagram. (ii)Determine the processing gain and jamming margin of a spread spectrum communication system for the following parameters. Bit duration Tb=4.095ms and chip duration Tc=1 .

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7. Differentiate between direct sequence and frequency hop spread spectrum techniques and Describe coherent based DS-SS with suitable block diagram. (16)

8.(i) Draw DS spread spectrum modulation with block diagram. Derive an expression for processing gain PG. (ii)Distinguish CDMA and TDMA? (10) (6)

9. Describe the baseband effect sequence spread spectrum technique with suitable block diagram and waveform. (16)

10.(i)Explain a speech transmission technique that retains the quality of speech and employs

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a reduced transmission rate. (ii)Explain the two common multiple access techniques for wireless communication.

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UNIT V SATELLITE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATION PART-A 1. Define orbit. 2. What is a satellite system? 3. List the satellite orbits. 4. Define inclined orbit. 5. Define polar orbit. 6. Define geostationary orbit. 7. Define geosynchronous orbit. 8. Define perigee and apogee. 9. Define angle of inclination and angle of elevation. 10. State the laws of planetary motion. 11. How are satellites classified based on elevation? 12. Define Azimuth angle. 13. Define a transponder. What is its basic function? 14. What is a footprint? 15. What is station keeping? 16. State the uplink frequency and downlink frequency. 17. What are the techniques for increasing channel capacity? 18. What are the major subsystems in a communication satellite? 19. What is the basic transponder configuration? 20. State the major subsystems in a satellite earth station. 21. List the applications of a satellite. 22. What is an optical communication system? 23. State the frequency range of optical fiber communication.
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24. List the optical sources used for optical fiber communication. 25. List the optical detectors. 26. Define refractive index. 27. Define critical angle. 28. Define total internal reflection. 29. Describe the construction of optical fiber cable. 30. Define mode. PART-B 1 (i) Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of synchronous satellite. (ii) Describe the following with block diagram a) Uplink model b) Transponder c) Downlink model. 2. (i) For a single mode optical cable with .25 loss, determine the optical power at 100 Km (8) (8) (8) (8) (4) (12)

from a 0.1 mW light source. (ii)Explain the different types of losses in optical fiber cables. 3.( i) Discuss briefly the basic satellite communication system. (ii) Write short notes on the LE0 and GEO orbits.

4. Emumerate the elements of an optical fiber transmission link. 5.(i)Describe the LEO and GEO orbits of satellities.When are they chosen? (ii) State and explain the ray theory of optical fiber communication. 6.(i) Describe the link model of a satellite communication system. (ii) Explain the operation of LED in detail with its cross sectional diagram. 7.(i) With circuit diagram the principle of operation of fiber optic communication. (ii)Compare single mode and multimode fibres.

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8. Discuss the principle of satellite communication with diagram. 9.Explain the characteristics of different types of optical fibre.

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10.(i) What is geosynchronous satellite ? Explain the advantage and limitations geosynchrous satellite. (ii) Discuss the construction of an optical fibre link.

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