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=
| |
+ |
|
\ .
=
where P0(n) is the sequence of pitch periods lengths measured in microseconds.
The speech signal can be effectively expressed as summation of pulsative signals generated at glottis that passes throuh
vocal tract and gets radiated via oral cavity or lips.The speech signal is represented as the convolution output as
follows.
Each pulse representation xi(t) prior to averaging as a repetitive signal s(t) plus a noise term ei(t)
xi(t) = s(t) +ei(t). (1)
This representation has been used for source and radiated signals .
If we denote the glottal flow waveform as g(t), the vocal tract impulse response as h(t), the radiation at lips as r(t), and
the turbulent noise generated at the glottis as n(t), the components of the pulse waveform in (1) can be expressed
differently for the source and radiated signals[10]. If (1) represents the excitation signal, then
s(t) =g(t), and e(t) = n(t),
while for radiated signals
s(t) =g(t) h(t) r(t) and e(t) = n(t) h(t) r(t)
3.Observations
Table-I. List of specific Marathi letters uesd with reference to place of articulation and manner of articulation
Sr.
No.
Place of articulation Manner of
articulation
English Letters Marathi Letters
1 bilabial plosive p,b
Pa f ba Ba
bilabial nasal m
ma
bilabial approximant w
va
2 labio-dental fricative f,v
f vh
3 dental fricative th,th
t qa d Qa
4 alveolar plosive t,d
T z D Z
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
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alveolar nasal n
na Na
alveolar fricative s,z
sa
alveolar approximant r/l
r la L
5 post-alveolar
fricative
sh,zh
Ya Sa Ja
post-alveolar affricate ch,j
ca C ja
post-alveolar approximant y
ya
6 velar plosive k ,g
k K ga Ga
velar nasal ng
D.
7 glottal fricative h
h
Table-II.Estimation of f
0
and variations of f
0
for different subjects
Sr.No
.
Subject f
0
Std Dev of f
0
f
0
Coefficient
of Variance
Remarks
1 Speaker 1 256.4 17.80 Hz .07 Young Normal Female Subject
2 Speaker 2 256.0 48.33 Hz 0.19 Old Normal Female Subject
3 Speaker 3 275.9 32.38 Hz 0.12 Pathological Female Subject
4 Speaker 4 259.6 103.83 Hz 0.4 Pathological Female Subject
5 Speaker 5 128.3 58.39 Hz 046 Old Normal Male Subject
6 Speaker 6 139.1 5.23 Hz 0.04 Young Normal Male Subject
7 Speaker 7 242.0 69.81 Hz 0.29 Pathological Male Subject
8 Speaker 8 281.3 109.49 Hz 0.39 Patological Male Subject
Table-III. Formants and Variations of f
1
,f
2
and f
3
for Different Subjects
Sr.
No.
Subject f
1
Min f
1
Max f
2
Min f
2
Max f
3
Min f
3
Max
1 Speaker 1 236.44 1336.95 896.21 3016.47 2409.10 4322.01
2 Speaker 2 84.20 2424.70 378.66 3528.44 1793.05 5131.69
3 Speaker 3 300.59 929.49 899.07 2438.73 1594.21 3242.33
4 Speaker 4 236.36 1766.55 992.83 3750.99 1665.57 4394.36
5 Speaker 5 65.67 1691.07 729.69 2749.12 1533.77 3381.39
6 Speaker 6 215.01 1179.32 969.74 2318.21 1682.87 3090.18
7 Speaker 7 267.73 981.88 764.06 2462.33 1329.79 3516.75
8 Speaker 8 270.43 1672.05 781.70 3068.25 1714.02 4327.78
Table-IV. Estimation of Jitter , Shimmer and Close Quotient for Different Subjects
Sr.
No.
Subject % Jitter % Shimmer %Close Quotient
Mean
%Close Quotient
Std Dev
1 Speaker 1 1.553 6.077 49.5 11.9
2 Speaker 2 2.482 7.951 57.8 14.4
3 Speaker 3 1.08 4.313 38.4 14.8
4 Speaker 4 0.889 6.186 47.3 14.2
5 Speaker 5 1.494 9.33 32.0 12.9
6 Speaker 6 3.017 8.365 29.8 13.2
7 Speaker 7 2.897 11.316 45.2 16.3
8 Speaker 8 3.298 10.859 44.5 16.8
The close quotient deviations and variations in %jitter parameters for pathological female subject speaker number 4
are given below.
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4. CONCLUSION
The pathological subjects affected with speech disorder related to vocal folds exhibit very weak consonant-vowel-
consonant(CV-VC-CVC) production .Various types of mis articulation errors occur in different subjects. consonants .In
case of pathological subjects it is observed that all the diagnostic markers namely standard deviation of pitch, variance
of pitch ,jitter shimmer, close quotient mean and deviations exhibit higher range of parameters. The Formants were
seen to be widely spread in pathological subjects.
Acknowledgment
THE AUTHORS WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE PARTICIPANTS OF RESEARCH WORK- NAMELY THE NORMAL CHILDREN, THE
MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN WITH SPEECH DISORDER RELATED TO VOCAL FOLDS, THE DIRECTOR OF THE SPECIAL
SCHOOL CHETANA VIKAS MANDIR MR.PAWAN KHEBUDKAR AND THE PATIENTS PARTICIPATED UNDER THE TREATMENT OF
SPEECH THERAPIST IN KOLHAPUR CITY.
References
[1.] Daryush Mehta Aspiration Noise during Phonation: Synthesis, Analysis, and Pitch-Scale Modification
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY February 2006
[2.] Kumara Shama, Anantha krishna, and Niranjan U. Cholayya Research Article Study of Harmonics-to-Noise
Ratio and Critical-Band Energy Spectrum of Speech as Acoustic Indicators of Laryngeal and Voice Pathology
Hindawi Publishing Corporation EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing Volume 2007, Article ID
85286, 9 pages doi:10.1155/2007/85286
[3.] Constantine Kotropoulos and Gonzalo R. Arce Research Article Linear Classifier with Reject Option for the
Detection of Vocal Fold Paralysis and Vocal Fold Edema Hindawi Publishing Corporation EURASIP Journal on
Advances in Signal Processing Volume 2009, Article ID 203790, 13 pages doi:10.1155/2009/203790
[4.] Zoran C irovic,1 MilanMilosavljevic Research Article Multimodal Speaker Verification Based on
Electroglottograph Signal and Glottal Activity Detection Hindawi Publishing Corporation EURASIP Journal on
Advances in Signal Processing Volume 2010, Article ID 930376, 8 pages doi:10.1155/2010/930376
[5.] Arpit Mathur ,Shankar M Reddy ,Rajesh M Hegde Significance of Parametric Spectral Ratio Methods in
Detection and Recognition of Whispered Speech EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
doi:10.1186/1687-6180-2012-157
[6.] DOLLE DEANN PAGEL VOCAL FOLD PERTURBATION RATES: COMPARISON BETWEEN ULTIPLE
SCLEROSIS AND NORMAL SUBJECTS M.S.IN SPEECH AND HEARING SCIENCES Texas Tech University
[7.] Darcio G. Silva,1 Lus C. Oliveira,1 andMario Andrea2 Research Article Jitter Estimation Algorithms for
Detecrdwqtion of Pathological Voices Hindawi Publishing Corporation EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal
Processing Volume 2009, Article ID 567875, 9 pages doi:10.1155/2009/567875
[8.] Peter J. Murphy and Olatunji O. AkandeNoise estimation in voice signals using short-term cepstral analysis
2007 Acoustical Society of America. _DOI: 10.1121/1.2427123_PACS number_s_: 43.70.Gr, 43.70.Dn _AL_
Pages: 16791690
[9.] Darcio G. Silva,1 Lus C. Oliveira,1 andMario Andrea2 Research Article Jitter Estimation Algorithms for
Detection of Pathological Voices Hindawi Publishing Corporation EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal
Processing Volume 2009, Article ID 567875, 9 pages doi:10.1155/2009/567875
[10.] Carlos Ferrer, Eduardo Gonzalez Research Article Removing the Influence of Shimmer in the Calculation of
Harmonics-To-Noise Ratios Using Ensemble-Averages in Voice Signals Hindawi Publishing Corporation
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing Volume 2009, Article ID 784379, 7 pages
doi:10.1155/2009/784379
[11.] Anandthirtha B. GUDI1, H. K. Shreedhar2 and H. C. Nagaraj ESTIMATION OF SEVERITY OF SPEECH
DISABILITY THROUGH SPEECH ENVELOPE Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal (SIPIJ)
Vol.2, No.2, June 2011
Biography
Mrs.Manasi Dixit is working as Associate Professor in KITs College of Engineering,Kolhapur .Her
teaching experience is 28 years. Her main fields of interest are Digital Signal Processing,Speech
Processing,Image Processing and Microwave Engineering. 16 PG students have completed their research
work and have been awarded M.E.(E&TC) degree under her guidance. She has published 14 papers in
reputed international journals.She has worked in the capacity of the SENATE member Shivaji University,Kolhapur and
BOS-Board of Studies Member for Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Shivaji University,Kolhapur.
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 Page 555
Prof. Dr. Shaila Dinkar Apte is currently working as a professor on PG side in Rajarshi Shahu College of
Engineering, Pune and as reviewer for the International Journal of Speech Technology by Springer
Publication, International Journal of Digital Signal Processing, Elsevier Publication. She is currently
guiding 5 Ph.D. candidates. Four candidates have completed their Ph.D. under her guidance. About 50
candidates completed their M.E. dissertations under her guidance. Almost all dissertations are in the area of signal
processing. She has a vast teaching experience of 32 years in electronics engineering, and enjoys great popularity
amongst students. She has been teaching Digital Signal Processing and Advanced Digital Signal Processing since last
18 years. Her previous designations include being an Assistant Professor in Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli,
for 27 years; a member of board of studies for Shivaji University and a principle investigator for a research project
sponsored by ARDE, New Delhi. She has published 28 papers in reputed international journals, more than 40 papers in
international conferences and about 15 papers in national conferences. She has a patent published to her credit related
to generation of mother wavelet from speech signal. Her books titled Digital Signal Processing and Speech and
Audio Processing are published by Wiley India. A second reprint of second edition of the first book is in the market.
The book titled Advanced Digital Signal Procesing will be published recently in June 2013 by Wiley publishers.