ORAL HISTOLOGY

Notes from Roxanna Swartz

Salivary form and function Gland: Parotid Type: Purely Serous 25 % Duct: Stensons duct Pierces buccinator, crosses masseter and empites @ maxillary Second molar Whartons duct (runs with lingual nerve) Parasympatheti c Innervation: Glossopharyngeal n. via Otic ganglion parasympathetic cell bodies Inferior Salivatory Nucleus Facial nerve via submandibular ganglion cell bodies Superior Salivatory Facial nerve via submandibular ganglion Blood supply: Branches of external carotid

Submandibu lar

Mixed (semi and demilune s)

60 %

Facial artery

Sublingual

Mucus
(few demilunes)

5%

Von Ebnerss

Purely serous

Rivian ducts small ducts which open to floor of mouth Bartholins ducts larger ducts which join the submandibular duct Located in tongue around circumvalate papillae

Sublingual artery
(lingual, external carotid)

Tooth developmentbegins at 6th week in utero

Enamel organ
ectodermal

Outer enamel epithelium Inner enamel epithelium Stratum Intermedium Stellate Reticulum Innermost cellular layercells in this layer will become ameloblasts and produce enamel. This layer is essential for the initiation of dentin formation once enamel is formed. Nutritive to ameloblasts Central core of the enamel organ containing mucus fluid rich in albumin which is lost just prior to enamel deposition Differentiates into odontoblasts which give rise to dentin.

Dental papilla

(mesenchyme)

Dental sac
(mesenchyme)

Hertwigs root sheath

Also forms the dental pulp Gives rise to cementoblasts, the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone proper. forms the cell rests in the periodontal ligament absence of a stellate reticulum and stratus intermedium derived from inner and outer epithelia

Terms Primary dentin Secondary dentin Reparative dentin Sclerotic dentin Tomes granular layer Hunter-Schreger bands Incremental lines of Retzius perikymata Neonatal line Imbrication lines of Pickerill Incremental lines of Von Ebner Reduced enamel epithelium Epithelial rests of Malassez Cementicles Initial shapedeposited before completion of the apical foramen Succeeds 1sharp change in the direction of the dentinal tubules Limited to the site of irritationsame composition as 2 Calcified empty tubules (dead tracts) following death of the odontoblast and its tubular processes Only in root; refers to small unmineralized areas of root dentin beneath the cementum, and may play a role in root sensitivity Increased organic content found in enamel; indicative of rhythmic variation in the calcification; show appositional growth pattern = 4m daily. Formed first in the incisal regions Broad line of Retzius in enamel and a wide line of von Ebner in dentin that marks a transition between prenatal and postnatal enamel and dentin formation When the growth rings (lines of Retzius) are incomplete at the enamel surface, there are depression or grooves formed Aka Contour lines of Owen. Lines in dentin that correspond to the lines of Retzius in enamel Demark periods of more or less active secretion Remnants of Hertwigs root sheath which may a) undergo calcification and b) form into cementicles These are small calcified oval or round nodules found in a number of sites. Similar to pulp stones (denticles) in composition. They are the result of cellular debris, typically from degenerating remnants of Hertwigs root sheath. They are most frequently found in the PDL but may be attached to the cementum surface, free in the PDL or embedded in the cementum.

Enamel spindles PULP Sympatheticunmyelinated; cell bodies in superior cervical ganglion

 Afferentmostly meylinated; cell bodies in ___________________

PERIODONTOLOGY Description: Function: Collagenous, arranged in bundles Terminal portions of principal fibers which insert into cementum and bone Prevent extrusion of the tooth and resist lateral forces; counterbalance the apical fibers Bear the brunt of masitcatory stresses Comprise 1/3 of fibers. Found in the middle 1/3 Perpendicular; resist lateral forces Initial resistance to occlusal forces Found only on multi-rooted teeth

Principal fibers Sharpeys fibers Alveolar crest group Oblique group Horizontal Apical Interradicular Transeptal Gingival fibers Circumfirential Dentogingival Dentoperiosteal Alveologingival

Found in the free gingiva Resist rotational forces

The principal fibers of the periodontal ligament are arranged in six groups that develop sequentially in the developing root: the transseptal, alveolar crest, horizontal, oblique, apical, and interradicular fibers (Fig. 2-4). Transseptal group: Transseptal fibers extend interproximally over the alveolar bone crest and are embedded in the cementum of adjacent teeth (Fig. 2-5). They are a remarkably constant finding and are reconstructed even after destruction of the alveolar bone has occurred in periodontal disease. These fibers may be considered as belonging to the gingiva because they do not have osseous attachment. Alveolar crest group: Alveolar crest fibers extend obliquely from the cementum just beneath the junctional epithelium to the alveolar crest (Fig. 2-6). Fibers also run from the cementum over the alveolar crest and to the fibrous layer of the periosteum covering the alveolar bone. The alveolar crest fibers prevent the extrusion of the tooth 24 and resist lateral tooth movements. Their incision does not significantly increase tooth mobility 42 Horizontal group: Horizontal fibers extend at right angles to the long axis of the tooth from the cementum to the alveolar bone. Oblique group: Oblique fibers, the largest group in the periodontal ligament, extend from the cementum in a coronal direction obliquely to the bone (see Fig. 2-4). They bear the brunt of vertical masticatory stresses and transform them into tension on the alveolar bone. Apical group: The apical fibers radiate in a rather irregular fashion from the cementum to the bone at the apical region of the socket. They do not occur on incompletely formed roots. Interradicular fibers: The interradicular fibers fan out from the cementum to the tooth in the

furcation areas of multirooted teeth. (Newman, Michael G.. Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 9th Edition. Elsevier, 2002. 2.1.1).

Fig. 2-4 Diagram of principal fiber groups.

(Newman, Michael G.. Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 9th Edition. Elsevier, 2002. 2.1.1).

Statements1996 Histology The enamel organ separates from the dental lamina after the first layer of dentin is deposited. In the life cycle of an ameloblasts, there are cells that contain Tomes processes. These cells are in the Secretory phase. Histologically, the osteoclasts of bone resorption are typically multinuclear. Osteoid differs from bone in that it is not (less) mineralized. Cementum is produced by cells (origindental sac) of the periodontal ligament. Dentin is produced (origindental papilla) by the pulp cells. Compared with intertubular dentin, peritubular dentin is characterized by greater content of inorganic salts. Tufts are fan-shaped hypocalcified areas that originate at the dentinoenamel junction and extend into enamel for part of its thicknessnever found on the enamel surface. Cementicles are calcified bodies sometimes found in the PDL. May be calcified remantns of epithelial rests (malazez) Cell bodies of pain fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve reside in the superior ganglion of IX. The vestibular lamina is the outer epithelial layer of the double-layer which separates the lip from the palate in the developing embryothe dental lamina is the inner layer. Odontoblasts are derived from ectomesenchyme.all pulpal tissue Apical fibers offer first resistance to movement of the tooth in an occlusal direction.

 Alveolar mucous membrane appears red due to high vascularity and thinness of epithelium. The apical cytoplasm of active serous glandular cells is typically filled with abundant zymogen granules. Salivary gland striated ducts are composed of simple low columnar epithelium. Fibrous connective tissue is demonstrated on the posterior slope of the articular eminence. Dentinal tubules are S-shaped in the crown of the tooth due to the crowding of odontoblasts Hertwigs epithelial root sheath is derived from the inner and outer dental epithelium. Where stratum intermedium and stratum reticulum are absent. The crescents or demilunes are composed of serous cells.

Cell type: Ameloblasts Odontoblasts Cementoblasts 1982 and 1985 Histology

Derived from: Inner enamel epithelium Dental papilla Dental sac

Alveolar crest fibersattach normally to cervical cementum Long bone growthinterstitial; oldest lamellamost peripheral Bifid uvulafailure to fuse of palatine shelves Collagen fibers in cementum are produced by cementoblasts and fibroblasts. Oral mucosa of the soft palate (differs from vermillian border in that) a) non-keratinized b) shallow, blunt rete pegs c) lamina propria of loose connective tissue d) salivary acini deep to the mucous membrane Cellular cementum is restricted to the apical 1/3 of the root. During eruption, epithelial covering of enamel unites with the oral epithelium then degenerates. Inner enamel epithelium is essential for dentin formation. Not all diarthroidal joints are covered by hyaline. Epithelial rests of Malassez may a) undergo calcification and b) form into cementicles. Multiple root formation: unequal proliferation of the epithelial diaphragm Neonatal lines found in all of the following: primary enamel, permanent enamel, permanent dentin Structures in tongue formation: copula, tuberculum impar, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th branchial arches. 1987 Histology Reduced enamel epitheliumgives rise to the initial epithelial attachment joining the gingiva to the tooth. Zona pellucidaoocyte of mature follicle Cementum differs from enamel based on the presence of collagen fibers and the

cellular compnonent The periodontal ligament space is vital to the functional life of a tooth because it: (a) contains nervous and vascular elements; (b) allows for physiologic movement of the tooth; (c) provides a cellular source for new cementurn and bone.