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Our vision
Our vision is a rural transformation in the developing world as smallholder households increase their use of trees in agricultural landscapes to improve food security, nutrition, income, health, shelter, social cohesion, energy resources and environmental sustainability.
Our mission
The Centres mission is to generate science-based knowledge about the diverse roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes, and to use its research to advance policies and practices, and their implementation that benefit the poor and the environment.
Our partners
The World Agroforestry Centre has always implemented much of its work in partnership with a range of public, private and international bodies. Our partnerships are based on a clear recognition of the value that is added through working jointly with partners and sharing strengths to achieve specific outcomes. We partner with universities, advanced research institutions, national agricultural research organizations, private sector organizations, and government and nongovernment agencies in the fields of agriculture, forestry, environment, conservation and climate change.
World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, 2013 ISSN 1995-6851 World Agroforestry Centre. 2013. Annual Report 2012-2013:Transforming Lives and Landscapes with Trees. Nairobi:World Agroforestry Centre
Articles appearing in this publication may be quoted or reproduced without charge, provided the source is acknowledged. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes. The geographic designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Agroforestry Centre concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission of the source.
Contents
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Message from the Chair Message from the Director General ICRAF Strategy 2013-2022 The right trees for the right place
pg 02 pg 04 pg 06 pg 08 pg 12 pg 24 pg 30 pg 36 pg 44 pg 54
Market matters
How we work
Annexes
Board member Dr Hector Cisneros receiving a gift from regional coordinator Zac Tchoundjeu during the World Agroforestry Centres 25th anniversary celebrations in Cameroon.
From a financial perspective, this was another successful year, and we managed to close without a deficit. This is my last message as chair, as I am leaving the Board in 2013. I personally feel rather sad as it has been such a challenge, but at the same time I have a feeling of fulfilment and accomplishment, not only for myself, but for the Board, the Board secretariat, the senior leadership team, and for the whole institution and its many partners. So much has been achieved since I joined the Board in 2006. Many challenges remain, but the Centre has never been in better shape to meet these challenges than it is now.
Reduce deforestation and forest degradation in mixed agriculture-forest landscapes Increase the multi-functionality of agricultural landscapes, and understanding of trade-offs and synergies Prevent and reverse landscape degradation with better soil structure and water holding capacity Enhance or maintain biodiversity in agricultural and associated landscapes Avoid eutrophication of water bodies, siltation of reservoirs and disruption of hydrological cycles Develop natural asset accounting and valuation/ pricing of externalities Model and monitor the land use and land cover changes in tree-based landscapes Raise awareness on ecosystem services and map, monitor and value these and devise policies that create the incentives to preserve this natural capital. 3. Transform agroforestry impacts to large-scale through policies, innovation and partnerships: Highlight and mainstream agroforestry into international, regional, national and local policies Participate in, convene and communicate about pilot development initiatives that use agroforestry innovations to go beyond proof of concept to proof of application Support development initiatives concerning agroforestry with tools and information Make information and evidence context specific Conceive and test innovative extension approaches Develop frameworks for and build knowledge on the science of scaling up Better target resources and technologies for specified agroforestry systems and technologies Help catalyse provision of inputs and materials (e.g. germplasm) for successful testing and adoption of agroforestry practices at scale Determine how to scale up the benefits of value chain development interventions so as to benefit large numbers of smallholders and other poor value chain actors Take responsibility for delivery of information in ways that diverse audiences can assess, understand and use.
To implement this programme, six new Science Domains (SDs) were established. These are: SD1 - Agroforestry Systems seeks to understand how agroforestry systems can function better, be more productive, more attractive for investments and be more ecologically sustainable in the long term SD2 - Tree Products and Markets encompasses the science behind understanding and developing value chains for agroforestry tree products as well as the institutions that support and participate in tree product markets SD3 -Tree Diversity, Domestication and Delivery involves identifying, delivering and conserving quality tree germplasm as well as supporting the optimal use of the right tree in the right place for the right purpose SD4 - Land Health concerned with understanding land degradation and how it can be prevented, reversed and its significance better communicated and recognized SD5 - Environmental Services focused on understanding and promoting the benefits and sustenance of key environmental services associated with tree-based landscapes including water, soil stabilization, carbon and biodiversity SD6 - Climate Change concerned with the vulnerability of smallholders and developing countries to the negative effects of climate change. These SDs are based in the headquarters in Nairobi, but the bulk of the implementation will be done in the Centres five Regional Programmes: East and Southern Africa West and Central Africa Southeast and East Asia South Asia Latin America. The budget of the Centre is estimated to grow consistently year by year from US$59 million in 2013 to US$100 million by 2022. This ambitious growth target will allow us to make significant progress in achieving large-scale impact in the developing countries.
Transforming lives and landscapes with trees
Farmers in Bas-Sassandra are enthusiastic about the idea of planting native trees in their cocoa gardens
When Smith Dumont revisited Kivu area in early 2013, she was encouraged to find that local communities had established nurseries with a wide range of trees, mostly native, tailored to suit their needs. An independent evaluation of the project was carried out by Saskia Marijnissen at the end of 2012. The approach used by this project demonstrates that techniques do not have to be rudimentary to be useful at the local level, she wrote. While most extension manuals recommend a few priority tree species, the tree selection tool was more sophisticated and
far more effective because farmers receive more customized and therefore locally relevant advice.
The tree selection tool puts farmers at the centre of decision-making when it comes to tackling environmental degradation and adopting measures to improve soil fertility. However, Fergus Sinclair, who leads the World Agroforestry Centres research on agroforestry systems, stresses that the tool alone is not enough. You also need people like Emilie with the right mix of knowledge, enthusiasm and skills to work with local communities, he says.
The AgFor Sulawesi project has made strenuous efforts to involve women.
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In many parts of Indonesia, womens rights are not given adequate attention. Getting women involved is a priority for all AgFor partners, says Roshetko, and I think weve done well in achieving our targets for female participation. A third or more of those involved in project activities have been women. As it can be difficult for women to leave their fields and farms during busy times of the agricultural calendar, Roshetko and his colleagues have done their best to rearrange
activities to suit the women. Weve also found that women are more focused on growing annual crops than men, so weve designed training sessions to meet their specific interests and time constraints, says Roshetko. It is too early to say whether the project has had any significant impact on incomes and livelihoods. However, Roshetko is confident that after another year or so, households will begin to see tangible benefits from activities promoted by the project.
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Agroforestry is good for food security and helps buffer farmers against climatic shocks.
Thorlakson T, Neufeldt H. 2012. Reducing subsistence farmers vulnerability to climate change: evaluating the potential contributions of agroforestry in Western Kenya. Agriculture & Food Security, 2012.
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The results were revealing. Households involved in agroforestry had significantly improved their wellbeing through improvements in farm productivity and increases in income, for example from the sale of seedlings, timber, fuelwood and fruit. Agroforestry projects also reduced the amount of time women spent collecting fuelwood. Households practising agroforestry also experienced less hunger when there were droughts, floods or other
significant climatic events. We found that the level of food insecurity during those periods the amount of time during the year when people were hungry was reduced by approximately one month for households practising agroforestry, says Neufeldt. He adds that by combining agroforestry with index-based insurance, farmers could protect themselves against risk and invest in higher-yielding but less hardy crop varieties.
the least likely to introduce changes to their farming practices is of major importance. We cant say for sure that a lack of food security is leading to a lack of innovation, rather than vice versa, says Neufeldt, but my feeling is that that is what is happening. Poor households are so preoccupied with the business of day-to-day survival that they have neither the time nor the funds to invest in farming practices which, paradoxically, could lift them out of poverty and ensure they have a better supply of food.3 CCAFS scientist Patti Kristjanson points out that more research is needed before we can have a full understanding of the relationship between food insecurity and innovation. It is critical that we learn more about both the factors that enable and facilitate innovation, and how to lower the often hidden costs and barriers associated with changing agricultural practices, she says. The findings suggest that development agencies and governments, as well as organizations like the World Agroforestry Centre, need to tailor their activities to meet the needs of different groups. If they want to reach the poorest households, they will need to think about improving their access to food before they can begin promoting new farming practices.
Kristjanson P et al. 2012. Are food insecure smallholder households making changes in their farming practices? Evidence from East Africa. Food Security,Vol 4 See also: Thorlakson T, Neufeldt H. 2012. Reducing subsistence farmers vulnerability to climate change: evaluating the potential contributions of agroforestry in western Kenya, Agriculture & Food Security, 2012 1:15.
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Large areas of forest have been cleared to make way for oil palm plantations in Indonesia.
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The clearance of forests releases large quantities of carbon dioxide, the most significant greenhouse gas in terms of its impact on the climate.
Some provinces required more thorough training and several training sessions than others. We found there were variations in both technical capacities and available data across provinces in Indonesia, says Dewi. Capacity tends to be much lower as you move towards the eastern part of Indonesia. However, we found that when a handful of individuals are willing to champion the process, it can make a big difference. By the end of 2012, more than half of the provinces had submitted their LAMA plans. Working out the levels of current emissions and projecting what they will be in future if no action is taken is a pre-requisite to establishing measurable
reductions in emissions. To enable provinces to do this, Dewi produced technical guidelines, published in the local language, Bahasa Indonesia. The World Agroforestry Centre also published a complete manual for LUWES in Bahasa Indonesia. In response to local demand, the Centre also conducted training sessions on developing LAMAs, using LUWES, in Viet Nam and Cameroon. Similar sessions have been planned for Peru. During the course of 2012, the software developed within LUWES, known as ABACUS, was translated from English into Bahasa Indonesia and Vietnamese. A French version will be published in 2013.
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Foster K, Neufeldt H, Franks P, Diro R, Munden L, Wyatt M, Anand M, Wollenberg E. 2013. Climate Finance for Agriculture and Livelihoods. ICRAF Policy Brief 15. Nairobi, Kenya. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
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The Centres first tranche of carbon credits was bought from the Kasigau Corridor REDD+ project in Kenya.
Whereas conventional crop or livestock insurance involves the direct measurement of losses in farmers field, which can be difficult and costly, payments made under index-based insurance schemes are triggered when an agreed parameter such as rainfall falls below a certain level.
More information can be found about this and other aspects of climate finance in the policy brief. It stresses the importance of seeing the subject through the lens of livelihoods and not just carbon sequestration and underlines the need for an innovative and integrated approach that connects rural farmers to public and private finance at the global level.
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ICRAF/Charlie Pye-Smith
Slash-and-burn farming practices have turned Padre Abad province into one of the most deforested regions in the Amazon.
Farmers are being encouraged to increase carbon stocks by planting native species in their cocoa gardens.
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land-use systems and encouraging the conversion of forest to farmland in Padre Abad. The PDA also helped to establish farmer cooperatives. One of these the Asociacin de Cacaoteros Tecnificados de Padre Abad Nicolas Agero is one of many (ACATPA) is farmers who hope to benefit from now working the REALU project. with the World Agroforestry Centre on REALU. Scientists from the Centre had previously collaborated with ACATPA on a project which involved, among other things, planting shade trees in cocoa gardens. Because of our past relationship, we knew about environmental services, says ACATPAs chief executive officer, Ranfol Crdenas. When Claudia told us about the possibility of getting carbon payments, the idea immediately appealed to us. In 2012, Claudias team, which included technicians from ACATPA, conducted socio-economic surveys of 30 farms covering 931 ha, 128 ha of which were devoted to cocoa. The surveys provided information about every aspect of management, from the crops grown to the length of fallows, from the use of trees on farmland to methods of tackling pests and diseases. At the same time, scientists measured carbon stocks for a range of land-use systems, from high forest to tree crops and degraded pasture.
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that human beings are also natural resources, and that managing the size of the human population is an essential component of a natural resource management plan, says Weber. Obviously, the World Agroforestry Centre and other institutions conducting research on natural resource
management should not become involved in developing management plans for the human population. However, Weber believes they should promote dialogue about these issues both within and among governmental and non-governmental organizations involved in resource management and climate change adaptation planning.
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Extension worker Hoang Thi Thuy Ha interviewing a local farmer,Tich Thi Dang, in Yen Bai province.
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farmers, local extension workers received training in the use of participatory tools these will be published in 2013 specifically designed to guide discussions about extreme weather events, climate change adaptation, and the role of trees. Together with Simelton, they subsequently held focus group discussions, involving some 90 people, in 18 villages. They found that farmers are exposed to at least five types of extreme weather events, and these contribute along with other factors, such as pests and diseases to crop failures, livestock deaths and the loss of income. Where extreme weather was not the direct cause of harvest failure, it was often the final nail in the coffin, says Simelton. Most of the coping strategies identified by the research were reactive, with farmers taking measures after the events, rather than before. Knowledge about agroforestry and its potential to buffer farmers against climatic shocks, for example by preventing landslides, was scanty. The information gathered during the focus group discussions will help local governments to develop and refine their land-use plans. Although some district staff
had received training on climate change issues, most had never worked on mainstreaming climate change into land-use plans. To improve their knowledge and skills, Simelton and her colleagues organized a number of workshops, which included feedback from the focus group discussions and an introduction to climate-smart agriculture and the role of agroforestry. Local government officials showed considerable interest in developing their knowledge. Thats partly because the districts are legally obliged to develop climate change adaptation plans, and the government has to pay compensation for some losses of crops and livestock, says Simelton. But theyve also heard the testimony of farmers, and that has encouraged them to take a greater interest in climate-change adaptation. During the second year of these three-year projects, Simelton and her colleagues will analyse household surveys, existing meteorological data and farmers perceptions about changes in the climate. This will help them to assess vulnerability to climate shocks at the household level. The project will also continue to help local governments develop their land-use plans.
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Whats cooking?
An evening event organized by the World Agroforestry Centre Whats cooking on farms? Trees for health, fuel and nutrition proved so popular that, in the words of the organizer, Stepha McMullin, there were people hanging out of the doors and windows. Speakers talked about the contribution of medicinal trees and shrubs to human health, the importance of domesticating wild fruit trees, and health issues related to the use of fuelwood. According to Tony Cunningham, a senior associate with the World Agroforestry Centre, some 2.4 billion people in developing countries rely on wood, charcoal and animal dung for cooking and heating. In Africa, 90 per cent of the rural population use these solid fuels, and they would be lost without them.You cannot eat raw beans; it would be dangerous to eat raw chicken or pork. In short, much of the food we eat must be cooked. While many types of fuelwood do the job theyre supposed to do without significantly damaging human health, others pose or could pose a serious health risk. Cunningham gave the example of Euclea divinorum, whose local name in Africa ichitamuzi means to split the family. Any use of the wood is thought to lead to family arguments, so it is never used for cooking. This is just as well, said Cunningham. Not only does Euclea wood produce a lot of smoke, it contains diterpenes
ICRAF/Charlie Pye-Smith
In October 2012, the World Agroforestry Centre played a prominent role at the 11th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity, which attracted some 5000 policymakers, scientists and environmental activists to Hyderabad, India. This was the first time we have attended a biodiversity COP, says Ramni Jamnadass, head of the research programme on domestication, and it provided an excellent platform for discussing the roles and importance of trees on farms. One of the main side events during the week was Tree Diversity Day, which the World Agroforestry Centre co-hosted with Bioversity International, the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). There is always a strong focus on policy during international COPs like this, but Tree Diversity Day helped to create some space to describe some of the
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The vast majority of families in rural Africa rely on wood for cooking.
that can have serious health consequences when inhaled. Some tree species contain aromatic hydrocarbons that are carcinogenic when inhaled; and certain metal ions, released when wood is burned, can lead to eye cataracts. With charcoal and fuelwood becoming more expensive, many poorer families find they can no longer afford to buy non-toxic fuelwood, and end up using whatever they can. One way of tackling this problem is through the cultivation of trees that produce good quality fuelwood on farms. Cunningham recommended using participatory processes that combine modern science and local knowledge to select tree species with low toxins.
The World Agroforestry Centre already has considerable experience of participatory tree domestication, a practice which it pioneered in West and Central Africa. This was the focus of a presentation by Roger Leakey, the author of Living with the Trees of Life, a book which draws heavily on his long experience as a former research scientist with the Centre. Diverse agroforestry systems, argued Leakey during the Whats cooking? event, could help to stem the loss of biodiversity, and at the same time tackle land degradation and social deprivation. Participatory domestication can play an important role in improving the profitability and productivity of smallholder farming systems.
A new deal
During the 11th Conference of the Parties in Hyderabad, the World Agroforestry Centre and the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) signed an agreement which aims to improve smallholders livelihoods. The agreement will do this through the development and application of knowledge on the use of trees to diversify farming systems. It will contribute directly to the CBD Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and a series of targets known as the Aichi Nogoya targets to protect the worlds biodiversity. So far, 197 countries have signed up to these. Agriculture should no longer be seen as the enemy of biodiversity, said Ravi Prabhu, the Centres Deputy Director General for Research, as he signed the new Memorandum of Understanding with CBD Executive Secretary Braulio Ferreria de Souza Dias. During the same event, the CBD Secretariat signed another MoU with the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry, in which the World Agroforestry Centre is a major partner.
ICRAF/Valter Ziantoni
Transforming lives and landscapes with trees
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Dawson IK, Guariguata MR, Loo J, Weber JC, Lengkeek A, Bush D, Cornelius JP, Guarino L, Kindt R., Orwa C, Russell J, Jamnadass RH. 2013. What is the relevance of smallholders agroforestry systems for conserving tropical tree species and genetic diversity in circa situm, in situ and ex situ settings? A review. Biodiversity and Conservation,Vol 22, No 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0429-5
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Dawson and his co-authors believe that the presence of tree seeds in collections held by commercial dealers, research institutes, national tree seed centres and genebanks may lead to a false sense of security, promoting the belief that the species are being conserved and will be available for future use. However, these ex situ collections do not necessarily represent the best way of conserving many species, not least because of the high costs of regenerating stored seed, and the fact that many species are represented only once or a few times and may be lost as commercial
demands and research trends change. Ultimately, conservation relies on a combination of forest, farm and ex situ approaches. According to the authors, conservation will increasingly rely on retaining a diverse range of tree species on smallholders farms. However, concerns about the long-term effectiveness of this strategy need to be properly quantified and addressed. More research is also needed on the stability of tree seed collections held by dealers, researchers and seed centres.
that is, they produce seeds which cannot be conserved in cold, dry conditions. Instead, they must be grown from either seeds or clones in field genebanks, where they can be used for multiplication and distribution, as well as for conservation. The World Agroforestry Centre has some 60 field genebanks in over 20 countries. Most of these were established for evaluation and multiplication of indigenous tree germplasm in domestication projects with national partners in the respective countries, explains Ramni Jamnadass. However, once projects were completed they tended to suffer from neglect, even though they still contain important genetic variation. The new grant will help the Centre to restore and expand these field genebanks and make better use of them to develop new cultivars for use on farmers fields.
ICRAF/Sherry Odeyo
Transforming lives and landscapes with trees
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on access. Almost two out of three traders said they no longer had enough material to satisfy demand. McMullin also interviewed over 180 consumers while she was in the markets. Getting to the truth wasnt always easy. Many people are reluctant to speak about traditional medicines, especially in urban areas, because there is a stigma attached to their use, she says. The perception is that its more modern to use conventional medicine. According to some of the medical doctors McMullin spoke to, this is a major concern. Although many were sympathetic to the use of traditional medicines, they were worried about the reluctance of patients to admit to their use. Potentially, combining traditional and conventional treatments could have a lethal effect, says McMullin. She suggests that consumers would be more willing to acknowledge their use of herbal medicines if traditional medicine was recognized as a legitimate form of health care by the government.
The vast majority of material sold in the markets came from wild harvesting, either by traders or collectors. Many traders said there had been a significant decline in the availability of many species during the two years prior to the study. The reasons varied, with 30 per cent citing overharvesting, 23 per cent changing environmental conditions and 19 per cent restrictions
Overharvesting has reduced wild populations of Warburgia ugandensis, which has important antimalarial properties.
McMullin S, Phelan J, Jamnadass R, Iiyama M, Franzel S, Nieuwenhuis M.2012. Trade in medicinal tree and shrub products in three urban centres in Kenya. Forests,Trees and Livelihoods 21, 3: 188-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2012.733559
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McMullins research confirms what many suspected: the demand for medicinal trees and shrubs is leading to significant levels of overharvesting. The increasing rarity of Warburgia ugandensis, to give just one example, has led to it being classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. Although some of the traders said that they were cultivating medicinal trees, this was happening on a very small scale, says McMullin. Future research, she suggests, should focus on further evaluation of the threat to natural populations of priority species; on analysing value chains for sustainable production and marketing; and on assessing the economic and ecological benefits of cultivating medicinal trees and shrubs on smallholder farms.
ICRAF/Stepha McMullin
A domestication primer
During the last two decades, the World Agroforestry Centre has pioneered the practice of participatory tree domestication, and this has become one of the great agroforestry success stories. Scientists and farmers have worked together to bring wild trees out of the forests and onto farmland and develop superior, high-yielding varieties of indigenous trees like African plum, Bush mango and kola nut. This has helped to increase the incomes of tens of thousands of small-scale farmers in Africa, Latin America and Asia. 2012 saw the publication of Agroforestry Tree Domestication: A Primer. Its a sort of bible, says Ramni Jamnadass, one of the co-authors. It pulls together all the elements of domestication in ways which will be useful to universities, research institutes and extension agencies. The primer consists of five modules on key topics related to tree domestication. These include basic principles; choosing the right tree; evaluating variation within species; obtaining high-quality germplasm; and delivering the results to farmers. Written in a lively, non-technical language, and illustrated with case studies and photographs, the primer will be updated at regular intervals, providing readers with the latest information on the subject.
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Digging deeper
But the research doesnt end there. To evaluate the precise impact which particular tree species have on soil organisms, Barrios is enlisting the help of local farmers. At the Kiberashi sentinel site in Tanzania, scientists organized a workshop with seven local communities (See box: Blending local and scientific knowledge). The farmers were able to share their knowledge and experience with scientists on specific trees which were having an influence on biological activity below the soil either for better or for worse. We then selected a number of plots for intensive sampling, and analysed soil biodiversity at various distances around and beyond these trees, says Barrios. At the time of going to press, the data was still being analysed, but Barrios is convinced that the information gathered here, and at other sites, will provide valuable guidance to farmers, national research and extension services, agricultural ministries, policymakers and others interested in soil health. Among other things, soil biodiversity information will act as an early warning system, providing evidence of degradation before it is visually obvious. The research at the sentinel sites will also be useful for organizations and individuals who wish to manage landscapes for their ecosystem services. The more we know about the links between vegetation and the biological activity underpinning key soil functions, the easier it will be to evaluate the role specific landscapes play in sequestering carbon, storing clean water and controlling pests and diseases. Barrios stresses that this is work in progress. However, theres no doubt that we are gaining a much better understanding about the relationships between life above and below ground.
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that facilitate communication between scientists and farmers, so they can develop a shared view about which soil fertility constraints should be tackled first, and what agroecology principles and integrated soil fertility management options should be used to address such constraints, says Edmundo Barrios. The Mozambique workshop involved training on the systematic identification, classification and prioritization of local knowledge with farmers, and the use of tools to integrate local knowledge with science. Agroforestry is usually high on the list of options because it can simultaneously address several constraints, given its multifunctional character, says Barrios. The workshop was part of a new South-South initiative, Fostering Knowledge Sharing for Integrated Natural Resource Management in Agricultural Landscapes of Southern Africa. This is funded by the Africa-Brazil Agricultural Innovation Marketplace and led by the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) and Embrapa. I think it was a huge success, says Barrios, and it was a good example of effective collaboration between Latin America and Africa.
Research Corporation (Embrapa) and Mozambiques National Institute of Agronomic Research (IIAM) explored the benefits of linking local knowledge with scientific expertise when assessing soil health. Researchers, extension workers and some 50 farmers from eight communities in Rapale District used a methodological guide8 developed through a collaboration involving the World Agroforestry Centre, Embrapa and the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). One of the aims of the guide is to provide tools
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Barrios E et al. 2012. InPaC-S: Participatory Knowledge Integration on Indicators of Soil Quality Methodological Guide. ICRAF, Embrapa, CIAT.
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As rural populations have increased in sub-Saharan Africa, the average size of land holdings has shrunk and soils have become exhausted through continuous cropping, with most small-scale farmers unable to afford mineral fertilizers. As a result, maize yields have stagnated at a meagre 1 tonne per hectare. This is one of the reasons why Africa suffers from such high levels of malnutrition. But it neednt be like this. Research by the World Agroforestry Centre has shown that farmers can increase their yields, and improve soil fertility, by integrating leguminous trees in their cropping systems. Evidence suggests that the greatest response to the use of fertilizer trees is on nutrient-poor soils. However, until recently little work had been done on the stability of these yields. Led by agro-ecologist Gudeta Sileshi, senior scientists from the Centre compared the stability of maize yields in three longterm trials in Malawi and Zambia under three different regimes: the maize-gliricidia systems promoted by the World Agroforestry Centre; monoculture maize grown with mineral fertilizers the option favoured by many better off farmers; and maize grown without either fertilizer trees or mineral fertilizers, the practice of most poor farming families.9 As expected, the intercropping of maize with gliricidia significantly increased maize yields when compared
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with maize grown without any external inputs. At the Makoka research site in Malawi, for example, the green leaves and twigs of gliricidia added up to 302 kg of nitrogen per hectare per year. This is highly significant, bearing in mind that the average amount of nitrogen fertilizer used by African farmers is a meagre 10 kg per hectare. The experimental plots of maize grown with mineral fertilizers also produced high yields. However, in contrast to the maize-gliricidia systems, yields were unstable in all three trials; in other words, they did not remain constant year after year. This highlights the fact that high yield is not necessarily an indicator of sustained productivity, says Sileshi. The application of mineral fertilizers without the addition of organic matter may fail to yield long-term benefits for farmers. Leguminous plants, in contrast, help to increase soil carbon, nourish living organisms in the soil and help to retain soil moisture. This is the first study to analyse long-term trends in crop yield stability in cereal-legume associations in southern Africa. The research has some significant long-term implications for crop production and food security on the continent, says Sileshi. To get the best deal, farmers on poor soils should intercrop their maize with leguminous trees and use small doses of mineral fertilizer.
Sileshi GW, Debusho LK, Akinnifesi FK. 2012. Can integration of legume trees increase yield stability in rain-fed maize cropping systems in southern Africa? Agronomy Journal 104:1392-1398.
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Critchley W, Gowing J (eds) 2012. Water Harvesting in Sub-Saharan Africa. Earthscan - Routledge
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Master class field trip to see the work of the Kapchorwa District Landcare Chapter.
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If you go to any small village in Yunnan Province during the monsoons, youll find women out in the countryside, harvesting mushrooms two or three days a week, says Peter Mortimer, a soil biologist based at the World Agroforestry Centres office in Kunming, China. Indeed, mushrooms are big business. In 2010, to give just one example,Yunnan Province exported over 10,000 tonnes of Boletus edulis known as cep or porcini in Europe worth US$71.83 million. The volume was 15 per cent higher than the previous year, and the increase in demand led to significant overharvesting of natural stocks in some areas. A similar story can be told for many other mushroom species. The implications are serious: a decline in the diversity and availability of mushrooms could have a negative impact on the livelihoods of tens of thousands of people. Despite the economic importance of mushrooms some 700 species are used as food or medicine in Yunnan Province surprisingly little is known about their status or the management practices required to ensure their survival. Thats why we have launched a project to gain a better understanding of the links
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between different species of mushrooms, land use types and vegetation cover, says Xu Jianchu, the World Agroforestry Centres Coordinator for its China and East Asia node. This long-term project, launched in 2012, is exploring the influence of trees on fungi from Tibet to Thailand, along a transect of different ecosystems. Mortimer and Jianchu are co-authors of a paper published in Fungal Diversity which examines the most sought-after edible mushrooms in the Greater Mekong region in terms of their value, ecology and conservation. 11 The study this will be the first of many provides baseline data for nine species, many of which are suffering from overharvesting and habitat loss. Mortimer believes that a better understanding of the relationships between agroforestry systems and mushrooms could help to stem some of the more destructive collecting practices. For example, in Northern Thailand, villagers frequently burn areas of forest and scrub to encourage the growth of certain species of mushroom. If we can come up with some alternative options, and identify ways of promoting and conserving these species, then it could help to reduce destructive practices such as burning, suggests Mortimer.
Mortimer Peter et al. 2012. Prized edible Asian mushrooms: ecology, conservation and sustainability, Fungal Diversity, 56(1): 31
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Market matters
Logging activities in Cameroon have had a major impact on the countrys primary forests.
12 Huang W, Wilkes A, Sun X, Terheggen A. 2012. Who is importing forest products from Africa to China? An analysis of implications for initiatives to enhance legality and sustainability. Environment Development and Sustainability, 11/2012.
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Market matters
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Value chain development aims to build mutually beneficial links between smallholder farmers and downstream businesses, including processors, importers, retailers and every other link between field and fork. They tend to be market-led, with the private sector playing a central role in their development and success. The development of value chains with smallholder farmers has been championed as a way of stimulating economic growth and tackling rural poverty. There are numerous guides and tools that provide advice on how to analyse value chains, with a view to determining where and how to intervene to make them more efficient and inclusive of smallholder farmers. However, there is considerable confusion about the strengths and limitations of the guides for different objectives and contexts. To evaluate their strengths and weaknesses, scientists from the World Agroforestry Centre, led by Jason Donovan, conducted a study titled Review of Guides for Value Chain Development. It was commissioned by the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Corporation (CTA) and the findings were presented at an international conference Making
the Connection:Value Chains for Transforming Smallholder Agriculture in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in November 2012. The study was also supported by the CGIARs research project on Policies, Institutions and Markets. We reviewed 11 guides, and found that their objectives, definitions and user-friendliness varied greatly, says Donovan. Overall, he and his colleagues found that the guides provided an innovative approach for understanding markets and engaging with the private sector. However, many guides lacked a strong conceptual framework, and provided limited insights into how different types of interventions for developing value chains can contribute to development goals. The report suggests that the guides need to take much better account of critical aspects of the context that influence the design of strategies for value chain development. It also suggests that future guidelines need to pay greater attention to learning and assessment, gender issues, intra-household decision-making, and what to do if smallholders lack the assets they need to invest in value chain development.
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Market matters
13 Degrande A, Franzel S, Siohdjie Yeptiep Y, Asaah E, Tsobeng A, Tchoundjeu Z. 2012. Effectiveness of grassroots organizations in the dissemination of agroforestry innovations. In: Kaonga M (ed) Agroforestry for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services - Science and Practice. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech. Chapter 8, p 141-164. Available online: http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/effectiveness-of-grassroots-organizations-in-thedissemination-of-agroforestry-innovations
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ICRAF/Julius Atia
link research institutes, such as the Centre, with local farming communities, and they provide a forum for the development of new agroforestry technologies, the best known being domestication of wild fruit trees. The relay organizations also establish demonstration plots and nurseries and run training sessions for local farmers. Degrande and her colleagues hypothesized that their influence depends on both internal and external factors. The former include human and financial resources and the skills of their staff; the latter include access to markets, good roads and farmers experience in collective action. The study found that the relay organizations were successfully diffusing a range of agroforestry innovations to farmers groups. This is an important finding, as
they have played a central role in much of the World Agroforestry Centres participatory research and development in Cameroon. Though the differences in performance were not statistically significant, the results suggested that relay organizations which had adequate internal resources and relatively good access to markets and opportunities for agroforestry tended to perform best. These findings provide us with some indication about the support that might be required to further strengthen relay organizations and increase their extension capacity, says Degrande. However, we will need more in-depth studies to gain a better understanding of precisely what factors affect the performance of organizations involved in agricultural innovations.
ICRAF/Julius Atia
Rural resource centres in Cameroon have helped to introduce farmers to a range of agroforestry practices.
ICRAF/Julius Atia
Transforming lives and landscapes with trees
41
Market matters
A poor relative?
In an ideal world, camu-camu would become a worldwide success like the Brazilian fruit aa (Euterpe oleracea), whose juice is promoted as a source of energy. Aa went from being an indigenous staple in the lower reaches of the Amazon in the 1970s to a fashion food in So Paulo and Rio de Janeiro by the 1990s. Nowadays, you can find aa juice in McDonalds in Brazil and in supermarkets in Europe. If youd put these two species at the starting line at the same time, whod have thought that the one that tastes like cabbage, aa, would be the winner? asks Jonathan Cornelius, regional coordinator for Latin America. A syrup is sometimes used to disguise the strange taste of aa, whereas camu-camu juice, with its distinctive sweet-and-sour, raspberry-ish flavour, requires sweetening but no disguise. Furthermore, the fruits contain up to 30 times more vitamin C than oranges. According to Mario Pinedo of the Peruvian Amazon Research Institute (IIAP), several factors have led to camu-camus up-and-down history. I think there has been too much emphasis on developing export markets for camu-camu, and not enough effort on developing local markets here in Iquitos, where many of the farmers and harvesters are, and domestic markets elsewhere in Peru, he says. During the 1990s, there was a healthy export market to Japan, stimulated by links between Peru and Japan fostered by the then president, Alberto Fujimori, and his family. Although exports almost ceased after Fujimoris fall from power, they rose swiftly between 2002 and 2008. Subsequently, there was another crash. Pinedo
ICRAF/Charlie Pye-Smith
Researchers are exploring how to create more stable and profitable markets for camu-camu
42
attributes this to the world economic crisis camucamu is a luxury product in Japan poor quality control and promises of supply which could not be met. In contrast, there have been times when supply far exceeded demand, and the price received by farmers fell dramatically. The producers in this region are now very frustrated, because many of them have planted a shrub which is not providing them with the profits they expected, says Pinedo. One of the problems is that most of the research has focused on agronomic issues and processing, and weve neglected the marketing side.
Mario Pinedo of the Peruvian Amazon Research Institute (IIAP), seen here in Beln market, Iquitos, has spent decades researching and promoting indigenous fruits.
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How we work
44
Anybody can log onto the GeoScience Lab website http://geoportal.worldagroforestry.org but the downloading of images and data is currently restricted to scientists at the Centre. This is partly for reasons of data security, but also because too many users could cause the servers to crash, given the limited capacity at present. As far as security is concerned, there is a system in place which ensures that scientists who upload their data can determine the degree to which they are shared.
The GeoScience Labs long-term goal is to become the leading remote sensing and spatial data management centre in Africa. As such, it could play an important role in helping scientists, government departments, NGOs and others harvest the information they need to improve the management of the continents natural resources.
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How we work
46
The first phase of the programme, launched in July 2012, involved a baseline survey of 560 households. This used questionnaires developed by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) program, which is funding the research. Ordoez also benefited from the expertise of scientists working for CATIE and CIRAD, who helped to refine the questionnaire for local use, as well as the direct involvement of CATIE staff in the selection of study areas. So have climatic factors influenced farming practices? Its too early to say, according to Ordoez. There is a lack of hard meteorological data the project is setting up small meteorological stations to monitor the climate at the three sites in Nicaragua and she and her colleagues have avoided asking farmers loaded questions about climate change. However, many believe that there have been significant changes. The rainy season seems shorter than it used to be, says Felix Mairena Lpez, a cocoa and cattle farmer in the Waslala study area. Ordoez is particularly interested in gaining a better understanding, with the help of farmers, of the importance of tree functional diversity; for example, how trees can provide the services farmers need to cope with change, whether it is related to the climate, market fluctuations or other factors.
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How we work
The sentinel landscape in Nicaragua contains a rich array of ecosystems and land uses.
48
We want to locate as many research projects as we can in the sentinel landscapes, says Gassner. There will be a strong emphasis on sharing results. Were saying to the scientists: this is not about you, its about the network, and you must share your data. Many scientists are not used to doing this, but there are some good precedents. For example, the data gathered during household surveys conducted by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) program in East Africa this provided the raw material for the story on page 13 was swiftly made available on the Internet. In July 2012, scientists met in Nairobi to discuss the merits of 17 sites which had been identified as possible sentinel landscapes. Each had a champion to make its case. At the end of the workshop, the scientists agreed on six Tier 1 sentinel landscapes: Nicaraguan/Honduras and the Western Amazon in Latin America; the Mekong and Borneo/Sumatra in Asia; South East Mali, South
West Burkina Faso in Northern Ghana, and the Central Africa Humid Tropics Transect in Africa. In addition, they also chose two thematic landscapes one for oil palm, the other for production forests which represent different stages of the forest transition curve. Once the sentinel sites had been identified, teams of scientists set about the task of gathering available data, producing maps and establishing networks with local partners. They also began to identify key research questions which will help to shape their activities in the sentinel sites, and the organizations and individuals they will work with. This sort of partnership approach to conducting long-term research in the CGIAR has often failed in the past, says Gassner. A more coordinated and collaborative approach across the landscapes is, in itself, a substantial benefit to research on agriculture, development and natural resource management.
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How we work
succeed if it depresses incomes. Second, farmers will only adopt agroforestry practices if they have secure rights of land tenure. Third, the widespread adoption of agroforestry requires collaboration and coordination by high-ranking decision-makers in various sectors, including those involved in agriculture, the environment and forestry. Finally, agroforestry is only likely to take off where there is good governance of natural resources. The guidelines conclude with 10 tracks for policy action. These range from raising awareness about the benefits of agroforestry to clarifying land-use regulations; from strengthening farmers access to markets to introducing policies which favour payments for environmental services. This is not a one-off publication, says Place. Were going to use the guidelines as a way of stimulating discussions at the country level and improving national policy-making for agroforestry.
Farmers in Tanzanias Shinyanga region have benefited from the governments support for agroforestry. By planting nitrogen fixing trees, Kaligilwa Mbasha has significantly increased soil fertility and crop yields.
Place F, Gauthier M (eds). 2012. Advancing agroforestry on the policy agenda: a guide for decision-makers. FAO Agroforestry working paper no 1
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Research organizations face a number of important challenges. Given the finite resources, they need to prioritize their activities, focusing on those which do most to achieve their goals. They also need to work out how to monitor and measure their impact, and provide objective proof of the value of their research. This is no simple matter, as soil scientist Keith Shepherd revealed when he led a review of monitoring systems for the UK Department for International Development (DFID). We found there had been a distinct lack of impact of monitoring systems when it came to influencing the decisions made by donors, governments and NGOs, he says. It was clear that the more systematic approach to identifying what information matters and what doesnt was needed. In 2012, the Centre, working in collaboration with Hubbard Decision Research, developed a new intervention decision model. This will be the basis for prioritizing information systems research, and determining how to measure impact and value, for the CGIAR Research Programme on Water, Land and Ecosystems. Shepherd and his colleagues are evaluating research
programmes using applied information economics, a method developed to address investment dilemmas which are large, risky and difficult to measure. All too often, scientists spend lots of time measuring things that dont have any impact on the outcomes they are seeking, and they miss the things that do, says Shepherd. Besides helping scientists to work out what to measure, applied information economics helps them decide how much they can justify spending on measurements or further research. This method of analysis also helps researchers design interventions that can do most to improve the lives of smallholder farmers and reduce risks for both farmers and donors or investors. In 2013, Shepherd and his colleagues began using the new intervention decision model to evaluate research under the Water, Land and Ecosystems programme. These included projects on irrigation systems for African agriculture, increasing the productivity of rain-fed farming and the development of agrobiodiversity information systems. We believe that the new intervention decision model could dramatically change the way scientists think, and make the research programmes more cost effective, says Shepherd.
ICRAF/Sherry Odeyo
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How we work
The World Agroforestry Centre has been involved in a programme to stimulate food production in the Maldives.
The economies of the scattered islands of the Maldives rely heavily on tourism and the fishing industry. Although agriculture is an important activity, much of the food especially in the tourist resorts has to be imported, at considerable expense. In 2010, the government of the Maldives and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) launched a programme to stimulate greater home-grown food production. The World Agroforestry Centre was enlisted as a partner. The main aim of the project was to train agricultural technicians so that they could provide advice to local communities on the production of high-value crops. This was achieved in two stages. First, consultant teachers hired by the World Agroforestry Centre taught a general agricultural course to a large number of high school students over a six-month period. Subsequently, 11 of the most successful students were selected for a specifically designed agricultural diploma course. The World Agroforestry Centre designed the course in consultation with the government of the Maldives and GB Pant University of Agriculture and
Technology, based in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Students also benefited from field visits which gave them an insight into agricultural and agroforestry practices. During the course, students were required to develop proposals for the production of certain commodities. Afterwards, they returned to the Maldives to gain a years practical experience under the supervision of university professors. The graduates are now training agricultural technicians throughout the Maldives. As a result, many communities are producing and marketing a range of vegetables. A recent government report suggests that agriculture has recently overtaken the fisheries sector in terms of its contribution to GDP. Various agencies, including IFAD, have rated the programme as being a highly effective way of improving the technical capacity of countries with relatively few qualified personnel. According to Pal Singh, the Regional Coordinator for South Asia, there have been several requests from other countries in the Pacific region for similar courses.
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ICRAF/Pal Singh
ICRAF
Pal Singh (right), Regional Coordinator of the World Agroforestry Centres South Asia Programme, receives his award.
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Annexes
Our people
Board of Trustees
Tony Simons
Director General
Ravi Prabhu
Deputy Director General, Research
August Temu
Deputy Director General, Partnerships, Regions and Impact
Laksiri Abeysekera
Deputy Director General, Finance and Corporate Services
Stella Kiwango
Director of Human Resources and Organizational Development
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Management T eam
Science Domain Leaders
Fergus Sinclair Leader, Agroforestry Systems and CRP 6.1 Component Leader Henry Neufeldt Leader, Climate Change Keith Shepherd Leader, Land Health Meine van Noordwijk Chief Science Advisor and Co-Leader, Environmental Services Peter Minang Co-leader, Environmental Services Ramni Jamnadass Leader, Tree Diversity, Domestication and Delivery Steve Franzel Acting Leader, Tree Products and Markets
For a full staff list, please see the comprehensive version of this report at www.worldagroforestry.org/ar2013
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Annexes
Investors 2012
AGROFUTURO GLOBAL SL Agropolis Foundation Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) Australian Aid Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Belgium Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation BOTH ENDS (Environment and Development Service) Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Center for Tropical Agricultural Research and Education (CATIE) Centre for Development Research Centre for International Cooperation Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies Centro Internacional de Agricultural Tropical (CIAT) CGIAR Research Programme 1.1 CGIAR Research Programme 1.2 CGIAR Research Programme 2 CGIAR Research Programme 4 CGIAR Research Programme 5 CGIAR Research Programme 6 CGIAR Research Programme 7 China Chinese Academy of Sciences Comart Foundation Common Market For Eastern and Southern Africa Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Concern Worldwide Conseil ouest et centre africain pour la recherche et le dveloppement agricoles/West Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development (CORAF/ WECARD) Cooperation of Common Fund for Commodities Cornell University Corporacion Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria (CORPOICA) Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning Department for International Development (DFID) Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Earth Institute - Columbia University Ebony Enterprises Ltd European Union (EU) Finland Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Ford Foundation Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen Global Crop Diversity Trust Global Food and Farming Futures Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services Government of India Governors of St. Francis Xavier University (COADY) Harvard University Heifer International HK Logistics Ltd Global Solutions IFAR Wilfried Thalwitz Scholarship Indian Council for Agricultural Research Indonesian Palm Oil Commission International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) International Cooperation Center for Agricultural Education - Nagoya University (ICCAE) International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) International Development Research Centre (IDRC) International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Dveloppement (CIRAD) Ireland Japan Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) Katholic University Kenya Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research e.V. LEUSER NOEL Macaulay Land Use Research Institute Margaret A. Cargill Foundation Mars, Incorporated
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McKnight Foundation Millennium Challenge Account National Smallholder Farmers Association of Malawi Natural Resources Canada Natural Resources Institute Netherlands Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) Overseas Development Institute (ODI) Peru Rainwater Harvesting Implementation Network Foundation Republic of Maldives Republic of South Africa Rights and Resources Group Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil Rwanda Agricultural Development Authority Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Swiss Development Corporation
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation Tegemeo Institute of Egerton University The Sustainable Trade Initiative (IDH) Unilever United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Office for Project Services United Nations University Intl Org Center United States Agency for International Development (USAID) United States Department of Agriculture Universit Laval University of Copenhagen Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam William J. Clinton Foundation World Bank World Conservation Union (IUCN) World Vision World Wildlife Fund WorldFish Center
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Annexes
Financial Highlights
STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION
AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2012 (In US Dollars 000)
ASSETS Current assets Cash and cash equivalents Short term investments Accounts receivables Donor Employees Other CGIAR Centres Other Inventories - net Prepaid expenses Total current assets Non-current assets Property and equipment Long term investments Total non-current assets TOTAL ASSETS LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS Current liabilities Accounts payable Donor Employees Other CGIAR Centres Other Accruals Total current liabilities Non-current liabilities Accounts payable Employees Total non-current liabilities TOTAL LIABILITIES NET ASSETS Unrestricted Designated Undesignated Total net assets TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS 16,658 10,331 26,989 61,168 16,847 9,906 26,753 54,613 5,579 5,579 34,179 5,263 5,263 27,860 17,306 688 380 1,919 8,307 28,600 12,389 871 436 2,609 6,292 22,597 5,653 14,624 20,277 61,168 5,350 3,020 8,370 54,613 11,077 155 223 3,165 96 1,178 40,891 7,241 94 297 3,462 84 742 46,243 19,800 5,197 20,873 13,450 2012 2011
The financial statements were approved by the Board of Trustees on 3 May 2013.
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STATEMENT OF ACTIVITIES
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2012 (In US Dollars 000)
2012 Unrestricted Restricted-CRPs CGIAR Fund Windows 1&2 Revenue, gains and other support Grant revenue Other revenue and gains Total revenue and gains 1,486 1,713 3,199 19,836 19,836 25,972 25,972 45,808 45,808 4,091 4,091 4,091 4,091 51,385 1,713 53,098 41,896 1,196 43,092 Bilateral Total RestrictedOthers Bilateral Total Total 2012 Total 2011
Expenses and losses Programme-related expenses General and administration expenses CGIAR Gender and Diversity/AWARD Programme Sub-total expenses and losses Overhead cost recovery Total expenses and losses 3,630 5,554 9,184 (6,221) 2,963 19,635 201 19,836 19,836 25,035 937 25,972 25,972 44,670 1,138 45,808 45,808 4,091 4,091 4,091 4,091 4,091 4,091 48,300 6,692 4,091 59,083 (6,221) 52,862 37,182 4,119 4,822 46,123 (4,232) 41,891
Net Surplus
236
236
1,201
Expenses by natural classification Personnel cost Supplies and services Collaborators/partnerships Operational travel Depreciation System Cost (CSP) Sub-total Overhead cost recovery Total 7,132 7 63 1,338 636 8 9,184 (6,221) 2,963 5,893 9,342 2,365 1,610 626 19,836 19,836 5,737 11,207 4,303 3,256 1,307 162 25,972 25,972 11,630 20,549 6,668 4,866 1,933 162 45,808 45,808 1,234 1,737 75 1,022 16 7 4,091 4,091 1,234 1,737 75 1,022 16 7 4,091 4,091 19,996 22,293 6,806 7,226 2,585 177 59,083 (6,221) 52,862 17,243 16,039 5,252 5,766 1,717 106 46,123 (4,232) 41,891
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Annexes
Eric Tollens Chair Board of Trustees World Agroforestry Centre 3May 2012
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Performance Indicators
The Performance Measurement (PM) system of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) measures the performance of the Centres it supports in terms of their results and potential to perform. The PM system provides the Centres with a method to better understand their own performance and demonstrate accountability. The results are presented below.
2. Percentage of scientific papers published with developing country partners in refereed journals, conference and workshop proceedings in 2012: 12.9% Institutional health Percentage of women in management: 25% Financial health Long-term financial stability (adequacy of reserves): 155 days where the minimum benchmark is 90 days Cash management on restricted operations: 0.65 where the benchmark is less than 1.00
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Annexes
Selected Publications
Books & manuals
Dawson I, Harwood C, Jamnadass R, Beniest J, eds. 2012.Agroforestry tree domestication: a primer. Nairobi:World Agroforestry Centre McDermott B, Coe R. 2012. An easy introduction to biplots for multi-environment trials. Reading: University of Reading Mulyoutami J, Moeis E, Juita L, Abraham R, Pribadi RA, Roshetko JM. 2012. Membangun kembali Aceh: Belajar dari hasil penelitian dan program rehabilitasi Aceh pasca Tsunami. Kumpulan Hasil Penelitian, Pembelajaran dan Rekomendasi untuk Kemajuan dan Rehabilitasi di Aceh Barat dan Sekitarnya. Bogor: World Agroforestry Centre Nair PKR, Garrity D, eds. 2012. Agroforestry the future of global land use. Dordrecht: Springer Susila AD, Purwoko BS, Roshetko JM, Palada MC, Kartika JG, Dahlia L, Wijaya K, Rahmanulloh A, Raimadoya M, Koesoemaningtyas T, Puspitawati H, Prasetyo T, Budidarsono S, Manue IK, eds. 2012. Vegetable-agroforestry systems in Indonesia. Bangkok: World Association of Soil and Water Conservation
Journal articles
Aynekulu E, Aerts R, Moonen P, Denich M, Gebrehiwot K,Vgen T-G, Mekuria W, Boehmer HJ. 2012. Altitudinal variation and conservation priorities of vegetation along the Great Rift Valley escarpment, northern Ethiopia. Biodiversity and Conservation 21 Bayala J, Sileshi GW, Coe R, Kalinganire A,Tchoundjeu Z, Sinclair F, Garrity D. 2012. Cereal yield response to conservation agriculture practices in drylands of West Africa: a quantitative synthesis? Journal of Arid Environments 78 Bennett M, Franzel S. 2012. Can organic and resource-conserving agriculture improve livelihoods? A synthesis. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 1-23 Degrande A,Tadjo P,Takoutsing B,Asaah E,Tsobeng A,Tchoundjeu Z. 2012. Getting trees into farmers fields: success of rural nurseries in distributing high quality planting material in Cameroon. Agronomy Journal 104 (6) Grumbine RE, Dore J, Xu J. 2012. Mekong hydropower: drivers of change and governance challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10 (2) Gyau A, Chiatoh M, Franzel S, Asaah E, Donovan J. 2012. Determinants of farmers tree planting behaviour in the North West region of Cameroon: the case of Prunus Africana. International Forestry Review 14 (3) Iiyama M, Newman D, Munster C, Nyabenge M, Sileshi GW, Moraa V, Onchieku J, Mowo JG, Jamnadass R. 2012. Productivity of Jatropha curcas under smallholder farm conditions in Kenya. Agroforestry Systems Kalinganire A, Weber JC, Coulibaly S. 2012. Improved Ziziphus mauritiana germplasm for Sahelian smallholder farmers: first steps towards a domestication programme. Trees-Structure and Function 1-10 Lasco RD, Veridiano RKA, Habito M, Pulhin FB. 2012. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus (REDD+) in the Philippines: will it make a difference in financing forest development? Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change Martini E, Roshetko J, van Noordwijk M, Rahmanulloh A, Mulyoutami E, Joshi L, Budidarsono S. 2012. Sugarpalm (Arenga pinnata) for livelihoods and biodiversity conservation in the orangutan habitat of Batang Toru, North Sumatra, Indonesia: mixed prospects for domestication. Agroforestry Systems 86 (3)
Occasional Papers
Boureima M, Abasse AT, Sotelo Montes C,Weber JC, Katkor B, Mounkoro B, Dakouo J-M, Samak O, Sigu H, Bationo BA, Diallo BO. 2012.Analyse participative de la vulnrabilit et de ladaptation aux changements climatiques: un guide mthodologique. ICRAF Occasional paper no. 19. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre Dkamela GP. 2012. Essai de reconstitution du cadre daction et des opportunits en matire dagroforesterie en Rpublique Dmocratique du Congo: perspectives pour une politique publique. ICRAF Occasional Paper no. 20.Yaounde:World Agroforestry Centre
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Our Offices
HEADQUARTERS World Agroforestry Centre United Nations Avenue, Gigiri PO Box 30677, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya Tel: +254 20 7224000 Via USA +1 650 833 6645 Fax: +254 20 7224001 Via USA +1 650 833 6646 Email: worldagroforestry@cgiar.org www.worldagroforestry.org
EAST & SOUTHERN AFRICA REGIONAL PROGRAMME United Nations Avenue, Gigiri PO Box 30677, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya Tel: +254 20 7224000 Via USA: +1 650833 6645 Fax: +254 20 7224401 Via USA: +1 650833 6646 Kenya Email: j.mowo@cgiar.org Ethiopia c/o ILRI Campus, Gurd Shola P.O Box 5689 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel: +251 11 617 2491 Mobile: +251 930 105748 Fax: +251 11 617 2001 Email: k.hadgu@cgiar.org Kisumu, Kenya PO Box 2389 40100 Kisumu, Kenya Tel: +254 57 2021234/2021456 Mobile: +254 722 631983 Email: g.aertssen@cgiar.org Malawi Chitedze Research Station, off Mchinji Rd PO Box 30798 Lilongwe 3, Malawi Tel: +265 1 707328/319 Fax: +265 1 707319 Email: s.weldesemayat@cgiar.org Mozambique Caixa Postal 1884 Av. das FPLM 3698, Mavalane Maputo, Mozambique Tel: +258 21 461775 Email: arnela.mausse@yahoo.com
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SOUTHEAST ASIA REGIONAL PROGRAMME JL, CIFOR, Situ Gede Sindang Barang, Bogor 16115 PO Box 161, Bogor 16001 Indonesia Tel: +62 251 8625415 Via USA: +1 650 833 6665 Fax: +62 251 8625416 Via USA: +1 650 833 6666 Email: u.pradhan@cgiar.org Beijing, China #12 Zhongguancun Nan Da Jie CAAS Mailbox 195 Post code 100081, Beijing China Tel: +86 10 8210 5693 Fax: +86 10 8210 5694 Email: J.C.Xu@cgiar.org or cmes-icraf@mail.kib.ac.cn Kunming, China Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies c/o Kunming Institute of Botany 3/F, North Research Building Heilongtan, Kunming, 650201, China Tel: +86 871 5223014 Fax: +86 871 5223377 Email: cmes@mail.kib.ac.cn Philippines 2nd Floor, Khush Hall Bldg. International Rice Research Institute Los Baos, 4031 Laguna, Philippines Tel: +63 2 5805600/49 5362701-5 Ext. 2675/2544/2580 Fax: +63 49 5392925 Email: icrafphi@cgiar.org or r.lasco@cgiar.org
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Annexes
Thailand Faculty of Social Sciences 5th Floor, Chiang Mai University PO Box 267, CMU Post Office Chiang Mai 50202 Thailand Tel: +66 5335 7906 or 5335 7907 Fax: +66 5335 7908 Email: icraf@icraf-cm.org Viet Nam No. 8 Lot 13A, Trung Hoa Street Yen Hoa Ward, Cau Giay District Ha Noi,Viet Nam Tel: +84 4 3783 4645 Fax: +84 4 3783 4644 Email: d.c.catacutan@cgiar.org SOUTH ASIA REGIONAL PROGRAMME 1st Floor, Block C, National Agricultural Science Complex (NASC) Dev Prakash Shastri Marg Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India 110012 Tel: +91 11 25609800/25847885/6 Fax: +91 11 25847884 Email: v.p.singh@cgiar.org Bangladesh Dr Giashuddin Miah Country Liaison Scientist for Bangladesh c/o Department of Agroforestry and Environment Bangbandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rehman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) Gazipur - 1706, Bangladesh Tel: +88 02 9205310-14, Ext: 2104 Fax: +88 02 9205330/9205333 Mobile: +88 01715401443 Email: g.miah@cgiar.org Sri Lanka Dr DKNG Pushpakumara Country Liaison Scientist for Sri Lanka c/o Faculty of Agriculture University of Peradeniya Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka Tel: +94 81 239 5110 Fax: +94 81 239 5110/81 2388041 Mobile: +94 714933591 Email: ngpkumara@pdn.ac.lk or d.pushpakumara@cgiar.org
LATIN AMERICA REGIONAL PROGRAMME c/o Centro Internacional de la Papa - CIP Av. La Molina 1895, Lima 12, Per PO Box 1558 Tel: +511 349 6017 Fax: +511 317 5326 Email: icraf_la@cgiar.org Brazil Instituto Iniciativa Amaznica IIA/ICRAF (Embrapa Amaznia Oriental) Trav. Dr Enas Pinheiro s/n 66095-100, Marco-Belm/PA, Brazil Tel: +55 91 3204 1108 Email: icraf_brazil@cgiar.org Costa Rica CATIE, CATIE 7170, 3 km Carretera a Siquirres Turrialba 30501 Costa Rica Tel: +506 2558 2611 Email: icraf_cr@cgiar.org Pucallpa, Per Instituto Nacional de Innovacin Agraria INIA Carretera Federico Basadre Km. 4.2 Pucallpa, Per Tel: + 61 579078 WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA REGIONAL PROGRAMME PO Box 16317 Yaounde, Cameroon Tel: +237 22 215084 Fax: +237 22 215089 Email: z.tchoundjeu@cgiar.org or icraf-aht@cgiar.org Abidjan Cocody Mermoz, Avenue 9 08 BP 2823 Abidjan 08 Tel: + 225 22 446774 Email: icraf.cdi@cgiar.org Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) c/o INERA Avenue des cliniques No 13 Commune de la Gombe, Kinshasa Tel: +243 817762807/993373922 Email: a.biloso@cgiar.org
Mali BP E5118, Bamako, Mali Tel: +223 2070 9220/4490 1806 Fax: +223 4490 1807 Email: icraf-wca@cgiar.org Nigeria Edo ADP Premises, Ogba Road, Oko PMB 1698, Benin City Edo State, Nigeria Tel: +234 052 894 750 Email: icraf-nigeria@cgiar.org Soubre, Cte dIvoire Zone ANADER Tel: +225 34 712593 Sierra Leone No. 5 Presidential Lodge Road Makeni Northern Province Sierra Leone Tel: +232 79 274500 Email: icraf-sl@cgiar.org
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List of Abbreviations
ACATPA AfSIS CAFNET CATIE CCAFS CDC CGIAR CIAT CIDA CIFOR CIRAD CNRA COP CRI CRP CTA DFID DRC Embrapa EU FAO FARA FLD FLEGT FMNR FSC GDP GEF ICRAF IFAD IIAM IIAP INIA IPG IUCN LAMA LUWES NASA NGO PEFC PROTA REALU REDD RMG SACC UK UN US V4C VECEA WOCAT WWF Asociacin de Cacaoteros Tecnificados de Padre Abad Africa Soil Information Service Coffee Agroforestry Network Center for Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Centre de Dveloppement du Cacao Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research International Center for Tropical Agriculture Canadian International Development Agency Center for International Forestry Research Le Centre de coopration internationale en recherche agronomique pour le dveloppement Centre National de Recherche Agronomique Conference of the Parties Coconut Research Institute CGIAR Research Programme Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Corporation Department for International Development Democratic Republic of Congo Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation European Union Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa Forest & Landscape Denmark Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration Forest Stewardship Council Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Facility World Agroforestry Centre International Fund for Agricultural Development National Institute of Agronomic Research Peruvian Amazon Research Institute National Institute of Agricultural Innovation International Public Goods International Union for Conservation of Nature Locally Appropriate Mitigation Action Land Use Planning for Low Emission Development Strategy National Aeronautics and Space Administration Non-Governmental Organization Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Plant Resources of Tropical Africa Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Research Methods Group Sustainable Agriculture in a Changing Climate United Kingdom United Nations United States Vision for Change Vegetation and Climate Change in East Africa World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies World Wide Fund for Nature
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Writer: Charlie Pye-Smith Other contributors: Daisy Ouya, Kristi Foster, Rob Finlayson, Kate Langford, Adjehi Claude Coordination, compilation, editing/proofreading: Betty Rabar, Paul Stapleton Design & layout: Martha Mwenda Cover photo: Lehri Lal, a farmer in Rajasthan, India, has established an orchard which will sequester carbon and provide him with fruit and an income. Photo credit: Charlie Pye-Smith Financial information: Francis Kinyanjui Publications: Jacinta Kimwaki Staff list: Aziz Arthur Distribution: Naomi Kanyugo, Hellen Kiarago
World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P. O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Phone + (254) 20 722 4000, Fax + (254) 20 722 4001, Via USA phone (1-650) 833-6645, Via USA fax (1-650) 833-6646, Email: worldagroforestry@cgiar.org Website: www.worldagroforestry.org