Tests On Cement

Tests on CEMENT
NITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME (IS:4031-Part 5-1988)

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Overview
Initial setting time is that time period between the time water is added to cement and time at which 1 mm square section needle fails to penetrate the cement paste, placed in the Vicats mould 5 mm to 7 mm from the bottom of the mould. Final setting time is that time period between the time water is added to cement and the time at which 1 mm needle makes an impression on the paste in the mould but 5 mm attachment does not make any impression.
Apparatus
Measuring instruments
NAME CAPACITY / RANGE / SIZE Should be made as per IS:5513 1000 g 100 ml 30 min. ACCURACY / LEAST COUNT
Vicat apparatus Balance Measuring cylinder Stop watch
1g 1 ml 0.2 sec
Other apparatus
Glass plate, enamel tray, trowel
Environmental Condition
Temperature 27 20 C
Relative Humidity
90 % (min)
Procedure
(a)Test block preparation
1. Before commencing setting time test, do the consistency test to obtain the water required to give the paste normal consistency (P). 2. Take 400 g of cement and prepare a neat cement paste with 0.85P of water by weight of cement. 3. Gauge time is kept between 3 to 5 minutes. Start the stop watch at the instant when the water is added to the cement. Record this time (t1). 4. Fill the Vicat mould, resting on a glass plate, with the cement paste gauged as above. Fill the mould completely and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared is called test block.
(b)Initial setting time

1. Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the non-porous plate, under the rod bearing the needle. 2. Lower the needle gently until it comes in contact with the surface of test block and quick release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block. 3. In the beginning the needle completely pierces the test block. Repeat this procedure i.e. quickly releasing the needle after every 2 minutes till the needle fails to pierce the block for about 5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould. Note this time (t2).
(c)Final setting time

1. For determining the final setting time, replace the needle of the Vicats apparatus by the needle with an annular attachment. 2. The cement is considered finally set when upon applying the final setting needle gently to the surface of the test block; the needle makes an impression thereon, while the attachment fails to do so. Record this time (t3).
Calculation
Initial setting time=t2-t1 Final setting time=t3-t1, Where, t1=Time at which water is first added to cement
t2=Time when needle fails to penetrate 5 mm to 7 mm from bottom of the mould t3=Time when the needle makes an impression but the attachment fails to do so.
Precautions

Release the initial and final setting time needles gently. The experiment should be performed away from vibration and other disturbances. Needle should be cleaned every time it is used. Position of the mould should be shifted slightly after each penetration to avoid penetration at the same place. Test should be performed at the specified environmental conditions.
Standard Specification
Type/Name Referenced Initial Of Cement Indian Setting Stanadard Time, mints (min.) OPC(33) IS:269 30 OPC(43) IS:8112 30 OPC(53) IS:12269 30 SRC IS:12330 30 PPC IS:1489,P1 30 RHPC IS:8041 30 PSC IS:455 30 High IS:6452 30 alumina Super IS:6909 30 sulphated Low heat IS:12600 60 Masonry IS:3466 90 cement IRS-T-40 Railway 60 Final Setting Time, mints (max.) 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 1440 600
Technical Discussion
It is essential that cement set neither too rapidly nor too slowly. In the first case there might be insufficient time to transport and place the concrete before it becomes too rigid. In the second case too long a setting period tends to slow up the work unduly, also it
might postpone the actual use of the structure because of inadequate strength at the desired age. Setting should not be confused with hardening, which refers to the gain in mechanical strength after the certain degree of resistance to the penetration of a special attachment pressed into it. Setting time is the time required for stiffening of cement paste to a defined consistency. Indirectly related to the initial chemical reaction of cement with water to form aluminumsilicate compound. Initial setting time is the time when the paste starts losing its plasticity. Initial setting time test is important for transportation, placing and compaction of cement concrete. Initial setting time duration is required to delay the process of hydration or hardening. Final setting time is the time when the paste completely loses its plasticity. It is the time taken for the cement paste or cement concrete to harden sufficiently and attain the shape of the mould in which it is cast. Determination of final setting time period facilitates safe removal of scaffolding or form. During this period of time primary chemical reaction of cement with water is almost completed.
Test Standard Reference
IS:4031(Part 5):1988-Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement (Determination of initial and final setting times)
CONSISTENCY OF STANDARD CEMENT PASTE (IS:4031-Part4-1988)

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Overview
Standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit a vicat plunger having 10 mm dia and 50 mm length to penetrate to a depth of 33-35 mm from top of the mould.
Apparatus
Measuring Instruments
NAME
Vicat apparatus Balance Measuring cylinder
CAPACITY / RANGE / SIZE Should be made as per IS:5513 1000 g 100 ml
ACCURACY / LEAST COUNT
1g 1 ml
Other accessories
Tray, glass plate
Temperature Humidity 27 20 C 65 5 %
Procedure
1. Take 400 g of cement and place it in the enameled tray. 2. Mix about 25% water by weight of dry cement thoroughly to get a cement paste. Total time taken to obtain thoroughly mixed water cement paste i.e. Gauging time should not be more than 3 to 5 minutes. 3. Fill the vicat mould, resting upon a glass plate, with this cement paste. 4. After filling the mould completely, smoothen the surface of the paste, making it level with top of the mould. 5. Place the whole assembly(i.e. mould + cement paste + glass plate) under the rod bearing plunger. 6. Lower the plunger gently so as to touch the surface of the test block and quickly release the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste. 7. Measure the depth of penetration and record it. 8. Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water content and follow the steps (2 to 7) as described above, until the depth of penetration becomes 33 to 35 mm.
Calculation
Calculate percentage of water (P) by weight of dry cement required to prepare cement paste of standard consistency by following formula, and express it to the first place of decimal.
Where, W=Quantity of water added C=Quantity of cement used
Precautions

Gauging time should be strictly observed Room temperature should be well maintained as per test requirement. All apparatus used should be clean. The experiment should be performed away from vibrations and other disturbances.
This test helps to determine water content for other tests like initial and final setting time, soundness & compressive strength. AMOUNT OF WATER REQUIRED 0.78 P (P=Consistency of standard cement paste) 0.85 P (P=Consistency of standard cement paste) of combined mass of cement and sand.
NAME OF TEST Soundness (Lechatelier method) Setting time Compressive strength
Consistency refers to the relative mobility of a freshly mixed cement paste or mortar or its ability to flow. For a mortar the standard consistency is measured by flow table test. Generally the normal consistency for OPC ranges from 26 to 33%.
IS:4031(Part 4):1988-Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement (Determination of consistency of standard cement paste)
ily Archives: May 4, 2013 SPECIFIC GRAVITY/DENSITY OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT (IS:4031-Part 111988)
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Overview
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio between the weight of a given volume of cement and weight of an equal volume of water.
Apparatus
NAME CAPACITY / ACCURACY RANGE / LEAST / SIZE COUNT
Lechatelier flask Balance Water bath
Other Apparatus
Tray
Environmental Conditions
Temp Relative humidity
Test Procedure
1. Dry the Le-chatelier flask and fill with kerosene oil or Naptha to a point on the stem between 0 and 1 ml. 2. Dry the inside of the flask above the level of the liquid. 3. Immerse the flask in a constant temp water bath maintained at room temp for sufficient time. 4. Record the level of the kerosene oil in the flask as initial reading. 5. Introduce about 60 g of cement into the flask so that the level of kerosene rises to about say 22 ml mark. Splashing should be avoided and cement should not be allowed to adhere to the sides of the flask above the liquid. 6. Insert the glass nipple into the flask and roll it gently in an inclined position to free the cement from air until no further air bubble rises to the surface of the liquid. 7. Keep the flask again in constant temp water bath and note down the new liquid level as final reading.
Calculation
The difference between the first and final readings represents the volume of liquid displaced by the mass of cement used in test. The density is calculated as per the below mentioned formula to the second place of decimal.
Note ::Two tests shall be carried out and the average is reported. If the difference between the two values differs by more than 0.03, the test shall be repeated.
Precautions

While pouring cement in the Lechatelier flask, care should be taken to avoid splashing and cement should not adhere to the inside of the flask above the liquid. The kerosene or Naptha should be completely free from water.
Technical Discussions
The test for finding the specific gravity of Portland cement was originally considered to be of value in detecting adulteration and under burning, but is no longer thought to be of much importance in view of the fact that other tests lead to more definite conclusions.
IS:4031(Pat 11):1988-Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement (Determination of density)
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This entry was posted in Tests On Cement on May 4, 2013.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT(IS:4031-Part 61988)

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Overview
Compressive strength of cement is determined by compressive strength test on mortar cubes compacted by means of a standard vibration machine. Standard sand (IS:650) is used for the preparation of cement mortar. The specimen is in the form of cubes 70.6mm*70.6mm*70.6mm.
Apparatus
NAME CAPACITY ACCURACY / RANGE / / LEAST SIZE COUNT 70.6*70.6*70.6 mm3(IS:10080) Should be as per IS:10080 1000 g 1g 200 ml 1 ml
Cube mould Vibration machine Balance Measuring cylinder
Other Apparatus
Enamel tray, Trowel, Poking rod
Test Procedure
1. Take 200 g of cement and 600 g of standard sand and mix them dry thoroughly. 2. Add of water (where P is % of water required for preparing paste of standard consistency) to the dry mix of cement and sand and mix thoroughly for a minimum of 3 minutes and maximum of 4 minutes to obtain a mix of uniform colour. If even in 4 minutes uniform colour of the mix is not obtained reject the mix and mix fresh quantities of cement, sand and water to obtain a mix of uniform colour. 3. Place the thoroughly cleaned and oiled (on interior face) mould on the vibrating machine and hold it in position by clamps provided on the machine for the purpose. 4. Fill the mould with entire quantity of mortar using a suitable hopper attached to the top of the mould for facility of filling and vibrate it for 2 minutes at a specified speed of 12000400 per minute to achieve full compaction. 5. Remove the mould from the machine and keep it in a place with temp of 2720C and relative humidity of 90% for 24 hours. 6. At the end of 24 hrs remove the cube from the mould and immediately submerge in fresh clean water. The cube be taken out of the water only at the time of testing. 7. Prepare at least 6 cubes in the manner explained above. 8. Place the test cube on the platform of a compressive testing machine without any packing between the cube and the plates of the testing machine. 9. Apply the load steadily and uniformly, starting from zero at a rate of 35 N/mm2/minute.
Calculation
Where, P=Maximum load applied to the cube. (N) A=Cross sectional area (Calculated from the mean dimensions) (mm2)

Compressive strength is reported to the nearest 0.5 N/mm2. Specimens that are manifestly faulty, or that give strengths differing by more than 10% from the average value of all the test specimen should not be considered. Test three cubes for compressive strength for each period of curing.
Precautions

The mould should be oiled before use The weighing should be done accurately The temperature and humidity must be accurately controlled Increase the load gradually during testing. The cubes should be tested immediately after taking out of water and not allowed to dry until they fail under testing. The gauging time should be strictly observed. The cubes should be tested on their sides and not on their faces.
Standard Specifications
CEMENT COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TYPE (Mpa) 1 Day 3 Days 7 Days 28 Days OPC(33) 16 22 33 OPC(43) 23 33 43 OPC(53) 27 27 53 SRC 10 16 33 PPC 16 22 33 RHPC 16 27 PSC 16 22 33 High 30 35 alumina Super 15 22 30 sulphated Low heat 10 16 35 Masonry 2.5 5.0 IRS-T-40 37.5

Strength tests are not made on a neat cement paste because of difficulties of moulding and testing with a consequent large variability of test results. Compressive strength is influenced by the cement type, or more precisely, the compound composition and fineness of cement. It should be assumed that two types of cement meeting the same minimum requirements will produce the same strength of mortar or concrete without modification of mix proportions.
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SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT BY AUTOCLAVE METHOD (IS:4031-Part 31988)

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Overview
In the soundness test a specimen of hardened cement paste is boiled for a fixed time so that any tendency to expand is speeded up and can be detected. Soundness means the ability to resist volume expansion.
Apparatus
NAME CAPACITY / RANGE / SIZE 1000C (min) IS:9459 150 ml 1000 g 25*25*282 mm (IS:10086) ACCURACY / LEAST COUNT 10C 0.02 mm 1 ml 1g
Autoclave Length comparator Measuring cylinder Balance Mould
Other Apparatus
Enamel tray, trowel
Procedure
1. Thinly cover the mould with mineral oil. Then attach the reference points so as to get an effective length of 250 mm. 2. Take 500 g of cement and mix with sufficient water to give a paste of standard consistency. 3. After mixing fill the mould in one or two layers by pressing the paste into corners by thumb. Smoothen the top layer by trowel. 4. After completion of preparation of the mould, store it in a moist room for a period of 24 hours. 5. After 24 hrs after moulding, remove the specimen from the moist atmosphere, measure its length (L1) and place it in the autoclave at room temperature in a rack so that the four sides of each specimen is exposed to saturated steam vapour during the entire period of test. 6. To permit air to escape from the autoclave during the early portion of the heating period, left the vent valve open until steam begins to escape. 7. Then close the vent valve and raise the temp of the autoclave at such a rate, so as to make the gauge pressure of the steam to 2.1 N/mm2 in 1 to 1.5 hrs from the time heat turned on. This pressure is maintained for 3 hrs. 8. After 3 hrs switch off the autoclave, and let it be cooled at the rate so as to make the pressure less than 0.1 N/mm2 in one hour and bring it to atmospheric pressure by opening vent valve. 9. Then remove the specimen from autoclave and place it in water maintained at a temp of 900C. Then cool the water to 2720C in 15 minutes. Dry the surface of the specimen and measure its length (L2).
Calculation
Soundness of cement=L1-L2, Where, L1=Length measured after curing for a period of 24 hrs in a moist room. L2=Length measured after completion of autoclave test. A contraction (negative expansion) is indicated by prefixing a ()sign to the percentage expansion reported.
Note ::In the event of cement failing to comply with the specified requirements, a further test should be made from another portion of the same sample in manner described above, but after aeration (done by spreading out to a depth of 75 mm at a relative humidity of 50 to 80% for a total period of 7 days).
Precautions

Length L1 and L2 should be measured accurately The temp of autoclave should be raised and lowered gradually.
Type/Name Of cement OPC (33) OPC (43) OPC (53) Rapid hardening Low heat cement Super sulphated Portland pozzolana PSC High alumina cement SRC Masonry cement IRS-T-40 Reference Indian Standard IS:269-1989 IS:8112-1989 IS:122691987 IS:8041-1990 Expansion ,%,(max.) 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
IS:126000.8 1989 IS:6909-1990 Not specified IS:14890.8 1991(part 1) IS:455-1976 0.8 IS:6452-1976 Not specified IS:123300.8 1988 IS:3466-1988 1.0 Railway standards 0.8

Volume expansion in cement mortar or in cement concrete is caused by the presence of unburnt lime (CaO), dead burnt MgO and also CaSO4. By Autoclave method we only find out presence of unburnt lime (CaO) and magnesia (MgO). Magnesia content allowed in cement is limited to 6%. Indian standard specification stipulates that cement having a magnesia content of more than 3% shall be tested for soundness by Autoclave test which is sensitive to both free magnesia and free lime.
No satisfactory test is available for deduction of unsoundness due to an excess of calcium sulphate. But it can be easily determined by chemical analysis.
IS:4031(Part 3):1988-Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement (Determination of soundness)
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SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT BY LECHATELIERS METHOD (IS:4031-Part 31988)

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Overview
Apparatus
NAME CAPACITY / RANGE / SIZE Should be made as per IS:5514 1000C (min) 30 cm 100 ml ACCURACY / LEAST COUNT
Le-chatelier apparatus Water bath Caliper Measuring
10C 0.5 mm 1 ml
cylinder Balance
100 g
1g
Other apparatus
Glass sheets (2 nos), Enamel tray, trowel
Procedure
1. Before commencing setting time test, do the consistency test to obtain the water required to give the paste normal consistency (P). 2. Prepare a paste by adding 0.78 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency (i.e. 0.78P). 3. Lightly oil the Le-chatelier mould and place it on a lightly oiled glass sheet. 4. Fill the mould with the prepared cement paste. In the process of filling the mould keep the edge of the mould gently together. 5. Cover the mould with another piece of lightly oiled glass sheet, place a small weight on this covering glass sheet. 6. Submerge the whole assembly in water at a temperature of 27 20 C and keep there for 24 hours. 7. Remove the whole assembly from water bath and measure the distance separating the indicator points to the nearest 0.5 mm (L1). 8. Again submerge the whole assembly in water bath and bring the temperature of water bath to boiling temperature in 25 to 30 minutes. Keep it at boiling temperature for a period of 3 hours. 9. After completion of 3 hours, allow the temperature of the water bath to cool down to room temperature and remove the whole assembly from the water bath. 10. Measure the distance between the two indicator points to the nearest 0.5 mm (L2).
Calculations
Soundness/expansion of cement = L1-L2 L1=Measurement taken after 24 hours of immersion in water at a temp. of 27 20 C L2=Measurement taken after 3 hours of immersion in water at boiling temperature.
Calculate the mean of two values to the nearest 0.5 mm.
Note::In the event of cement failing to comply with the specified requirements, a further test should be made from another portion of the same sample in manner described above, but after aeration (done by spreading out to a depth of 75 mm at a relative humidity of 50 to 80% for a total period of 7 days).
Precautions

All the measurements should be done accurately. Do not apply extra pressure while filling the moulds. During boiling water level should not fall below the height of the mould.
Type/Name of cement OPC (33) OPC (43) OPC (53) Rapid hardening Low heat cement Super sulphated Portland pozzolana PSC High alumina cement SRC Masonry cement IRS-T-40 Reference Indian standard IS:269-1989 IS:8112-1989 IS:122691987 IS:8041-1990 Expansion (max.) 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm
IS:1260010 mm 1989 IS:6909-1990 5 mm IS:148910 mm 1991(part 1) IS:455-1976 10 mm IS:6452-1989 5 mm IS:1233010 mm 1988 IS:3466-1988 10 mm Railway standards 5 mm
Volume expansion in cement mortar or in cement concrete is caused by the presence of unburnt lime (CaO), dead burnt MgO and also CaSO4. By Le-chatelier method we can only find out presence of unburnt lime (CaO). Presence of unburnt lime may develop cracks in the cement because of increase in volume. Free lime (CaO) and magnesia (MgO) are known to react with water very slowly and increase in volume considerably, which result in cracking, distortion and disintegration.
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INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME (IS:4031-Part 5-1988)

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Overview
Apparatus
NAME CAPACITY ACCURACY / RANGE / / LEAST
SIZE Should be made as per IS:5513 1000 g 100 ml 30 min.
COUNT
1g 1 ml 0.2 sec
Other apparatus
Temperature Relative Humidity 27 20 C 90 % (min)
Procedure

1. Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the non-porous plate, under the rod bearing the needle. 2. Lower the needle gently until it comes in contact with the surface of test block and quick release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block. 3. In the beginning the needle completely pierces the test block. Repeat this procedure i.e. quickly releasing the needle after every 2 minutes till the needle fails to pierce the block for about 5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould. Note this time (t2).

Calculation
Initial setting time=t2-t1 Final setting time=t3-t1, Where, t1=Time at which water is first added to cement t2=Time when needle fails to penetrate 5 mm to 7 mm from bottom of the mould t3=Time when the needle makes an impression but the attachment fails to do so.
Precautions

Type/Name Referenced Initial Of Cement Indian Setting Stanadard Time, mints (min.) OPC(33) IS:269 30 OPC(43) IS:8112 30 OPC(53) IS:12269 30 SRC IS:12330 30 Final Setting Time, mints (max.) 600 600 600 600
PPC RHPC PSC High alumina Super sulphated Low heat Masonry cement IRS-T-40
IS:1489,P1 IS:8041 IS:455 IS:6452 IS:6909 IS:12600 IS:3466 Railway
30 30 30 30 30 60 90 60
600 600 600 600 600 600 1440 600
It is essential that cement set neither too rapidly nor too slowly. In the first case there might be insufficient time to transport and place the concrete before it becomes too rigid. In the second case too long a setting period tends to slow up the work unduly, also it might postpone the actual use of the structure because of inadequate strength at the desired age. Setting should not be confused with hardening, which refers to the gain in mechanical strength after the certain degree of resistance to the penetration of a special attachment pressed into it. Setting time is the time required for stiffening of cement paste to a defined consistency. Indirectly related to the initial chemical reaction of cement with water to form aluminumsilicate compound. Initial setting time is the time when the paste starts losing its plasticity. Initial setting time test is important for transportation, placing and compaction of cement concrete. Initial setting time duration is required to delay the process of hydration or hardening. Final setting time is the time when the paste completely loses its plasticity. It is the time taken for the cement paste or cement concrete to harden sufficiently and attain the shape of the mould in which it is cast. Determination of final setting time period facilitates safe removal of scaffolding or form. During this period of time primary chemical reaction of cement with water is almost completed.
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Overview
Apparatus
NAME CAPACITY / RANGE / SIZE Should be made as per IS:5513 1000 g 100 ml ACCURACY / LEAST COUNT
1g 1 ml
Other accessories
Tray, glass plate
Procedure
Calculation
Precautions

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FREE SWELL INDEX TEST OF SOIL(IS2720-PART-40-1970)

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Objective
For determination of free swell index of soils
Reference Standard
IS: 2720(Part 40)-1985- Methods of test for soils: Determination of free swell index of soil.
Equipment / Apparatus

Oven(1050C to 1100C, min) Balance (0.01g accuracy) Sieve [425 micron] Graduated glass cylinder [100ml capacity]
Preparation sample
The soil passing 425 micron sieve is used in this test.
Procedure
1. Two no. of 10 g oven dried soil specimens passing through 425 micron IS sieve is taken. 2. Each soil specimen is poured in each of the two glass graduated cylinders of 100 ml. capacity.
3. Then one cylinder is filled with kerosene oil and the other with distilled water up to the 100 ml. mark. 4. It is to be stirred with a glass rod to remove entrapped air and allowed to settle for 24 hours. 5. After completion of 24 hours the final volume of soils in each of the cylinder is read out.
Calculation
The free swell index of the soil is to be calculated as follows : Free swell index, percent = ((Vd-Vk) / Vk)*100 Where Vd = The volume of soil specimen read from the graduated cylinder containing distilled water. Vk = The volume of soil specimen read from the graduated cylinder containing kerosene
Report
The free swell index is reported to the nearest whole number.
Safety & Precautions

Clean the sieves with the help of a brush, after sieving While weighing put the sieve with soil sample on the balance in a concentric position. Check the electric connection of the sieve shaker before conducting the test. Use hand gloves while removing the soil sample from oven, after switching off the oven.
This entry was posted in Tests On Soil on May 14, 2013.
LINEAR SHRINKAGE TEST OF SOIL(IS2720-PART-20-1966)

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Objective
For determination of linear shrinkage of soil
Reference Standard
IS: 2720(Part 20)-1966- Methods of test for soils: Determination of linear shrinkage.

Mould Oven
Preparation sample
A sample weighing 150g from thoroughly mixed portion of bulk material passing 425 micron IS sieve is prepared.
Procedure
1. The mould is thoroughly cleaned and a thin film of grease is applied to its inner walls. 2. Above soil sample is mixed thoroughly with distilled water, using palette knives, until the mass becomes homogeneous. 3. The thoroughly mixed soil-water paste is placed in the mould such that it is slightly above the sides of the mould. 4. Then the mould with the soil paste is dried in the oven maintained at a temperature of 105 to 1100C.
5. After complete drying, the mould and soil is cooled and the mean length of the soil bar is measured.
Calculation
The linear shrinkage of the soil is to be calculated as a percentage of the original length of the specimen from the following formula: Linear shrinkage =[1- (Length of oven dried specimen / Initial length of specimen)] 100
Report
The linear shrinkage of the soil is to be reported to the nearest whole number
Clean the sieves with the help of a brush, after sieving.
CBR (CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO) TEST OF SOIL(IS-2720-PART-16-1979)

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CBR Test Setup
Objective
Determination of CBR of soil either in undisturbed or Remoulded condition
Reference Standards
IS: 2720(Part 16)-1973- Methods of test for soils: Laboratory determination of CBR.
Equipments / Apparatus

Compression machine Proving ring, Dial gauge, Timer Sampling tube Split mould Vernier caliper, Balance
Preparation sample
The test may be performed (a) On undisturbed soil specimen (b) On remoulded soil specimen (a) On undisturbed specimen Undisturbed specimen is obtained by fitting to the mould, the steel cutting edge of 150 mm internal diameter and pushing the mould as gentky as possible into the ground. When the mould is sufficiently full of soil, it shall be removed by under digging. The top and bottom surfaces are then trimmed flat so as to give the required length of specimen. (b) On remoulded Specimens The dry density for remoulding should be either the field density or if the subgrade is to be compacted, at the maximum dry density value obtained from the Proctor Compaction test. If it is proposed to carry out the CBR test on an unsoaked specimen, the moisture content for remoulding should be the same as the equilibrium moisture content which the soil is likely to reach subsequent to the construction of the road. If it is proposed to carry out the CBR test on a soaked specimen, the moisture content for remoulding should be at the optimum and soaked under water for 96 hours. Soil Sample The material used in the remoulded specimen should all pass through a 19 mm IS sieve. Allowance for larger material may be made by replacing it by an equal amount of material which passes a 19 mm sieve but is retained on a 4.75 mm IS sieve. This procedure is not satisfactory if the size of the soil particles is predominantly greater than 19 mm. The specimen may be compacted statically or dynamically. I. Compaction by Static Method The mass of the wet soil at the required moisture content to give the desired density when occupying the standard specimen volume in the mould is calculated. A batch of soil is thoroughly mixed with water to give the required water content. The correct mass of the moist soil is placed in the mould and compaction obtained by pressing in displacer disc, a filter paper being placed between the disc & soil. II. Compaction by Dynamic Method For dynamic compaction , a representative sample of soil weighing approximately 4.5 kg or more for fine grained soils and 5.5 kg or more for granular soil shall be taken and mixed thoroughly with water. If the soil is to be compacted to the maximum dry density at the optimum water content determined in accordance with light compaction or heavy compaction, the exact
mass of soil required is to be taken and the necessary quantity of water added so that the water content of soil sample is equal to the determined optimum water content. The mould with extension collar attached is clamped to the base plate. The spacer disc is inserted over the base plate and a disc of coarse filter paper placed on the top of the spacer disc. The soil water mixture is compacted into the mould in accordance with the methods specified in light compaction test or heavy compaction test.
Procedure
1. The mould containing the specimen with the base plate in position but the top face exposed is placed on the lower plate of the testing machine. 2. Surcharge weights, sufficient to produce an intensity of loading equal to the weight of the base material and pavement is placed on the specimen. 3. To prevent upheaval of soil into the hole of the surcharge weights, 2.5 kg annular weight is placed on the soil surface prior to seating the penetration plunger after which the remainder of the surcharge weight is placed. 4. The plunger is to be seated under a load of 4 kg so that full contact is established between the surface of the specimen and the plunger. 5. The stress and strain gauges are then set to zero. Load is applied to the penetration plunger so that the penetration is approximately 1.25 mm per minute. 6. Readings of the load are taken at penetrations of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mm. 7. The plunger is then raised and the mould detached from the loading equipment.
Calculation
Load-Penetration curve: The load penetration curve is plotted taking penetration value on x-axis and Load values on Yaxis. Corresponding to the penetration value at which the CBR is desired, corrected load value is taken from the load-penetration curve and the CBR calculated as follows California bearing ratio = (PT/PS)x100 Where PT = Corrected unit (or total) test load corresponding to the chosen penetration curve, and PS = Unit(or total) standard load for the same depth of penetration as for PS taken from standard code.
Report
The CBR values are usually calculated for penetration of 2.5 mm and 5 mm. The CBR value is reported correct to the first decimal place.

Clean the sieves with the help of a brush, after sieving While weighing put the sieve with soil sample on the balance in a concentric position. Check the electric connection of the sieve shaker before conducting the test.
DIRECT SHEAR TEST OF SOIL(IS-2720PART-13-1986)

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Shear Box Assemblies
Objective
Determination of shear strength parameters of a silty or sandy soil at known density and moisture content.
Reference Standards
IS: 2720(Part 13)-1986- Methods of test for soils: Direct shear test.

Shear box Box container Porous stone and grid plate Tamper, Balance , Sieve(4.75 mm) Loading frame, Proving ring, Dial gauge.
Preparation sample
One kg of air dry sample passing through 4.75mm IS sieve is required for this test.
Procedure
1. Shear box dimensions is measured, the box is set up by fixing its upper part to the lower part with clamping screws, and then a porous stone is placed at the base. 2. For undrained tests, a serrated grid plate is placed on the porous stone with the serrations at right angle to the direction of shear. For drained tests, a perforated grid is used over the porous stone. 3. An initial amount of soil is weighed in a pan. The soil is placed into the shear box in three layers and for each layer is compacted with a tamper. The upper grid plate, porous stone and loading pad is placed in sequence on the soil specimen. 4. The pan is weighed again and the mass of soil used is computed. 5. The box is placed inside its container and is mounted on the loading frame. Upper half of the box is brought in contact with the horizontal proving ring assembly. The container is filled with water if soil is to be saturated. 6. The clamping screws is removed from the box, and set vertical displacement gauge and proving ring gauge to zero. 7. The vertical normal stress is set to a predetermined value. For drained tests, the soil is allowed to consolidate fully under this normal load. (Avoid this step for undrained tests.) 8. The motor is started with a selected speed and shear load is applied at a constant rate of strain. Readings of the gauges are taken until the horizontal shear load peaks and then falls, or the horizontal displacement reaches 20% of the specimen length. 9. The moisture content of the specimen is determined after the test. The test is repeated on identical specimens under different normal stress values.
Calculation
The density of the soil specimen is calculated from the mass of soil and the volume of the shear box.
The dial readings are converted to the appropriate displacement and load units by multiplying with respective least counts. Shear strains are calculated by dividing horizontal displacements with the specimen length, and shear stresses are obtained by dividing horizontal shear forces with the shear area. The shear stress versus horizontal displacement is plotted. The maximum value of shear stress is read if failure has occurred, otherwise read the shear stress at 20% shear strain. The maximum shear stress versus the corresponding normal stress is plotted for each test, the cohesion and the angle of shearing resistance of the soil is determined from the graph.

Before starting the test, the upper half of the box should be brought in contact of the proving ring assembly. Before subjecting the specimen to shear, the fixing pins should be taken out. The rate of strain should be constant throughout the test.
LIGHT/STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST OF SOIL(IS-2720PART-7-1980)

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Standard Proctor Test
Objective
For determination of the relation between the water content and the dry density of soils using light compaction.
Reference Standard
IS: 2720(Part 7)-1980- Methods of test for soils: Determination of water content-dry density relation using light compaction.
Equipments & Apparatus

Cylindrical mould & accessories [volume = 1000cm3] Rammer [2.6 kg]
Balance [1g accuracy] Sieves [19mm] Mixing tray Trowel Graduated cylinder [500 ml capacity] Metal container
Preparation sample
Obtain a sufficient quantity (10 kg) of air-dried soil and pulverize it. Take about 5 kg of soil passing through 19mm sieve in a mixing tray.
Procedure
1. 5 Kg. of soil is taken and the water is added to it to bring its moisture content to about 4 % in coarse grained soils and 8% in case of fine grained soils with the help of graduated cylinder 2. The mould with base plate attached is weighed to the nearest 1 gm (M1). The extension collar is to be attached with the mould. 3. Then the moist soil in the mould is compacted in three equal layers, each layer being given 25 blows from the 2.6 Kg rammer dropped from a height of 310 mm. above the soil. 4. The extension is removed and the compacted soil is leveled off carefully to the top of the mould by means of a straight edge. 5. Then the mould and soil is weighed to the nearest 1 gm. (M2). 6. The soil is removed from the mould and a representative soil sample is obtained water content determination. 7. Steps 3 to 6 are repeated after adding suitable amount of water to the soil in an increasing order.
Calculation
Bulk density, gm in g/cm3 at each compacted specimen is calculated from the equation.
where Vm = volume of mould in cm3 The dry density, gd, in g/cm3, is calculated from the equation.
where w = moisture content of soil in percent. The dry densities, gd obtained in a series of determinations are plotted against the corresponding moisture content. A smooth curve is then drawn through the resulting points and the position of the maximum on this curve is determined.
Report
The maximum dry density in g/cm3 is to be reported to the nearest 0.01 and the optimum moisture content is to be reported to the nearest 0.5.

Use hand gloves & safety shoes while compacting. Adequate period (about 15 minutes for clayey soils and 56 minutes for coarse grained soils) is allowed after mixing the water and before compacting into the mould. The blows should be uniformly distributed over the surface of each layer.
SHRINKAGE LIMIT TEST OF SOIL(IS2720-PART-6-1972)

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Shrinkage Limit Test Assembly
Objective
For determination of the shrinkage limit of soil.
Reference Standards
IS : 2720(Part 6)-1972 Methods of test for soils : Determination of shrinkage factor.
Equipment & Apparatus

Oven Balance Sieve Mercury Desiccator
Preparation sample
The soil passing 425 micron sieve is used in this test.
Procedure
1. 100 gm. of soil sample from a thoroughly mixed portion of the material passing through 425 micron IS sieve is taken. 2. About 30 gm. of above soil sample is placed in the evaporating dish and thoroughly mixed with distilled water to make a paste. 3. The weight of the clean empty shrinkage dish is determined and recorded. 4. The dish is filled in three layers by placing approximately 1/3rd of the amount of wet soil with the help of spatula. 5. Then the dish with wet soil is weighed and recorded immediately. 6. The wet soil cake is air dried until the colour of the pat turns from dark to light. Then it is oven dried at a temperature of 1050 C to 1100 C for 12 to 16 hours. The weight of the dish with dry sample is determined and recorded. Then the weight of oven dry soil pat is calculated (W0). 7. The shrinkage dish is placed in the evaporating dish and the dish is filled with mercury, till it overflows slightly. Then it is be pressed with plain glass plate firmly on its top to remove excess mercury. The mercury from the shrinkage dish is poured into a measuring jar and the volume of the shrinkage dish is calculated. This volume is recorded as the volume of the wet soil pat (V). 8. A glass cup is placed in a suitable large container and the glass cup removed by covering the cup with glass plate with prongs and pressing it. The outside of the glass cup is wiped
to remove the adhering mercury. Then it is placed in the evaporating dish which is clean and empty. 9. Then the oven dried soil pat is placed on the surface of the mercury in the cup and pressed by means of the glass plate with prongs, the displaced mercury being collected in the evaporating dish. 10. The mercury so displaced by the dry soil pat is weighed and its volume (Vo) is calculated by dividing this weight by unit weight of mercury.
Calculation
The shrinkage limit is to be calculated by using the following formula
Where W = Moisture content of wet soil pat
Report
The test is repeated at least 3 times for each soil sample and the average of the result is reported.

Clean the sieves with the help of a brush, after sieving While weighing put the sieve with soil sample on the balance in a concentric position. Check the electric connection of the sieve shaker before conducting the test.
PLASTIC LIMIT TEST OF SOIL(IS-2720PART-5-1985)

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Plastic Limit Test
Objective
For determination of the plastic limit of soil.
Reference Standard
IS : 2720(Part 5)-1985- Methods of test for soils : Determination of liquid and plastic limit.

Oven Balance (0.01 g accuracy) Sieve [425 micron] Flat glass surface for rolling
Preparation sample
After receiving the soil sample it is dried in air or in oven (maintained at a temperature of 600C). If clods are there in soil sample then it is broken with the help of wooden mallet. The soil passing 425 micron sieve is used in this test.
Procedure
1. A soil sample of 20 gm. passing 425 micron IS sieve is to be taken. 2. It is to be mixed with distilled water thoroughly in the evaporating dish till the soil mass becomes plastic enough to be easily moulded with fingers. 3. It is to be allowed to season for sufficient time, to allow water to permeate throughout the soil mass. 4. 10 gms. of the above plastic mass is to be taken and is to be rolled between fingers and glass plate with just sufficient pressure to roll the mass into a thread of uniform diameter throughout its length. The rate of rolling shall be between 60 and 90 stokes per minute. 5. The rolling is to be continued till the thread becomes 3 mm. in diameter. 6. The soil is then kneaded together to a uniform mass and rolled again. 7. The process is to be continued until the thread crumbled with the diameter of 3 mm. 8. The pieces of the crumbled thread are to be collected in a air tight container for moisture content determination.
Report
The Plastic limit is to be determined for at least three portions of soil passing 425 micron IS sieve. The average of the results calculated to the nearest whole number is to be reported as the plastic limit of the soil.

Soil used for plastic limit determination should not be oven dried prior to testing. After mixing the water to the soil sample , sufficient time should be given to permeate the water throughout out the soil mass Wet soil taken in the container for moisture content determination should not be left open in the air, the container with soil sample should either be placed in desiccators or immediately be weighed.
LIQUID LIMIT TEST OF SOIL USING CASAGRANDE APPARATUS(IS-2720PART-5-1985)

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Casagrande Method
Objective
For determination of the liquid limit of soil using casagrande apparatus.
Reference Standard

Oven Balance (0.01g accuracy) Sieve [425 micron] Casagrande apparatus
Preparation sample
After receiving the soil sample it is dried in air or in oven (maintained at a temperature of 600C). If clods are there in soil sample then it is broken with the help of wooden mallet. The soil passing 425 micron sieve is used in this test.
Procedure
1. About 120 gm. of air dried soil from thoroughly mixed portion of material passing 425 micron IS sieve is obtained. 2. Distilled water is mixed to the soil thus obtained in a mixing disc to form uniform paste. The paste shall have a consistency that would require 30 to 35 drops of cup to cause closer of standard groove for sufficient length. 3. A portion of the paste is placed in the cup of casagrande device and spread into portion with few strokes of spatula. 4. It is trimmed to a depth of 1 cm. at the point of maximum thickness and excess of soil is returned to the dish. 5. The soil in the cup is divided by the firm strokes of the grooving tool along the diameter through the centre line of the follower so that clean sharp groove of proper dimension is formed. 6. Then the cup is dropped by turning crank at the rate of two revolutions per second until two halves of the soil cake come in contact with each other for a length of about 12 mm. by flow only. 7. The number of blows required to cause the groove close for about 12 mm. is recorded. 8. A representative portion of soil is taken from the cup for water content determination. 9. The test is repeated with different moisture contents at least 3 times for blows between 10 and 40.
Calculation

A flow curve is to be plotted on a semi-logarithmic graph representing water content in arithmetic scale and the number of drops on logarithmic scale. The flow curve is a straight line drawn as nearly as possible through four points The moisture content corresponding to 25 days as read from curve is the liquid limit of that soil
Report
The liquid limit is to be reported to the nearest whole number.
Soil used for liquid limit determination should not be oven dried prior to testing.
In LL test the groove should be closed by the flow of soil and not by slippage between the soil and the cup After mixing the water to the soil sample , sufficient time should be given to permeate the water throughout out the soil mass Wet soil taken in the container for moisture content determination should not be left open in the air, the container with soil sample should either be placed in desiccators or immediately be weighed.
LIQUID LIMIT TEST OF SOIL USING CONE PENETROMETER METHOD(IS2720-PART-5-1985)

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Cone Penetrometer
Objective
For determination of the liquid limit of soil using cone penetrometer.
Reference Standard

Oven Balance (0.01g accuracy) Sieve [425 micron] Cone penetrometer
Preparation sample
After receiving the soil sample it is dried in air or in oven (maintained at a temperature of 600C). If clods are there in soil sample then it is broken with the help of wooden mallet.
Procedure
1. About 150 gm. of air dried soil from thoroughly mixed portion of material passing 425 micron IS sieve is obtained. 2. Distilled water is mixed to the soil thus obtained in a mixing disc to form a uniform paste. 3. Then the wet soil paste is transferred to the cylindrical cup of cone penetrometer apparatus, ensuring that no air is trapped in this process. 4. Finally the wet soil is leveled up to the top of the cup and placed on the base of the cone penetrometer apparatus. 5. The penetrometer is so adjusted that the cone point just touches the surface of the soil paste in the cup and the initial ready is to be taken. 6. The vertical clamp is then released allowing the cone to penetrate into soil paste under its own weight for 5 seconds. After 5 seconds the penetration of the cone is noted to the nearest millimeter. 7. The test is repeated at least to have four sets of values of penetration in the range of 14 to 28 mm. 8. The exact moisture content of each trial is determined
Calculation

A graph representing water content on Y axis and the cone penetration on X axis is prepared. A best fitting straight line is then drawn. The moisture content corresponding to cone penetration of 20 mm. is taken as the liquid limit of the soil.
Report
The liquid limit is to be reported to the nearest first decimal place.

Soil used for liquid limit determination should not be oven dried prior to testing. After mixing the water to the soil sample , sufficient time should be given to permeate the water throughout out the soil mass Wet soil taken in the container for moisture content determination should not be left open in the air, the container with soil sample should either be placed in desiccators or immediately be weighed.
SIEVE ANALYSIS OF SOIL(IS-2720-PART4-1985)

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Objective
For determination of particle size distribution of fine, coarse and all-in-aggregates by sieving.
Reference standard
IS : 2720 (Part 4) 1985 Method of test for soil (Part 4-Grain size analysis)
Equipment & Apparatus:
Balance Sieves Sieve shaker
Preparation sample
After receiving the soil sample it is dried in air or in oven (maintained at a temperature of 600C). If clods are there in soil sample then it is broken with the help of wooden mallet.
Procedure
1. The sample is dried to constant mass in the oven at a temperature of 110050C and all the sieves which are to be used in the analysis are cleaned. 2. The oven dry sample is weighed and sieved successively on the appropriate sieves starting with largest. Each sieve is shaken for a period of not less than 2 minutes. 3. On completion of sieving the material retained on each sieve is weighed.
Calculation
The percent retained (%), Cumulative retained (%) & percent finer (%) is calculated. Percent retained on each sieve = Weight of retained sample in each sieve / Total weight of sample The cumulative percent retained is calculated by adding percent retained on each sieve as a cumulative procedure. The percent finer is calculated by subtracting the cumulative percent retained from 100 percent.
Report
The result of the sieve analysis is reported graphically on a semi log graph, taking sieve sizes on log scale and % finer in arithmetic scale. The observation is maintained in observation sheet.
Safety & Precautions:

Clean the sieves set so that no soil particles were struck in them While weighing put the sieve with soil sample on the balance in a concentric position. Check the electric connection of the sieve shaker before conducting the test.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST OF SOIL(IS2720-PART-3-1980)

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Pycnometer Bottles
Objective
For determination of specific gravity of soil solids by pycnometer method.
Reference Standard
IS : 2720 (Part 4) 1985 Method of test for soil (Part 4-Grain size analysis)

Pycnometer Sieve(4.75 mm) Vaccum pump Oven Weighing balance Glass rod
Preparation sample
After receiving the soil sample it is dried in oven at a temperature of 105 to 1150C for a period of 16 to 24 hours.
Procedure
1. Dry the pycnometer and weigh it with its cap(Mp) 2. Take about 200 g to 300 g of oven dried soil passing through 4.75mm sieve into the pycnometer and weigh again(Mps) 3. Add water to cover the soil and screw on the cap. 4. Shake the pycnometer well and connect it to the vaccum pump to remove entrapped air for about 10 to 20 minutes. 5. After the air has been removed, fill the pycnometer with water and weigh it (Mb). 6. Clean the pycnometer by washing thoroughly. 7. Fill the cleaned pycnometer completely with water upto its top with cap screw on. 8. Weigh the pycnometer after drying it on the outside thoroughly(Ma).
Calculation
The Specific gravity of soil solids (Gs) is calculated using the following equation.
Where W1=Empty weight of pycnometer W2=Weight of pycnometer + oven dry soil W3=Weight of pycnometer + oven dry soil + water W4=Weight of pycnometer + water full
Report
The result of the specific gravity test is reported to the nearest two digits after decimal.

Soil grains whose specific gravity is to be determined should be completely dry. If on drying soil lumps are formed, they should be broken to its original size.
Inaccuracies in weighing and failure to completely eliminate the entrapped air are the main sources of error. Both should be avoided.
MOISTURE CONTENT TEST OF SOIL(IS2720-PART-2-1973)

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Moisture Cans
Objective
For determination of the moisture content of soil by oven drying method.
Equipments & Accessories

Oven (1050C to 1100C min.) Metal container Balance (0.01 g accuracy)
Procedure
1. The number of the container is recorded, cleaned, dried and weighed.(W1) 2. About 15-30 g of soil is placed in the container and the weight of soil with the sample is recorded.(W2) 3. The can with the soil is placed in oven for 24hours maintained at a temperature 1050 to 1100C. 4. After drying the container is removed from the oven and allowed to cool at room temperature. 5. After cooling the soil with container is weighed.(W3)
Calculation
W1=Mass of container, g W2=Mass of container and wet soil, g W3=Mass of container and dry soil, g
Report
The water content of the soil is reported to two significant figures.

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off. The soil should be loosely placed in the bin, so as to allow easy evaporation of moisture Over heating should be avoided. Oven dry soil should not be kept open to the atmosphere (for cooling) as it may absorb moisture from atmosphere Ensure the identification number on the base and the lid of the bin is same
CORRECTION APPLIED TO SPT VALUE

Leave a reply The N-value observed during testing is not utilized directly in assessing soil properties. These values are corrected to account for 1. The overburden pressure 2. Dilatancy in saturated fine sands and silts
Correction for overburden pressure
The penetration resistance of soil depends on the over burden pressure. At deeper depth in-situ soil will have higher overburden pressure hence its response to SPT test will be better when compared to the behavior of the same soil at shallow depth. Bazaraa (1967 Bowels, p99) proposed the following corrections to the actual count N, based on the over burden pressure For p0 <= 75 kPa
For p0 > 75 kPa
Where N = corrected N value N = observed N-value P0 = over burden pressure, (kPa) = x D D = depth of testing (m) = unit weight of soil at the time of testing

N is increased from the actual blow count when p0 <=75 kPa N is decreased from the actual blow count when p0 >75 kPa
Correction for the dilatancy in saturated fine sands and silts

When dynamic loads are applied on silty and fine sandy soils in saturated state the pore pressure in such soil will not be in a position to get dissipitated due to low permeability. Hence, during dynamic loading (i.e. application of blows) the pore water will offer a temporary resistance to dynamic loads. This leads to higher value of N-value which is unsafe. Therefore when SPT is performed in saturated silts and fine sands and if the observed N-value is more than 15, a correction has to be applied to reduce the observed values. This correction is applied on the Nvalue corrected for over burden pressure (N).
If the stratum (during testing) consists of fine sand & silt below water table, the corrected Nvalue (N) has to be further corrected to get the final corrected value N.
This entry was posted in Geotechnical Engineering on May 13, 2013.
STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) THEORY

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Standard Penetration Test Setup

This test involves the measurement of the resistance to penetration of a sampling spoon under dynamic loading The resistance is empirically correlated with some of the engineering properties of soil such as density index, consistency, angle of internal friction, bearing capacity etc. This test is useful for general exploration of erratic soil profile for finding depth to bed rock or hard stratum and to have an approximate indication of the strength and other properties of soil, particularly the cohesionless soil, from which it is difficult to obtain undisturbed samples. The importance of this test is that, even though empirical, the soil design of foundations in sand is mostly based on the N-value. N value serves as the basic parameter for geotechnical design in sand.
In this test, a thick wall standard split spoon sampler, 50.8 mm outer diameter and 35 mm inner diameter, is driven into the undisturbed soil at the bottom of the bore hole under the blows of a 63.5 kg drive weight with 75 cm free fall. The minimum open length of the sampler should be 60 cm. the number of blows required to drive the sampler 30 cm beyond the seating drive of 15 cm, is termed as the penetration resistance N.
RELATION BETWEEN SPT (N) VALUE WITH DIFFERENT SOIL PROPERTIES IN CASE OF COHESION LESS SOIL. SPT VALUE (N) 56 8 15 10 40 20 70 > 35 COMPACTNESS Very loose to loose Loose to medium Medium to dense Dense to very dense Very dense ANGLE OF FRICTION () 27 32 30 35 35 40 38 43 -UNIT WEIGHT () in T/m3 1.1 1.8 1.4 2.0 1.7 2.2 1.7 2.3 2.0 2.3
RELATION BETWEEN SPT (N) VALUE WITH DIFFERENT SOIL PROPERTIES IN CASE OF COHESIVE SOIL. SPT VALUE (N) 02 48 8 16 16 32 >32 COMPACTNESS Very soft to soft Soft to medium Medium to stiff Stiff to very stiff Very stiff to hard UCS (qu) in kPa 25 50 100 200 400
This entry was posted in Geotechnical Engineering on May 12, 2013.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF TIMBER (IS1708-Part 2-1986)

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Objective
For determination of specific gravity of timber.
Reference Standards
IS : 1708 (Part 2)-1986

Balance(0-10kg) Oven(3000C)
Preparation of sample
The dimension of sample to be tested is 6 cm in length and 2 x 2 cm in cross-section or 15 cm in length and 5 x 5 cm in cross-section.
Procedure
1. The sample is weighed (W1) with accuracy of 0.001g in a weighing balance. 2. The dimension of the specimen is measured correct to 0.01 cm and volume is calculated by multiplying all the three dimensions (V1).
Calculation
Specific gravity is calculated as given below.
Where W1 = Weight in g of test specimen V1 = Volume in cm3 of test specimen, and m = % age moisture content of the test specimen
Reports
The Sp.gravity of timber is reported to three significant figures

Thoroughly cleaned & dried the container before testing. Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance. Use hand gloves, apron & safety shoes at the time of testing.
This entry was posted in Tests On Timber on May 12, 2013.
MOISTURE CONTENT OF TIMBER (IS1708-Part 1-1986)

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Objective
For determination of moisture content of timber.
Reference Standards
IS : 1708 (Part 1)-1986

Balance(0-10 kg) Oven (3000c)
Preparation of sample:
The dimension of sample to be tested is 2.5 cm in length and 2 x 2 cm or 5 x 5 cm in crosssection.
Procedure
1. The sample is weighed (W1) with accuracy of 0.001g in a weighing balance and then dried in a well ventilated oven at temperature of 10320C. 2. The weight (W2) is recorded at regular intervals. The drying is considered to be complete when variation between last two readings does not exceed 0.002 g. The final weight is taken as oven dry weight.
Calculation
The loss in weight expressed as a percentage of the oven dry weight, is taken as the moisture content of the specimen.
W1= Weight of sample at test in g,and W0= Oven dry weight of sample in g
Report
The moisture content of the soil is reported to two significant figures.

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. To check electric supply Thoroughly cleaned & dried the container before testing. Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance. Use safety shoes & aprons at the time of test.
This entry was posted in Tests On Timber on May 12, 2013.
SOFTENING POINT OF BITUMEN (IS:1205:1978)

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Ring & ball aparatus
Objective
For determination of softening point of a given bitumen.
Reference Standards
IS : 1205-1978-Indian standard methods for testing tar and bituminious materials (Determination of softening point)

Ring and Ball apparatus, Steel balls Brass rings Ball guide Support Thermometer Bath with stirrer
Procedure
1. Sample material is heated to a temperature between 75 and 100C above the approximate softening point until it is completely fluid and is poured in heated rings placed on the metal plate. 2. To avoid sticking of the bitumen to metal plate, coating is done to this with a solution of glycerin and dextrin. 3. After cooling the rings in air for 30 minutes, the excess bitumen is trimmed and rings are placed in the support. 4. At this time the temperature of distilled water is kept at 5C. This temperature IS maintained for 15 minutes after which the balls are placed in position. 5. Then the temperature of water is raised at uniform rate of 5C per minute with a controlled heating unit, until the bitumen softens and touches the bottom plate by sinking of balls. At least two observations are made. For material whose softening point is above 80C, glycerin is used for heating medium and the starting temperature is 35C instead of 5C.
Record /Reports
The temperature at the instant when each of the ball and sample touches the bottom plate of support is recorded as softening point value.An average value of two tests is reported as softening point value.

Use hand gloves, apron while removing containers from hot plate after switching off the hotplate. Use glycerin for remove of bitumen from the container. Use distilled water in test for accuracy result. Use safety shoes & Apron at the time of test. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing.
This entry was posted in Tests On Bitumen on May 12, 2013.
DUCTILITY VALUE OF BITUMEN (IS:1208-1978)

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Ductility test
Objective
For determination of ductility of distillation residue a given bitumen.
Reference Standard
IS : 1208-1978- Indian standard methods for testing tar and bituminious materials (Determination of ductility)

Briquette mould, Ductility machine with water bath and a pulling device A putty knife Thermometer
Procedure
1. The bitumen sample is method to a pouring temperature (75C to 100C) and poured into the mould assembly and placed on a brass plate, where a solution of glycerin or soap solution is applied at all surfaces of briquette mould exposed to bitumen. 2. After the sample is poured to the mould, thirty to forty minutes the entire assembly is placed in a water bath at 27C. 3. Then the sample is removed from the water bath maintained at 27C and excess bitumen material is cutoff by leveling the surface using hot knife. 4. After trimming the specimen, the mould assembly containing sample is replaced in water bath maintained at 27C for 85 to 95 minutes. Then the sides of mould are removed and the clips are carefully booked on the machine without causing any initial strain. Two or
more specimens may be prepared in the moulds and clipped to the machine so as to conduct these test simultaneously. 5. The pointer is set to read zero. The machine is started and the two clips are thus pulled apart horizontally. 6. While the test is in operation, it is checked whether the sample is immersed in water at depth of at least 10 mm.
Reports
The distance at which the bitumen thread of each specimen breaks is recorded (in cm) to report as ductility value.The average penetration value of 3 tests of a given bitumen sample is reported.

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Carefully fill the mould avoid air pocket with right arrangement. Use glycerin for easily remove bitumen from the container. Use safety shoes & Apron at the time of test. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing.
PENETRATION VALUE OF BITUMEN (IS:1203-1978)

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Penetration Test
Objective
To determinate the penetration of bitumen.
Reference Standard
IS : 1203-1978-Indian standard methods for testing tar and bituminious materials (Determination of penetration)

Container Needle Stop watch Water bath Penetration apparatus Thermometer
Procedure
1. The bitumen is softened to a paving consistency between 750 C and 1000C above the approximate temp at which bitumen softens. 2. The sample material is thoroughly stirred to make it homogeneous and free from air bubbles and water. 3. The sample containers are cooled in atmosphere of temperature not lower than 13C for one hour. Then they are placed in temperature controlled water bath at a temperature of 25C for a Period of one hour. 4. The weight of needle, shaft and additional weight are checked. The total weight of this assembly should be 100 g. 5. Using the adjusting screw, the needle assembly is lowered and the tip of the needle is made to just touch the top surface of the sample. 6. The needle assembly is clamped in this position. The contact of the tip of the needle is checked using the mirror placed on the rear of the needle. 7. The initial reading of the penetrometer dial is either adjusted to zero or the initial reading is noted. 8. Then the needle is released by pressing a button and a stop watch is started. The needle is released exactly for a period of 5.0 secs. 9. At least 3 measurements are made on this sample by testing at distance of not less than 100 mm apart.
Calculation
The difference between the initial and final penetration readings are taken as the penetration value.
Report
The average penetration value of 3 tests of a given bitumen sample is reported.

Use hand gloves, apron while removing containers from hot plate after switching off the hot plate. No disturbance occurs at time of penetration. Use safety shoes & Apron at the time of test. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing.
LIME REACTIVITY OF POZZOLANIC MATERIALS (IS:1727-1967)
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Lime Reactivity
Objective
For determination of Lime Reactivity of Pozzolanic Materials.
Reference Standard
IS : 1727- 1967 Methods of test for Pozzolanic : Determination of Lime Reactivity.

Cube Mould. Mixing Apparatus Mixer Paddle Mixing bowl Scraper Flow Table Tamping Rod Trowel
Procedure

The interior faces of the specimen moulds shall be thinly covered with mineral oil. Mould shall then be set on plane, non-absorbent base plates that have been thinly coated with mineral oil.
The dry materials of the standard test mortar shall be Lime : Pozzolana : Standard Sand in proportion 1 : 2M : 9.
Where, M = Specific gravity of pozzolana / Specific gravity of cement
The amount of water for gauging shall be equal to that required to give a flow of 70 5 percent with 10 drops in 6 seconds. The following quantities of materials are suggested for preparation of mortar: AMOUNT 150 g 300 x M g 1350 g
MATERIAL Hydrated lime Pozzolana Standard sand

Place the dry paddle & the dry bowl in the mixing position in the mixer, then place all the mixing water in the bowl. Add the pozzolanic mixture to the water, then start the mixer & mix at the slow speed (140 5 rev/min) for 30 seconds. At that time add the entire quantity of sand slowly over a period of 30 seconds & stop the mixer, change to medium speed (285 10 rev/min) for 30 seconds. Stop the mixer, quickly scrape down into the batch any mortar that may have collected on the side of the bowl, then finish by mixing for one minute at medium speed (285 10 rev/min) Upon the completion of mixing the mixing paddle shall be shaken to remove excess mortar into the mixing bowl. Carefully place the mortar in a 50 mm cube mould in a layer of about 25 mm thickness & tamp 25 times with the tamping rod. The tamping shall be just sufficient to ensure uniform filling of the mould, completion of the tamping the tops of all cubes shall extend slightly above the tops of the moulds. Cut off the mortar to a plane surface flush with the top of the mould by drawing the straight edge of a trowel with a sawing motion across the top of the mould. Cover the surface of the specimen in the mould with a smooth & gravel glass plate, then keep the specimens with the moulds along with cover plates under wet gunny bags for 48 hours. Then remove the specimens from the mould & cure at 90 to 100% relative humidity at 50 20C for a period of 8 days. Remove the specimens after curing & test for compressive strength after they reach the room temp. The load shall be steadily & uniformly applied, starting from zero and at a rate of 35 kg/cm2/min.
Calculation
Calculate the compressive strength from the crushing load and the average area over which the load is applied express the result nearest to 1 kg/cm2.
Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on May 12, 2013.
DRYING SHRINKAGE OF POZZOLANIC MATERIALS (IS:1727-1967)

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Objective
For determination of Drying shrinkage of Pozzolanic materials.
Reference standards
IS : 1727- 1967 Methods of test for Pozzolanic : Determination of Drying shrinkage in pozzolana-cement mortar.

Scale Trowel Length Comparator Flow Table
Procedure

The moulds shall be thinly covered with mineral oil; after this operation the stainless steel or non-corroding metal reference points shall be set, care being taken to keep them clean and free of oil. Mould shall then be set on plane, non-absorbent base plates that have been thinly coated with mineral oil. The dry materials of the standard test mortar shall be Pozzolana : Cement : standard sand in proportion 0.2 N : 0.8 : 3.
Where N = Specific gravity of pozzolana / Specific gravity of cement
The amount of water for gauging shall be equal to that required to give a flow between 100 and 115 percent with 25 drops in 15 seconds. The following quantities of materials are suggested for preparation of mortar:
MATERIAL Pozzolana Cement Standard sand

AMOUNT 60 x N g 240 g 900 g
Place the dry paddle & the dry bowl in the mixing position in the mixer, then place all the mixing water in the bowl. Add the pozzolanic mixture to the water, then start the mixer & mix at the slow speed (1405 rev/min) for 30 seconds. At that time add the entire quantity of sand slowly over a period of 30 seconds & stop the mixer, change to medium speed (28510 rev/min) for 30 seconds. Stop the mixer, quickly scrape down into the batch any mortar that may have collected on the side of the bowl, then finish by mixing for one minute at medium speed (28510 rev/min) Upon the completion of mixing the mixing paddle shall be shaken to remove excess mortar into the mixing bowl.
After mixing , the test specimen shall be moulded in two layers, each layer being compacted with the thumbs and forefingers by pressing the mortar into the corners, around the reference inserts and along the surfaces of the moulds until a homogeneous specimen is obtained. After the top layer has been compacted, the mortar shall be leveled off flush with the top of the mould and the surface smoothed with a few strokes of the trowel. During the operations of mixing and moulding, the hands shall be protected by rubber gloves. After filling the moulds, place them immediately in a moist room or moist closet for 242 hours. Then remove the specimens from the moulds and immediately immerse in water at 27 20 C and allow them to remain there for six days. Remove the specimens from the water and measure for length using a length comparator. Protect specimens against loss of moisture prior to reading for initial length. The temperature of the test specimens at the time of initial measurement shall be 27 20 C (temp.- 27 20 C, Humidity- 505 %). Measure the length of the specimens again 28 days after the initial measurement. Place the specimens in the comparator with the same end uppermost with respect to the position of the specimens as when the initial measurement was made. When making the measurements, the specimens, comparator, and the reference bar shall be at a temperature of 2720 C.
Calculation
Calculate the average difference in length of the three specimens to the nearest 0.01 percent of the effective gauge length, and report this difference as the drying shrinkage.
Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on May 12, 2013.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BUILDING LIME (IS:6932-Part 8-1973)

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Objective
For determination compressive strength of building lime.
Reference Standards
IS: 6932(Part VII)-Method of tests for Building Limes (Determination of compressive and transverse strengths).

Oven (3000C) Compression testing machine
Test Sample Preparation

1. 500 gm of lime is mixed with 60 to 65 % of water for 5 minutes and then the resulting putty is passed twice through a mixer. 2. 350 g of above putty is mixed with standard sand (mass equal to 3 times the mass of the dry lime i.e. 636 g to 656 g). The lime putty and sand is thoroughly mixed for 10 minutes continuously.
Procedure
1. Twelve cubes with side 5 cm is prepared from standard lime-sand mortar using metallic moulds. 2. The moulds is filled by hand, the mortar being pressed in with the thumb, lightly tamped, smoothed off with 2 or 3 strokes of the trowel. These cubes are then stored undisturbed in a container for a period of 72 hours in an atmosphere of at least 90 percent relative humidity and at a temperature of 2720C. 3. After 72 hours the specimens is taken out of the moulds and placed in the air in laboratory for 4 days. 4. When 7 days old the specimen is immersed in clean water and left there until just prior to testing for its strength in the testing machine. 5. After 7 days of storage in water 6 of the cubes is taken out of water, wiped surface-dry and tested for compressive strength in a compression testing machine. This gives strength at 14 days.The load is increased at a rate of 15kg/min. 6. The remaining 6 test specimens is taken out after 21 days and similarly tested the determining the compressive strength at 28 days.
Calculation
The measured compressive strength of the cubes are to be calculated by dividing the maximum load applied to the cubes during the test by cross-sectional area, calculated from the mean dimensions of the section.
Reports
The average strength of the 6 specimens is taken as the compressive strength of mortar and the result is expressed kg/cm2.

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. To wear safety shoes & apron during the time of test. Before testing, machine should be checked. After test electric supply should be off. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing. Petroleum jelly should be applied to the mould.
This entry was posted in Tests On Lime on May 12, 2013.
DETERMINATION OF SOUNDNESS OF BUILDING LIME BY LE-CHATELIER METHOD (IS:6932-Part 9-1973)

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Objective
For determination of soundness of Build lime by Le-chatelier method
Reference Standards
IS : 6932(Part IX)-1973-Method of tests for Building Lime (Determination of soundness).

Le-Chatelier apparatus Steam boiler
1. A suitable amount of hydrated lime is mixed with on third its mass of Portland cement and 4 times its mass of standard sand. 2. The ingredients is mixed dry and then gauged and mixed with 12% by mass of water calculated on the dry mixture.
Procedure
1. Three Le-Chatelier moulds is used for conducting the test. Each mould is placed upon a small non porous plate and filled with mortar under test, care being taken to keep the edge visibly open. 2. The mould is then covered with another non-porous plate, upon which a small weight is placed. The 3 moulds is left undisturbed for 1 hour. 3. After 1 hour the distance separating the indicator points is measured and these moulds transferred to a damp air cupboard for a period of 48 hours. 4. After 48 hours they are removed from the cupboard and placed in a steam boiler for a period of 3 hours. At the end of this period the moulds is removed from the steam and allowed to cool and the distance between the indicator points again measured
Calculation:
The difference between these two measurements indicates the expansion of lime.
Report
The mean of two values to the nearest 0.5 mm is calculated to represent the expansion of lime.

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Thoroughly clean & dry the container before testing. Petroleum jelly should be applied to the mould. Use apron & safety shoes at the time of testing.
SETTING TIME OF BUILDING LIME (IS:6932-Part 11-1983)

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Objective
For determination of setting time of hydrated lime.
Reference Standards
IS: 6932(Part 11)-1983-Method of tests for Building Lime (Determination of setting time of hydrated lime)

Balance Burette (50 ml) Enamel tray Vicat apparatus
Lime putty is prepared by thoroughly mixing the 500 gm hydrated lime with an equal mass of clean water and kept for soaking for 24 hours.
Procedure
1. The vicat mould E is filled with this paste, the mould resting upon a non porous plate. After filling the mould the top surface is leveled. 2. Initial Setting Time: The test block is placed under the rod bearing the needle C . The needle is lowered gently to contact with the surface of the test block and then released quickly, allowing it to penetrate into the test block. 3. This procedure is repeated until the needle fails to pierce the test block by 50.5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould. 4. The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the lime and the time at which the needle fails to pierce the test block by 50.5 mm is the initial setting time. 5. Final Setting time: The needle C is replaced by the needle with an annular attachment F. 6. The lime is considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to the surface of test block, the needle makes an impression on the surface of test block while the attachment fails to do so shall be the final setting time.
Report
The results of initial and final setting time is to be reported to the nearest five minutes

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Thoroughly clean & dry the container before testing. Use apron & safety shoes at the time of testing. The apparatus should remain free from vibrations during the test. The initial needle is not bent & is fixed vertically straight in to the movable rod. The needles & the plunger should be kept free from the adhering cement. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing. Needle should be kept in their respective place after being cleaned & greased. Test should be carried out at 270C & 65 5% relative humidity. Petroleum jelly should be applied to the mould. Bearing should be oiled periodically.
CONSISTENCY OF BUILDING LIME (IS:6932-Part 8-1973)

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Objective
For determination of Consistency of hydrated lime.
Reference Standards
IS: 6932(Part 8)-1973-Method of tests for Building Lime (Determination of Consistency of hydrated lime)

Balance Burette (50 ml) Enamel tray Flow table
1. Lime putty is prepared by thoroughly mixing the 500 gm hydrated lime with an equal mass of clean water and kept for soaking for 24 hours. 2. After 24 hours, the soaked material is thoroughly mixed with the help of a mixer. The paste is then placed in the mould of the flow table. 3. Standard consistency of lime putty is indicated by an average spread of the lower part of the lime putty to 11 cm when subjected to one bump on the standard flow table. 4. The average spread of the material shall be determined by measuring three diameters at approximately 600 apart. 5. If the consistency is too stiff more water is added, and if too wet, a small portion of the water is withdrawn by placing the material for a short period on a clean absorbent surface.
Safety & Precaution

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Keep the mould & flow table clean, dry & free from sticking concrete. Keep the vertical shaft lubricated with light oil. Keep the contact faces of the flow table top & supporting frame oiled. Keep the hand wheel, the adjustable shaft & universal joint well lubricated.
FINENESS OF BUILDING LIME BY DRY SIEVING METHOD (IS:6932-Part 4-1973)

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Objective
Determination of Fineness of Building Lime by Dry sieving.
Reference Standards
IS: 6932(Part IV)-1973-(Methods of tests for Building Lime (Determination of Fineness of Hydrated Lime)
Sieves Oven Balance
Preparation sample
Test sample is dried in oven for a period of four hours at a temperature of 1000to 1100C.
Procedure
1. Sieves specified in the material specification is superimposed, one above other with coarser sieves at the top and finer sieves at bottom. 2. Sieving is done by holding the sieves in both hands with a gentle wrist motion. 3. 100 gm of the hydrated lime is placed on the top sieve and the material is washed through the sieves with a moderate jet of water not more than 30 minutes. 4. The residue on each sieve is dried at 100100C to constant mass and weighed.
Calculation
The percent retained (%), Cumulative retained (%) & percent finer (%) is calculated. Percent retained = Weight of retained sample in each sieve / Total weight of sample The cumulative percent retained is calculated by adding percent retained on each sieve as a cumulative procedure. The percent finer is calculated by subtracting the cumulative percent retained from 100 percent.
Reports
The results shall be expressed as a percentage of mass of the hydrated lime taken.
Safety & Precaution

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. After test the sieves should be cleaned by soft brush. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing. To wear safety shoes & apron during the test time.
RELATIVE DENSITY OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE (IS:9103 -1999)

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Objective
For determination of relative density of liquid admixture.
Reference Standards
IS : 9103-1999 Concrete admixtures specification

Constant temperature bath Hydrometer Measuring cylinder(500 ml)
Procedure
1. About 400 ml of admixture is placed in a 500 ml graduated cylinder. 2. The hydrometer is inserted into the cylinder. When it has reached the equilibrium the reading is taken at the bottom of the meniscus for transparent liquids or where the meniscus merges with the stem of the hydrometer for opaque liquids to report the relative density.
Reports
The result is reported to nearest whole number.

Use hand gloves & apron at the time of test. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing. To wear safety shoes at the time of test.
This entry was posted in Tests On Admixture on May 12, 2013.
DETERMINATION OF ASH CONTENT OF LIQUID ADMIXTURE (IS:9103-1999)

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Objective
The ash content which gives an indication of inorganic constituents is determined by igniting the admixture at 6000C to remove any organic material.
Reference Standards
IS : 9103-1999 Concrete admixtures specification

Oven(3000C) Bottle Balance(0-10kg)
Procedure
1. About 1 g of sample is placed in a porcelain crucible. The crucible is then placed over a steam water bath or an air oven at 900 C to remove the liquid portion by evaporation. 2. Then the solid contents with the crucible is transferred to a muffle furnace at room temperature and is heated gradually so that the temperature reaches 3000 C in 1 h and 6000 C in a further 2 to 3 h period. The temp of the furnace is maintained at 600250 C for 16 to 24 h. 3. The crucible is removed from the furnace and allowed to cool. After cooling for 30 min the crucible plus lid and contents is weighed to the nearest 0.001 g.
Calculation
Calculate the ash content in the original mass of the admixture Weight of crucible and lid = W1
Weight of crucible, lid and sample = W2 Weight of crucible, lid and ash = W3
Reports

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing. To check electric supply of the instrument. To wear safety shoes & aprons at the time of test.
DRY MATERIAL CONTENT OF LIQUID ADMIXTURE (IS:9103-1999)

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Objective
For determination of dry material content of liquid admixtures.
Reference Standards
IS : 9103-1999- Concrete admixtures specification

Oven(3000c) Bottle Balance(0-10kg)
Procedure
1. 25 to 30 g of preheated, completely dry sand is placed in a wide mouth glass weighing bottle provided with ground glass stopper. 2. The bottle with sand and stopper is placed in the electric oven and dried for 171/4 h at 10520 C. 3. The bottle with stopper is allowed to cool to room temperature and its weigh is recorded to nearest 0.001 g. 4. The stopper is then removed and 4 ml of liquid is evenly distributed over the sand with the help of a pipette. 5. The stopper is then inserted and the bottle and stopper is placed in the oven for 171/4 h at 10520 C 6. After drying it is cooled to room temperature and its weight is recorded to the nearest 0.001 g.
Calculation
Weight of bottle and sand = W1 Weight of bottle, sand and sample = W2 Weight of sample = W2-W1 Weight of bottle, sand and dried residue = W3-W1
Report

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing. To check electric supply of the instrument. To wear safety shoes & aprons at the time of test.
FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST OF CONCRETE (IS:516-1959)

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Objective
To determine the Flexural Strength of Concrete, which comes into play when a road slab with inadequate sub-grade support is subjected to wheel loads and / or there are volume changes due to temperature / shrinking.
Reference Standards
IS : 516-1959 Methods of tests for strength of concrete.
Flexural test machine
Procedure
1. Test specimens shall be prepared by moldings concrete to a beam section, curing and storing in accordance with standard procedure. The section of the beam shall be square of 100 mm or 150 mm. The overall length of the specimen shall be 4d to 5d. The ratio of d to the maximum particle size of aggregate shall be not less than three. 2. Circular rollers manufactured out of steel having cross section with diameter 38 mm will be used for providing support and loading points to the specimens. The length of the rollers shall be at least 10 mm more than the width of the test specimen. A total of four rollers shall be used, three out of which shall be capable of rotating along their own axes. The distance between the outer rollers (i.e. span) shall be 3d and the distance between the inner rollers shall be d. The inner rollers shall be equally spaced between the outer rollers, such that the entire system is systematic. 3. The specimen stored in water shall be tested immediately on removal from water; whilst they are still wet. The test specimen shall be placed in the machine correctly centered with the longitudinal axis of the specimen at right angles to the rollers. For moulded specimens, the mould filling direction shall be normal to the direction of loading. 4. The load shall be applied slowly without shock at such a rate as to increase the stress at a rate of .06 + .04 N/mm2 per second.
Calculation
The Flexural Strength is given by fb = pl/bd2 a > 20.0cm for 15.0cm specimen or > 13.0cm specimen. fb = 3pa/bd2 a <20.0cm but >17.0 for 15.0cm specimen or <13.3 cm but >11.0cm for 10.0cm specimen. b = width of specimen d = failure point depth l = supported length p =max. Load
Reports
The Flexural strength of the concrete is reported to two significant figures.

Use hand gloves while, safety shoes at the time of test. After test switch off the machine. Keep all the exposed metal parts greased. Keep the guide rods firmly fixed to the base & top plate. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing.
This entry was posted in Tests On Hardened Concrete on May 10, 2013.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST OF CONCRETE (IS:516-1959)

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Objective
The tests are required to determine the strength of concrete and therefore its suitability for the job.
Reference Standards
IS : 516-1959 Methods of tests for strength of concrete.

Compression testing machine (2000 KN) Curing tank/Accelerated curing tank Balance (0-10 Kg)
Procedure
1. Representative samples of concrete shall be taken and used for casting cubes 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm or cylindrical specimens of 15 cm dia x 30 cm long. 2. The concrete shall be filled into the moulds in layers approximately 5 cm deep. It would be distributed evenly and compacted either by vibration or by hand tamping. After the top layer has been compacted, the surface of concrete shall be finished level with the top of the mould using a trowel; and covered with a glass plate to prevent evaporation. 3. The specimen shall be stored at site for 24+ h under damp matting or sack. After that, the samples shall be stored in clean water at 27+20C; until the time of test. The ends of all cylindrical specimens that are not plane within 0.05 mm shall be capped. 4. Just prior to testing, the cylindrical specimen shall be capped with sulphur mixture comprising 3 parts sulphur to 1 part of inert filler such as fire clay. 5. Specimen shall be tested immediately on removal from water and while they are still in wet condition. 6. The bearing surface of the testing specimen shall be wiped clean and any loose material removed from the surface. In the case of cubes, the specimen shall be placed in the machine in such a manner that the load cube as cast, that is, not to the top and bottom. 7. Align the axis of the specimen with the steel platen, do not use any packing. 8. The load shall be applied slowly without shock and increased continuously at a rate of approximately 140 kg/sq.cm/min until the resistance of the specimen to the increased load breaks down and no greater load can be sustained. The maximum load applied to the specimen shall then be recorded and any unusual features noted at the time of failure brought out in the report.
Calculation
Compressive strength is calculate using the following formula
Compressive strength (kg/cm2) = Wf / Ap Where Wf = Maximum applied load just before load, (kg) Ap = Plan area of cube mould, (mm2)

Use hand gloves, safety shoes & apron at the time of test. After test switch off the machine. Keep all the exposed metal parts greased. Keep the guide rods firmly fixed to the base & top plate. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing.
ACCELERATED CURING TEST OF CONCRETE (IS:9013-1978)

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Objective
Normally, the strength of concrete is found out after 7 days and 28 days. For some construction activities, it may be too late and need to know the strength earlier.
Reference Standards
IS: 9013-1978-Method of making, curing and determining compressive strength of accelerated cured concrete test specimen.
Accelerated curing tank
Procedure
1. Prepare the specimen and store it in moist air of at least 90% relative humidity and at a temperature of 27+2oC for 23 hrs + 15 minutes. 2. Lower the specimen, into a curing tank with water at 100 0C and keep it totally immersed for 3 hours + 5 minutes 3. The temperature of water shall not drop more than 3oC after the specimens are placed and should return to boiling within 15 minutes. 4. After curing for 3 hours + 5 minutes in the curing tank, the specimen shall be removed from the moulds and cooled by immersing in cooling water 27+2oC for a period of at least one hour.
Calculation
The corresponding strength at 28 days can be found out from the following correlation. (It is however suggested that a new specific correlation should be developed for the specific concrete used at site.) R28 (Strength at 28 days) = 8.09 + 1.64 Ra Where, Ra = Accelerated Curing Strength in MPa.

Use hand gloves, safety shoes, while removing containers from curing tank after switching off the curing tank & place sample in machine properly. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing.
BLEEDING TEST OF CONCRETE (IS:9103-1199)

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Objective
For determination of relative quantity of mixing water that will bleed from a sample of freshly mixed concrete.
Reference Standard
IS : 9103-1999 Method of sampling and analysis of concrete.

Cylindrical measure Tamping Bar Pipette Graduated Jar
Procedure
1. The container is filled with concrete up to a height of 2503 mm. It is filled approximately 50 mm deep and each layer is compacted by hand. The minimum numbers of strokes are 60 strokes per layer. The top surface of the concrete is leveled. The mass is recorded. 2. The specimen is kept at a temperature of 2720C. The container is kept on a level surface free from vibration and covered with a lid. 3. Water accumulated at the top is drawn off by means of a pipette, at 10 min intervals during the first 40 min and at 30 min interval subsequently till bleeding water. 4. The water is transferred to graduated jar and accumulated quantity of water is recorded after each transfer.
Calculation
Accumulated bleeding water expressed as a percentage of the net mixing water is calculated as follows.
Where, Vw=Total mass of the bleeding water, kg w = net mass of water in the batch, kg W = Total mass of the batch, kg
s = The mass of sample, kg
Reports
The result is expressed in percentage.

To wear hand gloves, safety shoes & apron at the time of test. Carefully handle the glass jars during the test time. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing. Petroleum jelly should be applied to the mould.
This entry was posted in Tests On Fresh Concrete on May 10, 2013.
WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE USING FLOW TABLE TEST APPARATUS (IS:1199-1959)

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Objective
For determination of consistency of concrete where the nominal maximum size of aggregate does not exceed 38 mm using flow table apparatus.
Reference Standard
IS : 1199 1959 Method of sampling and analysis of concrete.
Flow table
Procedure
1. Before commencing test, the table top and inside of the mould is to be wetted and cleaned of all gritty material and the excess water is to be removed with a rubber squeezer. 2. The mould is to be firmly held on the centre of the table and filled with concrete in two layers, each approximately one-half the volume of the mould and rodded with 25 strokes with a tamping rod, in a uniform manner over the cross section of the mould. 3. After the top layer has been rodded, the surface of the concrete is to be struck off with a trowel so that the mould is exactly filled. 4. The mould is then removed from the concrete by a steady upward pull. 5. The table is then raised and dropped from a height of 12.5 mm, 15 times in about 15 seconds. 6. The diameter of the spread concrete is the average of six symmetrically distributed caliper measurements read to the nearest 5 mm.
Calculation
The flow of the concrete is the percentage increase in diameter of spread concrete over the base diameter of the moulded concrete, calculated from the following formula.
Report
The flow measured is to be reported in terms of percentage.

Use hand gloves, shoes at the time of test. Keep the mould & flow table clean, dry & free from sticking concrete. Keep the vertical shaft lubricated with light oil. Keep the contact faces of the flow table top & supporting frame oiled. Keep the hand wheel, the adjustable shaft & universal joint.
CONSISTENCY OF CONCRETE USING COMPACTING FACTOR TEST APPARATUS (IS:1199-1959)
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Objective
For determination of consistency of concrete where the nominal maximum size of aggregate does not exceed 38 mm using compacting factor test apparatus.
Reference Standards
IS: 1199 1959 Method of sampling and analysis of concrete.
Compacting factor apparatus.
Procedure
1. The sample of concrete to be tested is placed gently in the upper hopper, using the hand scoop. 2. The hopper is filled level with its brim and the trap door is opened so that the concrete falls into the lower hopper. The cylinder is covered by the trowels. 3. When all the concrete has come to rest in the lower hopper, the cylinder is uncovered, the trap door of the lower hopper opened and the concrete is allowed to fall into the cylinder. 4. The excess of concrete remaining above the level of the top of the cylinder is then cut off by trowel and the outside of the cylinder is wiped clean. 5. The weight of the concrete in the cylinder is measured to the nearest 10 g. This is known as the weight of partially compacted concrete. 6. The cylinder is refilled with concrete from the same sample in layers approximately 5 cm. deep and vibrated to obtain full compaction. 7. The top surface of the fully compacted concrete is struck off level with top of the cylinder. The outside of the cylinder is to be wiped clean.
Calculation
The compacting factor is calculated by dividing the weight of partially compacted concrete to the weight of fully compacted concrete.
Report
The result is reported to the nearest second decimal place

Use hand gloves & shoes at the time of test. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing. Petroleum jelly should be applied to the mould. Wear the apron at the time of test.
WORKABILITY OF FRESH CONCRETE USING SLUMP CONE METHOS (IS:11991959)

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Object
For determination of consistency of concrete where the nominal maximum size of aggregate does not exceed 38 mm using slump test apparatus.
Reference Standards
IS : 1199 1959 Method of sampling and analysis of concrete.

Slump cone Tamping rod
Procedure
1. The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned by grease/oil and freed from superfluous moisture before commencing the test. 2. The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontally leveled rigid and non-absorbent surface such as a plate. 3. The mould is filled by concrete in four layers, each approximately one-quarter of height of the mould and each layer is tamp with 25 strokes by tamping rod of dia 16mm &length 600mm with pointed end in a uniform manner.
4. After the top layer tamp, the concrete is struck off level with a trowel and any mortar leaked out between the mould and base plate is to be cleaned away. 5. The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly and carefully in a vertical direction.
Calculation
The slump is measured immediately by determining the difference between the height of the mould and that of the highest point of specimen.
Report
The slump measured is to be reported in terms of millimeters.

Use hand gloves & shoes while testing. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing. Use apron & goggles at the time of testing. The apparatus should remain free from vibrations during the test. Petroleum jelly should be applied to the mould.
BULK DENSITY OF BRICKS

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Objective
For determination of bulk density of bricks

Oven (3000C) Scale Balance (0-10kg)
Procedure
1. The brick is dried in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 1050 to 1150C till it attains substantially constant mass. 2. The brick is then cooled to room temperature and its mass is recorded.(M) 3. Then the dimensions of the brick is measured accurately and the volume is calculated.(V)
Calculation
The bulk density is calculated as mass per unit volume
Reports
Bulk density is reported to the nearest decimal place

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. To check electric supply Thoroughly cleaned & dried the container before testing. Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance.
This entry was posted in Tests On Bricks on May 9, 2013.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BRICK (IS:3495-Part 1-1992)

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Objective
For determination of compressive strength of bricks
Reference Standard
IS: 3495 P (1)-1992-Methods of tests of burnt clay building bricks (Determination of compressive strength)
Oven (3000c)
Procedure
1. Unevenness observed in the bed faces of bricks is removed to provide two smooth and parallel faces by grinding. It is immersed in water at room temperature for 24 h. 2. The specimen is then removed and any surplus moisture is drained out at room temperature. The frog and all voids in the bed face is filled with cement mortar (1 cement, clean coarse sand of grade 3 mm and down). It is stored under the damp jute bags for 24 h followed by immersion in clean water for 3 days. 3. The specimen is placed with flat faces horizontal, and mortar filled face facing upwards between two 3 ply plywood sheets each of 3 mm thickness and carefully centered between plates of testing machine. 4. Load is applied axially at a uniform rate of 14 N/mm2 per minute till failure occurs. The maximum load at failure is noted down. The load at failure is considered the maximum load at which the specimen fails to produce any further increase in the indicator reading on the testing machine.
Calculation Reports
The average of results shall be reported.

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Safety shoes & goggles should be used at the time of testing. Before testing, machine should be properly checked. Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance.
EFFLORESCENCE OF BRICKS (IS:3495Part 3-1992)

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Objective
For determination of efflorescence of bricks
Reference Standards
IS: 3495 Part(3)-1992
Oven (3000c)
Procedure
1. A shallow flat bottom dish containing sufficient distilled water to completely saturate the specimens is used for the test. The ends of the bricks are placed in the dish, the depth of immersion in water being 25 mm. 2. The whole arrangement is placed in a warm (between 200C and 300C) well ventilated room until all the water in the dish is absorbed by the specimens and the surplus water evaporates. 3. The dish containing the brick is covered with a suitable glass cylinder so that excessive evaporation from the dish may not occur. 4. When the water has been absorbed and brick appears to be dry, a similar quantity of water is placed in the dish and it is allowed to evaporate as before. Examine the bricks for efflorescence after the second evaporation and the results are reported.
Reports
The liability to efflorescence shall be reported as Nil, Slight, Moderate, Heavy or Serious in accordance with the following definitions (a) Nil : When there is no perceptible deposit of efflorescence
(b) Slight : When not more than 10 percent of the exposed area of brick is covered with a thin deposit of salts (c) Moderate : When there is a heavier deposit than under Slight and covering up to 50 percent of the exposed area of the brick surface but unaccompanied by powdering or flaking of the surface. (d) Heavy : When there is a heavy deposit of salts covering 50 percent or more of the exposed area of the brick surface but unaccompanied by powdering or flaking of the surface. (e) Serious : When there is a heavy deposit of salts accompanied by powdering and / or flaking of the exposed surfaces

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Thoroughly clean & dry the container before testing. Use apron & safety shoes at the time of testing.
WATER ABSORPTION OF BRICK (IS:3495-Part 2-1992)

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Objective
For determination of water absorption of bricks
Reference Standards
IS : 3495 (Part-2)-1992,RA 2011
Balance (0-10 kg)
Procedure
1. The specimen is dried in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 to 1150C; till it attains substantially constant mass. The specimen is cooled to room temperature and its weight is recorded (M1) 2. The dried specimen is immersed completely in clean water at a room temperature of 2720C for 24 hours. 3. The specimen is then removed and any traces of water are wiped out with a damp cloth and the specimen is weighed. The weighing is completed 3min after the specimen has removed from water(M2)
Calculation
Water absorption, percent by mass after 24 hours immersion in cold water is given by the following formula
Reports
The water absorption of brick shall be reported to the nearest one percent.

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Thoroughly clean & dry the container before testing. Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance. To wear safety shoes & apron at the time of test.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY & WATER ABSORPTION OF AGGREGATE (IS:2386Part 3-1963)

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Objective
For determination of specific gravity & water absorption of aggregates.
Reference Standards
IS : 2386 (Part 3) 1963 Method of test for aggregates for concrete (Part I) Particle size and shape.

Wire basket Oven (3000c) Container for filling water and suspending the basket An air tight container Balance[0-10 kg] Shallow tray & absorbent clothes.
The sample to be tested is separated from the bulk by quartering or by using sample divider.
Procedure
1. About 2kg of the aggregate sample is washed thoroughly to remove fines, drained and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22 to 320C with a cover of at least 50 mm of water above the top of the basket 2. Immediately after the immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by lifting the basket containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop 25 times at the rate of about one drop per second. The basket and the aggregate should remain completely immersed in water for a period of 240.5 hours afterwards. 3. The basket and the sample are then weighed while suspended in water at a temperature of 22 to 320C. The weight is noted while suspended in water (W1) g. 4. The basket and the aggregate are then removed from water and allowed to drain for a few minutes, after which the aggregates are transferred to one of the dry absorbent clothes. 5. The empty basket is then returned to the tank of water, jolted 25 times and weights in water (W2) g. 6. The aggregates placed in the dry absorbent clothes are surface dried till no further moisture could be removed by this clothe. 7. Then the aggregate is transferred to the second dry cloth spread in a single layer, covered and allowed to dry for at least 10 minutes until the aggregates are completely surface dry. 10 to 60 minutes drying may be needed. The surface dried aggregate is then weighed W3 g.
8. The aggregate is placed in a shallow tray and kept in an oven maintained at a temperature of 1100C for 24 hours. It is then removed from the oven, cooled in air tight container and weighed W4 g.
Calculation
Weight of saturated aggregate suspended in water with basket = W1 g Weight of basket suspended in water = W2 g Weight of saturated aggregate in water = (W1-W2)g = Ws g Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in air = W4 g Weight of water equal to the volume of the aggregate = (W3-Ws) g

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Thoroughly clean & dry the container before testing. Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance. Use apron & safety shoes at the time of testing. All parts of the equipment should always be kept clean.
This entry was posted in Tests On Aggregate on May 8, 2013.
ANGULARITY NUMBER OF COARSE AGGREGATE (IS:2386-Part 1-1963)

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Objective
For determination of angularity number of coarse aggregates.
Reference Standards
IS: 2386 (Part I) 1963 Method of test for aggregates for concrete (Part I) Particle size and shape.

Balance (0-10kg) Sieves (20,16,12.5,10,6.3,4.75mm) Metal cylinder Tamping rod Scoop

The test sample consist of aggregate retained between the appropriate pair of IS sieves from the following sets PASSING 20 mm 16 mm 12.5 mm 10 mm 6.3 mm RETAINED 16 mm 12.5 mm 10 mm 6.3 mm 4.75 mm
The aggregate to be tested is dried for at least 24 hours in a well ventilated oven maintained at a temperature of 100 to 1100C.
Procedure
1. The aggregate is compacted in three layers, each layer being given 100 blows using the standard tamping rod at a rate of 2 blows/second by lifting the rod 5 cm above the surface of the aggregate and then allowing it to fall freely. 2. The blows are uniformly distributed over the surface of the aggregate. 3. After compacting the third layer, the cylinder is filled to overflowing and excess material is removed off with temping rod as a straight edge.
4. The aggregate with cylinder is then weighed. Three separate determinations are made and mean weight of the aggregate in the cylinder is calculated.
Calculation
Where, W = mean weight of the aggregate filling cylinder. C = Weight of required to completely fill the cylinder Gs = Specific Gravity of the aggregate
Reports
The mean value of three determinations, expressed to the nearest whole number is reported.

Use safety shoes, mask & aprons at the time of test. Thoroughly clean & dry the container before testing. Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance. After test sieve should be clean by a soft brush.
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF AGGREGATES (IS:2386-Part 1-1963)

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Objective
For determination of particle size distribution of fine, coarse and all-in-aggregates by sieving.
Reference Standard
IS : 2386 (Part I) 1963 Method of test for aggregates for concrete (Part I) Particle size and shape.

Balance (0-10kg) Sieves Oven

The sample is prepared from the larger sample either by quartering or by means of sample divider. Minimum sampling weights is as per table given below. Maxumum Nominal Size of Aggregate(mm) 63 50 40 25 20 16 12.5 10 6.3 Approximate Minimum Weight of Sample(kg) 100 100 50 50 25 25 12 6 3
Procedure
1. The sample is dried to constant mass in the oven at a temperature of 110050C and all the sieves which are to be used in the analysis are cleaned. 2. The oven dry sample is weighed and sieved successively on the appropriate sieves starting with largest. Each sieve is shaken for a period of not less than 2minutes. 3. On completion of sieving the material retained on each sieve is weighed.
Calculation
The percent retained (%), Cumulative retained (%) & percent finer (%) is calculated. Percent retained on each sieve = Weight of retained sample in each sieve / Total weight of sample
The cumulative percent retained is calculated by adding percent retained on each sieve as a cumulative procedure. The percent finer is calculated by subtracting the cumulative percent retained from 100 percent.
Report
The result of the sieve analysis is reported graphically on a semi log graph, taking sieve sizes on log scale and % finer in arithmetic scale.

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Sieve shaker should be placed properly. Use safety shoes, mask & aprons at the time of test. Thoroughly cleaned & dried the container before testing. Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance. Before testing sieve shaker should be checked. After test clean the sieve by a soft brush.
MATERIALS FINERS THAN 75 MICRON (IS:2386-Part 1-1963)

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Objective
For determination of the quantity of material finer than 75 micron IS sieve in aggregates by washing.
Reference Standards
Balance (0-10 kg) Sieves (1.18 mm,75 micron) Oven (3000c) Container
Preparation sample
Sample required for the test is as per table below. MAXIMUM NOMINAL SIZE OF AGGREGATE (mm) 4.75 10.0 20.0 40 or over Procedure 1. The sample is dried to constant mass in the oven at a temperature of 110050C. 2. After drying the test sample is placed in a container with sufficient water to cover the test sample, and is agitated vigorously to separate all the fine particles from the coarse particles 3. Then the entire test sample with water is poured over the nested sieves arranged with coarser sieve on the top and 75micron sieve at the bottom, and is washed under running water until wash water is clear. 4. All the material retained on the nested sieve is returned to the washed sample and is dried to constant weight at a temperature of not exceeding 1100C. APPROXIMATE MINIMUM WEIGHT OF SAMPLE (g) 500 2000 2500 5000
Calculation
The amount of material passing 75 micron IS sieve is calculated as follows
A = Percentage of material finer than 75 micron B = Original dry weight C = Dry weight after washing
Report
Materials finer than 75 micron is reported in percentage to the nearest 0.5%.

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Use safety shoes, mask & aprons at the time of test. Thoroughly clean & dry the container before testing. Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance. After test sieve should be clean by a soft brush.
AGGREGATE FLAKINESS INDEX VALUE (IS:2386-Part 1-1963)

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Objective
For determination of flakiness index of coarse aggregate, where the size of the coarse aggregate are larger than 6.3mm .
Reference Standards

Length gauge Sieves [63, 50, 40, 31.5, 25, 20, 16, 12.5, 10 & 6.3mm] Balance [0-10 kg]
Preparation sample
Surface dry samples is used for the test. A minimum number of 200 pieces of any specified fraction is required to do the test.
Procedure
1. The sample is sieved through IS sieve specified in Table V (Column 3) of IS:2386(Part I)-1963. 2. A minimum of 200 pieces of each fraction is taken and weighed. 3. In order to separate flaky materials, each fraction is then gauged individually for thickness on a thickness gauge. 4. The total amount of flaky material retained by the thickness gauge is weighed to an accuracy of 0.1% of the weight of sample.
Calculation
In order to calculate the flakiness index of the entire sample of aggregates, first the weight of each fraction of aggregate passing and retained on the specified set of sieves is noted (Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4..etc). Each piece of these are tried to be passed through the slot of the specified thickness of the thickness gauge are found and weighed (y1, y2, y3, y4etc). Then the flakiness index is the total weight of the material retained on the various thickness gauges, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.
Report
Flakiness index is reported in percentage to the nearest whole number

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Use safety shoes, mask & aprons at the time of test. Thoroughly clean & dry the container before testing. Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance. All parts of the equipment should always be kept clean. After the end of the test sieve should be clean by smooth brush.
AGGREGATE ELONGATION INDEX VALUE (IS:2386-Part 1-1963
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Objective
For determination of elongation index of coarse aggregate, where the aggregate are larger than 6.3 mm. size of the coarse
Reference Standards
IS: 2386 (Part I) 1963 Method of test for aggregates for concrete (Part I) Particle size and shape.

Length gauge Sieves (63mm,50mm,40mm,31.5mm,25mm,20mm,16mm,12.5mm,10mm) Balance (0-10kg) Oven (3000c)

Surface dry samples is used for the test. A minimum number of 200 pieces of any specified fraction is required to do the test.
Procedure
1. The sample is sieved through IS sieve specified in Table V (Column 4) of IS:2386(Part I)-1963. 2. A minimum of 200 pieces of each fraction is taken and weighed. 3. In order to separate elongated materials, each fraction is then gauged individually for length in the length gauge. 4. The pieces of aggregate from each fraction tested which could not pass through the specified gauge length with its long sides elongated are collected separately to find the total weight of aggregate retained on the length gauge from each fraction. 5. The total amount of elongated material retained by the length gauge is weighed to an accuracy of 0.1% of the weight of sample.
Calculation
In order to calculate the elongation index of the entire sample of aggregates, first the weight of each fraction of aggregate passing and retained on the specified set of sieves is noted (Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4..etc). Each piece of these are tried to be passed through specified length of the gauge length with its longest side and those elongated pieces which do not pass the gauge are separated and weighed (y1, y2, y3, y4etc). Then the elongated index is the total weight of the material retained on the various length gauges, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.
Reports
Elongation index is reported in percentage to the nearest whole number.

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Use safety shoes, mask & aprons at the time of test. Thoroughly clean & dry the container before testing. Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance. All parts of the equipment should always be kept clean. After the end of the test sieve should be clean by smooth brush.
AGGREGATE 10% FINES VALUE (IS:2386-Part 4-1963)

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Objective
For determination of the aggregates 10% fines value of coarse aggregate, which passes 12.5 mm. IS sieve and retained on 10 mm IS sieve
Reference Standards
IS : 2386 (Part IV)-1963 Methods of test for aggregate for concrete Part IV Mechanical Properties.

Steel cylinder Sieves (12.5mm,10mm) Cylindrical metal measure Tamping Rod Balance (0-10kg) Oven (3000c) Compression testing machine
Preparation sample
Test sample is dried in oven for a period of four hours at a temperature of 100 to 1100C.
Procedure
1. The cylindrical measure is filled by the test sample of aggregate in three layers of approximately equal depth, each layer being tamped 25 times. 2. The test sample in the cylinder with the plunger in position is placed in the compression testing machine. The load is applied at a uniform rate so as to cause a total penetration of the plunger of about 20mm for normal crushed aggregates in 10 minutes. 3. For rounded or partially rounded aggregates, the load required to cause a total penetration of 15mm is applied where as for honeycombed aggregates a penetration of 24mm is applied in 10 minutes. 4. After the maximum specified load is reached, the load is released and the aggregate from the cylinder is sieved from 2.36mm IS sieve. 5. The fines passing 2.36mm.IS sieve is weighed and expressed as a percentage of by weight of the test sample.
Calculation
The mean percentage fines from the two tests at this load shall be used in the following formula to calculate the load required to give 10% fines. Load required for 10% fines = 14x / (y + 4) x = load in tones y = mean percentage fines from two tests at x tone load.
Report
The load required to produce 10% fines is reported to the nearest whole number for loads of 10 tones or more, the nearest 0.5 tones for loads of less than 10 tones.

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Use safety shoes & aprons at the time of test. Before testing machine should be checked. After test electric supply should be off. Thoroughly clean & dry the container before testing. All parts of the equipments should always be clean.
AGGREGATE ABRASION VALUE (IS:2386-Part 4-1963)

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Objective
For determination of the aggregate abrasion value of coarse aggregate.
Reference Standards
IS: 2386 (Part IV)-1963 Methods of test for aggregate for concrete Part IV Mechanical Properties.

Los Angeles machines Sieves (1.70mm) Cylindrical metal measure Tamping Rod Balance (0-10kg) Oven (3000c)
Preparation sample
Test sample is dried in oven for a period of four hours at a temperature of 100 to 110C.
Procedure
1. The required weight of test sample(A) is selected conforming to one of the grading mentioned in Table II of IS : 2386 (Part IV) 1963. 2. The test sample and the abrasive charge is to be placed in the machine and rotated at a speed of 20 to 33 rev/min. 3. For grading A, B, C & D [as per Table II of IS : 2386 (Part IV)- 1963] the machine is to be rotated for 1000 revolutions. 4. At the completion of the test, the material is discharged from the machine and separation of the sample is made on 1.70 mm. IS sieve. 5. The material coarser than 1.70 mm. IS sieve is washed, dried accurately weighed to the nearest gram (B).
Calculation
The difference between the original weight and the final weight of the test sample is expressed as a percentage of the original weight of the test sample.
Report
The mean of the two results is reported to the nearest whole number as the aggregate abrasion value of the tested material.

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. Use safety shoes, mask & aprons at the time of test. Before testing, machine should be checked. After test electric supply should be off. Thoroughly clean & dry the container before testing. The drum & the cover of the opening should be cleaned thoroughly before & after every test.
AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE (IS:2386-Part 4-1963)

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Objective
For determination of the aggregate crushing value of coarse aggregate, which passes 12.5 mm. IS sieve and retained on 10 mm. IS sieve.
Reference Standard
IS: 2386 (Part IV)-1963 Methods of test for aggregate for concrete Part IV Mechanical Properties.

Steel Cylinder Sieves (12.5mm,10mm) Cylindrical metal measure Tamping Rod Balance (0-10kg) Oven (3000c) Compression testing Machine (2000KN)
Test sample consist of aggregate passing a 12.5mm IS sieve and retained on a 10mm IS sieve. The aggregate to be tested is dried in oven for a period of not less than 4 hours.
Procedure
1. The cylindrical steel cup is filled with 3 equal layers of aggregate and each layer is tamped 25 strokes by the rounded end of tamping rod and the surplus aggregate struck off, using the tamping rod as a straight edge. 2. The net weight of aggregate in the cylindrical steel cup is determined to the nearest gram (WA) and this weight of aggregate is used for the duplicate test on the same material.
3. The cup is fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test sample is added in thirds, each third being subjected to 25stokes from tamping rod. 4. The surface is leveled and the plunger is inserted so that it rests horizontally on the surface. The whole assembly is then placed between the platens of testing machine and loaded at a uniform rate so as to reach a load of 40 tones in 10 minutes. 5. The load is then released and all aggregate is removed from the cup and sieved on 2.36 mm. IS sieve until no further significant amount passes in one minute. 6. The fraction passing the sieve is weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 g (WB)
Calculation
The ratio of the weight of fines formed to the total sample weight in each test is to be expressed as a percentage, to the first decimal place. Aggregate crushing Value =(WB/WA) 100
Record
The mean of the two results is reported to the nearest whole number as the aggregate crushing value of the tested material.

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. To wear safety shoes & helmet during the time of test. Before testing, machine should be checked. After test electric supply should be off. After test clean the sieve by brush. Keep all the exposed metal parts greased. Keep the guide rods firmly fixed to the base & top plate. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing.
AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE (IS:2386Part IV-1963)

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Objective
For determination of the aggregate impact value of coarse aggregate, which passes 12.5 mm. IS sieve and retained on 10 mm. IS sieve.
Reference Standards
IS: 2386(Part IV)-1963 Methods of test for aggregate for concrete Part IV Mechanical Properties.

Aggregate Impact Test Machine Sieves (12.5mm,10mm) Cylindrical metal measure Tamping Rod Balance (0-10kg) Oven(3000c)
Preparation Of Test Sample

Test sample consist of aggregate passing a 12.5mm IS sieve and retained on a 10mm IS sieve. The aggregate to be tested is dried in oven for a period of not less than 4hours.
Procedure
1. The cylindrical steel cup is filled with 3 equal layers of aggregate and each layer is tamped 25 strokes by the rounded end of tamping rod and the surplus aggregate struck off, using the tamping rod as a straight edge. 2. The net weight of aggregate in the cylindrical steel cup is determined to the nearest gram (WA) and this weight of aggregate is used for the duplicate test on the same material. 3. The cup is fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test sample is placed in it and compacted by a single tamping of 25 strokes of tamping rod. 4. The hammer is raised until its lower face is 380 mm. above the upper surface of the aggregate in the cup, and allowed to fall freely onto the aggregate 15 times, each being delivered at an interval of not less than one second. 5. The crushed aggregate is removed from the cup and sieved on 2.36 mm. IS sieve until no further significant amount passes in one minute. 6. The fraction passing the sieve is weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 g (WB)
Calculation
The ratio of the weight of fines formed to the total sample weight in each test is to be expressed as a percentage, to the first decimal place. Aggregate impact Value = (WB / WA) 100
Precautions

Use hand gloves while removing containers from oven after switching off the oven. To wear safety shoes & goggles at the time of testing. Before testing, machine should be properly checked. Special care should be taken that no outer air enters when using the balance. After test clean the sieve by a smooth brush. Keep all the exposed metal parts greased. Keep the guide rods firmly fixed to the base & top plate. Equipment should be clean thoroughly before testing & after testing.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY/DENSITY OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT (IS:4031-Part 111988)

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Overview
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio between the weight of a given volume of cement and weight of an equal volume of water.
Apparatus
NAME CAPACITY / ACCURACY RANGE / LEAST / SIZE COUNT
Lechatelier flask Balance
Water bath
Other Apparatus
Tray
Temp Relative humidity
Test Procedure
1. Dry the Le-chatelier flask and fill with kerosene oil or Naptha to a point on the stem between 0 and 1 ml. 2. Dry the inside of the flask above the level of the liquid. 3. Immerse the flask in a constant temp water bath maintained at room temp for sufficient time. 4. Record the level of the kerosene oil in the flask as initial reading. 5. Introduce about 60 g of cement into the flask so that the level of kerosene rises to about say 22 ml mark. Splashing should be avoided and cement should not be allowed to adhere to the sides of the flask above the liquid. 6. Insert the glass nipple into the flask and roll it gently in an inclined position to free the cement from air until no further air bubble rises to the surface of the liquid. 7. Keep the flask again in constant temp water bath and note down the new liquid level as final reading.
Calculation
The difference between the first and final readings represents the volume of liquid displaced by the mass of cement used in test. The density is calculated as per the below mentioned formula to the second place of decimal.
Note ::Two tests shall be carried out and the average is reported. If the difference between the two values differs by more than 0.03, the test shall be repeated.
Precautions

While pouring cement in the Lechatelier flask, care should be taken to avoid splashing and cement should not adhere to the inside of the flask above the liquid. The kerosene or Naptha should be completely free from water.
The test for finding the specific gravity of Portland cement was originally considered to be of value in detecting adulteration and under burning, but is no longer thought to be of much importance in view of the fact that other tests lead to more definite conclusions.
IS:4031(Pat 11):1988-Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement (Determination of density)
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT(IS:4031-Part 61988)

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Overview
Compressive strength of cement is determined by compressive strength test on mortar cubes compacted by means of a standard vibration machine. Standard sand (IS:650) is used for the preparation of cement mortar. The specimen is in the form of cubes 70.6mm*70.6mm*70.6mm.
Apparatus
NAME CAPACITY / RANGE / SIZE ACCURACY / LEAST COUNT
Cube mould Vibration machine Balance Measuring cylinder
70.6*70.6*70.6 mm3(IS:10080) Should be as per IS:10080 1000 g 1g 200 ml 1 ml
Other Apparatus
Enamel tray, Trowel, Poking rod
Test Procedure
1. Take 200 g of cement and 600 g of standard sand and mix them dry thoroughly. 2. Add of water (where P is % of water required for preparing paste of standard consistency) to the dry mix of cement and sand and mix thoroughly for a minimum of 3 minutes and maximum of 4 minutes to obtain a mix of uniform colour. If even in 4 minutes uniform colour of the mix is not obtained reject the mix and mix fresh quantities of cement, sand and water to obtain a mix of uniform colour. 3. Place the thoroughly cleaned and oiled (on interior face) mould on the vibrating machine and hold it in position by clamps provided on the machine for the purpose. 4. Fill the mould with entire quantity of mortar using a suitable hopper attached to the top of the mould for facility of filling and vibrate it for 2 minutes at a specified speed of 12000400 per minute to achieve full compaction. 5. Remove the mould from the machine and keep it in a place with temp of 2720C and relative humidity of 90% for 24 hours. 6. At the end of 24 hrs remove the cube from the mould and immediately submerge in fresh clean water. The cube be taken out of the water only at the time of testing. 7. Prepare at least 6 cubes in the manner explained above. 8. Place the test cube on the platform of a compressive testing machine without any packing between the cube and the plates of the testing machine. 9. Apply the load steadily and uniformly, starting from zero at a rate of 35 N/mm2/minute.
Calculation
Where, P=Maximum load applied to the cube. (N) A=Cross sectional area (Calculated from the mean dimensions) (mm2)

Compressive strength is reported to the nearest 0.5 N/mm2. Specimens that are manifestly faulty, or that give strengths differing by more than 10% from the average value of all the test specimen should not be considered. Test three cubes for compressive strength for each period of curing.
Precautions

The mould should be oiled before use The weighing should be done accurately The temperature and humidity must be accurately controlled Increase the load gradually during testing. The cubes should be tested immediately after taking out of water and not allowed to dry until they fail under testing. The gauging time should be strictly observed. The cubes should be tested on their sides and not on their faces.
CEMENT COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TYPE (Mpa) 1 Day 3 Days 7 Days 28 Days OPC(33) 16 22 33 OPC(43) 23 33 43 OPC(53) 27 27 53 SRC 10 16 33 PPC 16 22 33 RHPC 16 27 PSC 16 22 33 High 30 35 alumina Super 15 22 30 sulphated Low heat 10 16 35
Masonry IRS-T-40
2.5 37.5
5.0

Strength tests are not made on a neat cement paste because of difficulties of moulding and testing with a consequent large variability of test results. Compressive strength is influenced by the cement type, or more precisely, the compound composition and fineness of cement. It should be assumed that two types of cement meeting the same minimum requirements will produce the same strength of mortar or concrete without modification of mix proportions.
SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT BY AUTOCLAVE METHOD (IS:4031-Part 31988)

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Overview
Apparatus
NAME CAPACITY / RANGE / SIZE 1000C (min) IS:9459 150 ml ACCURACY / LEAST COUNT 10C 0.02 mm 1 ml
Autoclave Length comparator Measuring cylinder
Balance Mould
1000 g 25*25*282 mm (IS:10086)
1g
Other Apparatus
Enamel tray, trowel
Procedure
1. Thinly cover the mould with mineral oil. Then attach the reference points so as to get an effective length of 250 mm. 2. Take 500 g of cement and mix with sufficient water to give a paste of standard consistency. 3. After mixing fill the mould in one or two layers by pressing the paste into corners by thumb. Smoothen the top layer by trowel. 4. After completion of preparation of the mould, store it in a moist room for a period of 24 hours. 5. After 24 hrs after moulding, remove the specimen from the moist atmosphere, measure its length (L1) and place it in the autoclave at room temperature in a rack so that the four sides of each specimen is exposed to saturated steam vapour during the entire period of test. 6. To permit air to escape from the autoclave during the early portion of the heating period, left the vent valve open until steam begins to escape. 7. Then close the vent valve and raise the temp of the autoclave at such a rate, so as to make the gauge pressure of the steam to 2.1 N/mm2 in 1 to 1.5 hrs from the time heat turned on. This pressure is maintained for 3 hrs. 8. After 3 hrs switch off the autoclave, and let it be cooled at the rate so as to make the pressure less than 0.1 N/mm2 in one hour and bring it to atmospheric pressure by opening vent valve. 9. Then remove the specimen from autoclave and place it in water maintained at a temp of 900C. Then cool the water to 2720C in 15 minutes. Dry the surface of the specimen and measure its length (L2).
Calculation
Soundness of cement=L1-L2, Where, L1=Length measured after curing for a period of 24 hrs in a moist room.
L2=Length measured after completion of autoclave test. A contraction (negative expansion) is indicated by prefixing a ()sign to the percentage expansion reported.
Note ::In the event of cement failing to comply with the specified requirements, a further test should be made from another portion of the same sample in manner described above, but after aeration (done by spreading out to a depth of 75 mm at a relative humidity of 50 to 80% for a total period of 7 days).
Precautions

Length L1 and L2 should be measured accurately The temp of autoclave should be raised and lowered gradually.
Type/Name Of cement OPC (33) OPC (43) OPC (53) Rapid hardening Low heat cement Super sulphated Portland pozzolana PSC High alumina cement SRC Masonry cement IRS-T-40 Reference Indian Standard IS:269-1989 IS:8112-1989 IS:122691987 IS:8041-1990 Expansion ,%,(max.) 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
IS:126000.8 1989 IS:6909-1990 Not specified IS:14890.8 1991(part 1) IS:455-1976 0.8 IS:6452-1976 Not specified IS:123300.8 1988 IS:3466-1988 1.0 Railway standards 0.8

Volume expansion in cement mortar or in cement concrete is caused by the presence of unburnt lime (CaO), dead burnt MgO and also CaSO4. By Autoclave method we only find out presence of unburnt lime (CaO) and magnesia (MgO). Magnesia content allowed in cement is limited to 6%. Indian standard specification stipulates that cement having a magnesia content of more than 3% shall be tested for soundness by Autoclave test which is sensitive to both free magnesia and free lime. No satisfactory test is available for deduction of unsoundness due to an excess of calcium sulphate. But it can be easily determined by chemical analysis.
SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT BY LECHATELIERS METHOD (IS:4031-Part 31988)

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Overview
Apparatus
NAME CAPACITY ACCURACY / RANGE / / LEAST SIZE COUNT
Le-chatelier apparatus Water bath Caliper Measuring cylinder Balance
Should be made as per IS:5514 1000C (min) 30 cm 100 ml 100 g
10C 0.5 mm 1 ml 1g
Other apparatus
Glass sheets (2 nos), Enamel tray, trowel
Procedure
1. Before commencing setting time test, do the consistency test to obtain the water required to give the paste normal consistency (P). 2. Prepare a paste by adding 0.78 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency (i.e. 0.78P). 3. Lightly oil the Le-chatelier mould and place it on a lightly oiled glass sheet. 4. Fill the mould with the prepared cement paste. In the process of filling the mould keep the edge of the mould gently together. 5. Cover the mould with another piece of lightly oiled glass sheet, place a small weight on this covering glass sheet. 6. Submerge the whole assembly in water at a temperature of 27 20 C and keep there for 24 hours. 7. Remove the whole assembly from water bath and measure the distance separating the indicator points to the nearest 0.5 mm (L1). 8. Again submerge the whole assembly in water bath and bring the temperature of water bath to boiling temperature in 25 to 30 minutes. Keep it at boiling temperature for a period of 3 hours. 9. After completion of 3 hours, allow the temperature of the water bath to cool down to room temperature and remove the whole assembly from the water bath. 10. Measure the distance between the two indicator points to the nearest 0.5 mm (L2).
Calculations
Soundness/expansion of cement = L1-L2 L1=Measurement taken after 24 hours of immersion in water at a temp. of 27 20 C L2=Measurement taken after 3 hours of immersion in water at boiling temperature. Calculate the mean of two values to the nearest 0.5 mm.
Note::In the event of cement failing to comply with the specified requirements, a further test should be made from another portion of the same sample in manner described above, but after aeration (done by spreading out to a depth of 75 mm at a relative humidity of 50 to 80% for a total period of 7 days).
Precautions

All the measurements should be done accurately. Do not apply extra pressure while filling the moulds. During boiling water level should not fall below the height of the mould.
Type/Name of cement OPC (33) OPC (43) OPC (53) Rapid hardening Low heat cement Super sulphated Portland pozzolana PSC High alumina cement SRC Masonry cement Reference Indian standard IS:269-1989 IS:8112-1989 IS:122691987 IS:8041-1990 Expansion (max.) 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm
IS:1260010 mm 1989 IS:6909-1990 5 mm IS:148910 mm 1991(part 1) IS:455-1976 10 mm IS:6452-1989 5 mm IS:1233010 mm 1988 IS:3466-1988 10 mm
IRS-T-40
Railway standards
5 mm

Volume expansion in cement mortar or in cement concrete is caused by the presence of unburnt lime (CaO), dead burnt MgO and also CaSO4. By Le-chatelier method we can only find out presence of unburnt lime (CaO). Presence of unburnt lime may develop cracks in the cement because of increase in volume. Free lime (CaO) and magnesia (MgO) are known to react with water very slowly and increase in volume considerably, which result in cracking, distortion and disintegration.
INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME (IS:4031-Part 5-1988)

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Overview
Apparatus
NAME
CAPACITY / RANGE / SIZE Should be made as per IS:5513 1000 g 100 ml 30 min.
ACCURACY / LEAST COUNT
1g 1 ml 0.2 sec
Other apparatus
Temperature Relative Humidity 27 20 C 90 % (min)
Procedure

1. Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the non-porous plate, under the rod bearing the needle. 2. Lower the needle gently until it comes in contact with the surface of test block and quick release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block.
3. In the beginning the needle completely pierces the test block. Repeat this procedure i.e. quickly releasing the needle after every 2 minutes till the needle fails to pierce the block for about 5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould. Note this time (t2).

Calculation
Initial setting time=t2-t1 Final setting time=t3-t1, Where, t1=Time at which water is first added to cement t2=Time when needle fails to penetrate 5 mm to 7 mm from bottom of the mould t3=Time when the needle makes an impression but the attachment fails to do so.
Precautions

Type/Name Referenced Initial Of Cement Indian Setting Stanadard Time, mints (min.) Final Setting Time, mints (max.)
OPC(33) OPC(43) OPC(53) SRC PPC RHPC PSC High alumina Super sulphated Low heat Masonry cement IRS-T-40
IS:269 IS:8112 IS:12269 IS:12330 IS:1489,P1 IS:8041 IS:455 IS:6452 IS:6909 IS:12600 IS:3466 Railway
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 60 90 60
600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 1440 600
It is essential that cement set neither too rapidly nor too slowly. In the first case there might be insufficient time to transport and place the concrete before it becomes too rigid. In the second case too long a setting period tends to slow up the work unduly, also it might postpone the actual use of the structure because of inadequate strength at the desired age. Setting should not be confused with hardening, which refers to the gain in mechanical strength after the certain degree of resistance to the penetration of a special attachment pressed into it. Setting time is the time required for stiffening of cement paste to a defined consistency. Indirectly related to the initial chemical reaction of cement with water to form aluminumsilicate compound. Initial setting time is the time when the paste starts losing its plasticity. Initial setting time test is important for transportation, placing and compaction of cement concrete. Initial setting time duration is required to delay the process of hydration or hardening. Final setting time is the time when the paste completely loses its plasticity. It is the time taken for the cement paste or cement concrete to harden sufficiently and attain the shape of the mould in which it is cast. Determination of final setting time period facilitates safe removal of scaffolding or form. During this period of time primary chemical reaction of cement with water is almost completed.

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Overview
Apparatus
NAME CAPACITY / RANGE / SIZE Should be made as per IS:5513 1000 g 100 ml ACCURACY / LEAST COUNT
1g 1 ml
Other accessories
Tray, glass plate
Procedure
Calculation
Precautions

Related videos
FINENESS OF CEMENT BY DRY SIEVING (IS:4031-Part 1-1996)

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Overview
Fineness of cement is measured by sieving it on standard sieve. The proportion of cement of which the grain sizes are larger than the specified mesh size is thus determined.
Apparatus
NAME CAPACITY / RANGE / SIZE 90 micron mesh 10g (max.) ACCURACY / LEAST COUNT 10 mg
Sieve Balance
Supplementary accesories
Glass rod, stoppered jar, pan, lid
Procedure
1. Agitate the sample of cement to be tested by shaking for 2 minutes in a stoppered jar to disperse agglomerates. Stir the resulting powder gently using a clean dry rod in order to distribute the fines throughout the cement. 2. Attach a pan under the sieve to collect the cement passing the sieve. 3. Weigh approximately 10 g of cement to the nearest 0.01 g and place it on the sieve. Fit the lid over the sieve. 4. Agitate the sieve by swirling, planetary and linear movement until no more fine material passes through it. 5. Remove and weigh the residue. Express its mass as a percentage (R1) of the quantity first placed in the sieve. 6. Repeat the steps 3 to 5 with a fresh sample to obtain R2.
Note :: If R1 & R2 differ by more than 1%, then carryout a third sieving and calculate R3.
Calculation
Calculate the residue of cement R as the mean of R1 & R2 (or R1, R2 & R3) in %, expressed to the nearest 0.1%.
Procedure To Check Sieve

1. Follow the steps (1 to 6) as mentioned earlier with a reference cement sample or certified reference material (i.e. CRM). 2. Calculate two values P1 & P2 and calculate mean P of P1 & P2. 3. From the certificate of reference cement sample find out the known value of residue on 90 micron mesh sieve.
4. Calculate a correction factor as per the below mentioned formula.
Where R0=Known value of residue as per reference material certificate. P=Mean value of P1 & P2. (The value of F may be 1.000.20) 5. Multiply this correction factor F with mean value of R
Precaution

Before sieving, air set lumps of cement should be broken Sieving should be done by rotating the sieve and not by translation.

Fineness of cement has a great effect on the rate of hydration and hence the rate of gain of strength. Fineness of cement increases the rate of evolution of heat. Finer cement offers a great surface area for hydration and hence faster the development of strength. Increase in fineness of cement also increases the drying shrinkage of concrete and hence creates cracks in structures. Excessive fineness requirement increases cost of grinding. Excessive fine cement requires more water for hydration, resulting reduced strength and durability. Fineness of cement affects properties like gypsum requirement, workability of fresh concrete & long term behavior of structure. Coarse cement particles settle down in concrete which causes bleeding.
IS:4031(Part 1):1996-Method of physical test for cement(Determination of fineness by dry sieving)
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Transportation Engineering
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Overview
Mobility is a basic human need. From the times immemorial, everyone travels either for food or leisure. A closely associated need is the transport of raw materials to a manufacturing unit or
nished goods for consumption. Transportation ful
lls these basic needs of humanity. Transportation plays a major role in the development of the human civilization. For instance, one could easily observe the strong correlation between the evolution of human settlement and the proximity of transport facilities. Also, there is a strong correlation between the quality of transport facilities and standard of living, because of which society places a great expectation from transportation facilities. In other words, the solution to transportation problems must be analytically based, economically sound, socially credible, environmentally sensitive, practically acceptable and sustainable. Alternatively, the transportation solution should be safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and ecofriendly for both men and material. This entry was posted in Transportation Engineering on April 21, 2013.
Construction Materials
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Overview
While designing a structure, engineer assumes certain value of strength for each of material being used therein. When the structure is being constructed, it is the bounden duty of the field engineers to get the same validated by regular testing of material.The quality of materials used in any infrastructure does play a vital role with regard to its ultimate strength and durability in the long run. Hence, the materials need to be tested according to certain standard procedures developed by ASTM, BIS, RDSO to give a clear picture of material strength.
This entry was posted in Construction Materials on April 21, 2013.
Geotechnical Engineering
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Overview
In a broad sense, geotechnical engineering is that branch of civil engineering that employs scientific methods to determine, evaluate, and apply the interrelationship between the geologic environment and engineered works. In a practical context, geotechnical engineering encompasses evaluation, design, and construction involving earth materials.
This entry was posted in Geotechnical Engineering on April 21, 2013.

Tests On Cement

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Tests on CEMENT

NITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME (IS:4031-Part 5-1988)

Vicat apparatus Balance Measuring cylinder Stop watch

(b)Initial setting time

(c)Final setting time

Test Standard Reference

CONSISTENCY OF STANDARD CEMENT PASTE (IS:4031-Part4-1988)

Vicat apparatus Balance Measuring cylinder

CAPACITY / RANGE / SIZE Should be made as per IS:5513 1000 g 100 ml

ACCURACY / LEAST COUNT

Where, W=Quantity of water added C=Quantity of cement used

NAME OF TEST Soundness (Lechatelier method) Setting time Compressive strength

Test Standard Reference

Lechatelier flask Balance Water bath

Test Standard Reference

IS:4031(Pat 11):1988-Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement (Determination of density)

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COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT(IS:4031-Part 61988)

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SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT BY AUTOCLAVE METHOD (IS:4031-Part 31988)

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Test Standard Reference

IS:4031(Part 3):1988-Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement (Determination of soundness)

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SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT BY LECHATELIERS METHOD (IS:4031-Part 31988)

Le-chatelier apparatus Water bath Caliper Measuring

Calculate the mean of two values to the nearest 0.5 mm.

Test Standard Reference

IS:4031(Part 3):1988-Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement (Determination of soundness)

This entry was posted in Tests On Cement on May 4, 2013.

INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIME (IS:4031-Part 5-1988)

Vicat apparatus Balance Measuring cylinder Stop watch

SIZE Should be made as per IS:5513 1000 g 100 ml 30 min.

(b)Initial setting time

(c)Final setting time

IS:1489,P1 IS:8041 IS:455 IS:6452 IS:6909 IS:12600 IS:3466 Railway

600 600 600 600 600 600 1440 600

Test Standard Reference

This entry was posted in Tests On Cement on May 4, 2013.

CONSISTENCY OF STANDARD CEMENT PASTE (IS:4031-Part4-1988)

Vicat apparatus Balance Measuring cylinder

Where, W=Quantity of water added C=Quantity of cement used

NAME OF TEST Soundness (Lechatelier method) Setting time Compressive strength

Test Standard Reference

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FREE SWELL INDEX TEST OF SOIL(IS2720-PART-40-1970)

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Clean the sieves with the help of a brush, after sieving.

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