Technological Institute of the Philippines

938 Aurora Boulevard Cubao Quezon City

College of Engineering

Electronics and Communications Department

Communication Electronics
by

Louis E. Frenzel
Book Review

Submitted By: Caamaque, Marcocarlo U. EC52FC1 Section

Submitted To: Engr. Philander U. Lomboy Industry Lecturer

January xx, 2010

Chapter 1: Introduction to Electronic Communications

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. It is the basic process of exchanging information. What are the two of the main barriers to human communications? The year Gutenberg invents the printing press. The year Morse patents the telegraph. The year of the first successful use of transatlantic telegraph cable. The year Bell invents and patents the telephone. The year Eastman develops the photographic film. The year Hertz discovers the radio waves. The year Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy. Communication language and distance 1440 1844 1886 1876 1879 1887 1895 1901 1903 1906 1923 1931 1940-45 1948 1954 1959 1962 late 19th century transmitter, channel or medium, and a receiver the channel or medium noise transmitter

10. The year Marconi makes the first transatlantic radio transmission. 11. The year the Fleming valve was invented. 12. The year De Forest invents the triode vacuum tube and the first radiotelephone broadcast. 13. The year television is invented. 14. The year Radio astronomy is discovered. 15. The years when Radar is perfected and helps win the WWII 16. The year the transistor is invented. 17. The year color TV broadcasting begins. 18. The year IC is invented. 19. The year the first communications satellite is launched. 20. When the Electronic Communications did come into being? 21. What are the basic components of an electronic communications system? 22. Where is noise added in the electronic communications system? 23. It refers to any interference that degrades the transmitted information. 24. It is a collection of electronic components and circuits designed to convert the information into a signal suitable for transmission.

25. It is the medium by which the electronic signal is sent from one place to another. 26. Light pipe is commonly known as what? 27. It is a broad general term applied to any form of wireless communication from one point to another. 28. Radio makes use of what spectrum where signals are communicated from one point to another. 29. How signal is made ready to be propagated over long distances? 30. The medium supports the transmission of information, however, it also __ it. 31. Considerable __ of the signal at both the transmitter and receiver is required for successful communication. 32. It is another collection of electronic components and circuits that accept the transmitted message. 33. It is any random, undesirable electric energy that enters the communications system. 34. It is a source of noise, for which an example is lightning which produces static. 35. It is a source of noise where the sun and other stars emit various kinds of radiation. 36. It is a source of noise created by manufactured equipments. 37. Electronic components generate noise due to what? 38. What are the three major types of communication path? 39. What are the three classifications of electronic communications? 40. It is an electronic communications in which information travels in one direction. 41. It transmits information about the physical status of a satellite including its position and temperature. 42. It is one form of two-way transmission wherein both parties transmit and receive simultaneously. 43. It is one form of two-way transmission in which one party transmits at a time. 44. It is a continuously-varying voltage or current signal. 45. It is the most commonly used digital code in communications. 46. It is an international code of dots and dashes. 47. Regardless of whether the original information signals are analog or digital, they are all referred to as __.

channel or communications channel fiber-optic cable Radio Electromagnetic Spectrum by converting them into electric and magnetic fields attenuates amplification receiver noise atmosphere outer space electrical interference thermal agitation of atoms wire, radio and fiber-optics 1. one-way or two-way transmission; 2. analog versus digital signals; 3. baseband or modulated signals simplex or one-way transmission Telemetry system of a satellite full-duplex transmission half-duplex transmission analog signal American Standard Code for Information Interchange Morse Code baseband signals
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48. It refers to the transmission where the original analog or digital signals are put directly into the medium. 49. It is the process of having a baseband-signal modify another higherfrequency signal. 50. It is the higher frequency signal used in modulation. 51. What are the three basic characteristics of the carrier signal that can be changed by the information signal? 52. It is another term for information or intelligence signal. 53. It is a type of modulation where the baseband signal varies the amplitude of the carrier. 54. It is a type of modulation where the baseband signal varies the frequency of the carrier. 55. It is the shifting of the phase of the carrier in accordance with the intelligence signal. 56. Between the carrier and the baseband signal, which propagates with greater efficiency? 57. It is another term for the demodulation process. 58. It is the process of transmitting two or more signals simultaneously over the same channel. 59. It employs large directional antennas and sensitive high gain receivers to plot star locations. 60. It makes use of reflected microwave signals for the purpose of detection. 61. It is an underwater communications in which audible baseband signals use water as the transmission medium. 62. Two methods of transmitting visual data over the telephone network are __ and __. 63. Radio astronomy is based on the fact that stars and other heavenly bodies emit __. 64. What are the four ways radio is used in the telephone system? 65. What are the two types of Sonar? 66. Computers exchange digital data over the telephone network by using devices called __. 67. These are limited interconnections of PCs and other computers in offices or buildings. 68. Before it can be transmitted, information must be converted into __ compatible with the medium. 69. A device which changes voice into a voltage of varying frequency and amplitude. 70. It is an electronic signal that radiates into space.

Baseband Transmission Modulation carrier signal amplitude, frequency and phase modulating signal or wave Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation Phase Modulation the carrier signal detection Multiplexing Radio Astronomy Radar Sonar facsimile and teletext radio waves including infrared microwave relay, satellites, cordless phones and cellular phones active and passive modem local area networks electronic signals microphone electromagnetic signals

71. It is another term for electromagnetic signals. 72. Electromagnetic waves are signals that __. 73. Electromagnetic waves vary __. 74. It is the entire range of frequencies. 75. Information signals use which part of the spectrum? 76. What is the voice frequency range? 77. It is the number of times a particular phenomenon occurs in a given period of time. 78. It is the distance traveled by an electromagnetic wave during the time of one cycle. 79. Frequency band in 30-300 Hz 80. What are the common power line frequencies? 81. What is the audible frequency range? 82. What is the frequency range of Very Low Frequency? 83. It is a frequency band in which the primary communications services are those used in aeronautical and marine navigation. 84. What is the range of Low Frequency? 85. These are signals which carry the baseband signal but which, in turn, modulate another higher-frequency carrier. 86. In which frequency band are subcarriers from? 87. One major application in this frequency band is the AM radio broadcasting. 88. What is the AM radio broadcasting frequency range? 89. It is the frequency band generally known as the short waves. 90. What frequency band does CB and amateur radio use? 91. What is the range of High Frequency? 92. A frequency band with applications such as mobile radio, marine and aeronautical communications, FM radio broadcasting, and television channels 2 through 13. 93. What is the FM radio broadcasting frequency range? 94. What is the range of Very High Frequency? 95. Frequencies above the 1 GHz range are called __.

Radio Frequency Waves oscillate sinusoidally electromagnetic spectrum the lower frequencies 300-3000 Hz frequency wavelength Extremely Low Frequency 50 and 60 Hz 20-20,000 Hz 3-30 kHz Low Frequency 30-300 kHz subcarriers Low Frequency Medium Frequency 535-1605 kHz High Frequency High Frequency 3-30 MHz Very High Frequency 88-108 MHz 30-300 MHz microwaves

96. It is a frequency band with applications such as the television channels 14 through 83. 97. What is the range of Super High Frequency? 98. It is a frequency band with applications such as satellite communications and radar. 99. What is the frequency band of 30-300 GHz? 100. It is sandwiched between the highest radio frequency and the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. 101. It occupies the range between approximately 0.7 to 10 microns. 102. What are the two areas of infrared region? 103. It is the infrared region from 0.7 to 1 micron. 104. It is the infrared region from 1 to 10 microns. 105. It refers to the radiation generally associated with heat. 106. What typical optical devices are used to process and manipulate infrared signals? 107. What is the spectrum above the infrared region? 108. What do we normally call the visible spectrum? 109. It is 1x10-10 of a meter. 110. What is the wavelength of red? 111. What is the wavelength of violet? 112. It is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal. 113. It is the frequency range over which an information signal is transmitted or over which electronic circuits operate. 114. It is generated at frequencies above and below the carrier frequency by an amount equal to the modulating frequency. 115. It is a regulatory body whose purpose is to allocate spectrum space, issuing licenses, setting standards and policing the airwaves. 116. It is an international organization which is an agency of the United Nations aimed at discussing how the frequency spectrum is to be used.

Ultra High Frequency 3-30 GHz Super High Frequency Extremely High Frequency infrared region infrared region long infrared and short infrared short infrared long infrared Infrared lenses and mirrors the visible spectrum light 1 (one angstrom) 8000 4000 bandwidth bandwidth sidebands Federal Communications Commission International Telecommunications Union

Chapter 2: Amplitude Modulation and Single-Sideband Modulation

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The peak value of the modulating signal should be __ than the peak value of the carrier. It is the circuit used for producing AM. Amplitude modulators compute the product of what? It is the relationship between the amplitudes of the modulating signal voltage and the carrier voltage. It is another term for modulation index that is not yet mentioned in the answers of number 4. The modulation index should be a number between __ and __. A condition where m>1. It is the ideal condition for AM. less modulator carrier and modulating signals modulation index, modulation factor, modulation coefficient degree of modulation 0 and 1 overmodulation Vm=Vc or m=1 side frequencies or sidebands the AM waveform spectrum analyzer higher in the sidebands two-thirds simple and effective AM radio broadcasting, television broadcasting, CB radio characteristic resistance of an antenna antenna Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier Signal balanced modulator yes Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier Signal noise
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These are the new signals which are generated as part of the process of modulation. 10. What do you have when the algebraic sum of the carrier and the two sidebands are obtained? 11. It is a test instrument used to display waveforms in frequency domain. 12. The greater the modulation index, the __ the sideband power. 13. Where is all the transmitted information contained? 14. In 100% modulation, how much of the total transmitted power is the carrier power? 15. Despite its inefficiency, AM is still widely used because it is __ and __. 16. What are some of the common applications of AM? 17. It is the antenna resistance that is seen by the transmitter. 18. The load into which the AM signal power is dissipated is an __. 19. It is a signal where the carrier is suppressed resulting to only the sidebands. 20. It is the circuit used for DSB AM. 21. Is it true that the basic information is transmitted twice in DSB AM? 22. When a sideband and the carrier is suppressed, this results to what signal? 23. It is a random voltage made up of an almost infinite number of frequencies.

24. What are the four major benefits of SSB AM?

1. the spectrum space used is only one-half that of AM and DSB 2. stronger signal since power is concentrated on only one sideband 3. less noise 4. they experience less fading Fading ionosphere Peak Envelope Power (PEP) Vestigial Sideband Modulation FM, TV stereo Frequency Conversion mixer circuit converter heterodyning multiplication tuned circuit

25. It refers to a signal that alternately increases and decreases in strength as it is picked up by the receiver. 26. It bends the carrier and sideband signals back to earth. 27. It is the maximum power produced on voice amplitude peaks. 28. It is a special type of suppressed carrier modulation in which a portion of the lower sideband is also suppressed. 29. Cite two common applications of DSB. 30. It is the process of translating a modulated signal to a higher or lower frequency while still retaining all the originally transmitted information. 31. Frequency Conversion is done by what circuit? 32. It is another term of mixer. 33. It is the function performed by the mixer. 34. The mixer performs what mathematical operation? 35. It is another term for filter.

Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation Circuits

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. It is a device whose current is proportional to but does not vary linearly with the applied voltage. It indicates that the current in a device is proportional to the square of the input voltage. It refers to signals that are generated at relatively low voltage and power amplitudes. What type of amplifier is used before the AM signal is fed to an antenna as not to distort the signal? AM can be produced by passing the carrier through a circuit whose __ or __ can be varied in accordance with the modulating signal. The name of the nonlinear response of a device that produces AM with only second-order products is __. A component that has an exponential response ideal for producing AM is the __. When forward biased, a PIN diode acts like a __. PIN diode modulators are used only at frequencies above about __. nonlinear device Square Law Response low-level linear amplifier gain or attenuation square law diode resistor 100 MHz attenuator low linear amplifier C driver demodulator radio receiver envelope detector a full-wave rectifier diode detector ripple, distortion smaller filter capacitor; less ripple and distortion Double Sideband

10. A PIN diode modulator is a variable __. 11. High current in a PIN diode means that its resistance is 12. The AM signals generated by low-level modulating circuits must have their power level increased by a __ before being transmitted. 13. In a high-level AM transmitter, the output stage is usually a class __ amplifier. 14. To achieve 100 percent high-level modulation of an RF power amplifier, its __ must also be modulated. 15. It is a circuit that accepts a modulated signal and recovers the original modulating signal. 16. A demodulator circuit may be used alone as the simplest form of __. 17. It is another term for demodulator and detector. 18. The performance of the basic diode detector can be improved by using what? 19. What is the most widely used amplitude demodulator? 20. The charging and discharging of capacitor in a basic diode detector produces __ which causes __ of the modulating signal. 21. What are the two main benefits of the full-wave amplitude demodulator over the half-wave circuit? 22. What type of signal does a balanced modulator generate?

23. What are the outputs of a balanced modulator? 24. The balanced modulator suppresses what? 25. What is placed after a balanced modulator as to eliminate one sideband, thereby resulting in an SSB signal? 26. It is one of the most widely used balanced modulator. 27. It is one thing to notice in order to tell whether a signal is a true DSB signal. 28. A balanced modulator eliminates what from its output? 29. A balanced modulator using a diode bridge is called a __. 30. In a diode ring, diodes are used as what? 31. Can an IC analog multiplier be used for DSB signal generation? 32. What is the main difference between IC balanced modulators and analog multipliers? 33. What are the two primary methods of generating SSB signals? 34. Which primary method of generating SSB signals is widely used? 35. Filters used in SSB circuits have approximately how much bandwidth? 36. In SSB filters, what is widely used to supply signals on exact frequencies with good stability? 37. How is resonance achieved?

the upper and lower sidebands the carrier signal filter or phase-shifting circuitry diode ring or lattice modulator phase reversal in the very center of the waveform carrier diode ring or lattice modulator switches yes balanced modulators are switching circuits filter method and phasing method the filter method 2.5-3 kHz crystal (crystal filters) XL=XC 1. full crystal lattice with transformer 2. ladder filter 3. full crystal lattice with centertapped inductor it can be easily inserted between transistor amplifier stages ceramic filters and mechanical filters phase shifter phase shift the carrier signal mixer product detector selectivity
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38. Cite different variations of the crystal filter. 39. What is the advantage of using a center-tapped inductor over that with transformers? 40. What are the other filters used in SSB? 41. It is usually an RC network that causes the output to either lead or lag the input by 90o. 42. It is defined as time shift between sine waves of the same frequency. 43. To demodulate an SSB signal, what must be reinserted at the receiver? 44. It is the demodulator for SSB signals. 45. The circuit used to demodulate an SSB signal is typically called __. 46. A filter capable of passing the desired sideband while rejecting the other sideband must have good __.

47. The most popular filter used to select the desired sideband in an SSB generator uses __ for selectivity. 48. A quartz crystal acts like a highly selective __ circuit. 49. Mechanical filters provide selectivity because they __ at a specific frequency. 50. A ceramic filter is similar in operation to a __ filter. 51. The operating frequency range of a mechanical filter is __ to __ kHz. 52. In the phasing method of SSB generation, __ is used to cancel the undesired sideband. 53. It is a circuit commonly used to demodulate or recover an SSB signal. 54. It is a special kind of AM used for frequency translation purposes. 55. They are the circuits used to perform frequency translation or conversion> 56. What are the two basic types of frequency conversion? 57. It means that the input signal along with any modulation is translated to a higher frequency. 58. It refers to the translation of the input signal to some lower frequency. 59. It is the primary characteristic of a mixer. 60. What is the best diode mixer at VHF, UHF and microwave frequencies? 61. It is a version of the balanced modulator that is one of the most popular mixers at VHF and UHF. 62. What is the primary benefit of transistor mixers over diode mixers? 63. In receivers built for VHF, UHF and microwave applications, what are usually used as mixers? 64. Why is junction FETs and dual-gate MOSFETs widely used as mixers in VHF, UHF and microwave applications? 65. It is a circuit that functions both as a mixer and a local oscillator. 66. Is the mixing process linear or nonlinear? 67. Between a bipolar and FET, which transistor mixer is preferred? 68. It is another term for the mixing process. 69. It is the purpose of a mixer. 70. The type of mixer most used at microwave frequencies is a __. 71. They are the two mixers preferred at VHF and UHF.

crystals tune, resonant or LC vibrate or resonate crystal 200 to 500 phase shift mixer or balanced modulator mixing mixers or converters up conversion and down conversion. up conversion down conversion nonlinearity hot-carrier or Schottky barrier diodes doubly balanced mixer gain is obtained with a transistor stage junction FETs and dual-gate MOSFETs because of their high gain and low noise autodyne converter nonlinear FET heterodyning to perform frequency conversion or translation diode doubly balanced mixer and GaAs FET
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72. Is it true that mixing is the same as AM? 73. Can any balanced modulator be used as a mixer? 74. It can be accomplished by multiplying the carrier sine wave by a gain or attenuation factor that varies in accordance with the information signal. 75. It is the process of amplitude modulating the final power amplifier of a transmitter. 76. It composes most SSB filters. 77. It is a frequency-determining component that acts like an LC circuit with a very high Q. 78. It uses ceramic resonators that act like crystals but are smaller and lower in cost. 79. It is a popular IC mixer that contains a cross-connected differential amplifier mixer circuit and an on-chip local oscillator.

yes yes Amplitude Modulation high-level modulation quartz crystal quartz crystal ceramic filters NE602

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Chapter 4: Frequency Modulation

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. In __, the carrier amplitude remains constant, while the carrier frequency is changed by the modulating signal. In FM, as the amplitude of the information signal varies, the carrier frequency will shift in __. In FM, as the modulating signal amplitude varies, the carrier frequency varies above and below its __. It is the amount of change in carrier frequency produced by the modulating signal. In Fm, maximum frequency deviation occurs at the __ of the modulating signal. It determines how many times per second the carrier frequency deviates above and below its nominal center frequency. It is the frequency of the carrier frequency deviation. In FM, when the modulating signal is at zero amplitude, the carrier will be at its __. Assume a carrier frequency of 50 MHz. If the peak amplitude of the modulating signal causes a maximum frequency deviation of 200 kHz, the carrier frequency will deviate from __ to __. FM proportion normal center frequency frequency deviation maximum amplitude modulating signal frequency frequency deviation rate center frequency point 49.8 50.2 MHz 400 kHz or 200kHz frequency of the modulating signal amplitude of the modulating signal angle true deviation amplitude increases decreases phase shift phase shift increases

10. In the above example, what is the total frequency deviation? 11. It determines the rate of the frequency deviation but has no effect on the amount of deviation. 12. Frequency deviation is strictly a function of __. 13. It is the general name given to both FM an PM. 14. True or false. In FM, the carrier amplitude remains constant with modulation. 15. It is the amount of frequency shift during modulation. 16. The amount of frequency shift in FM is directly proportional to the __ of the modulating signal. 17. As the modulating signal amplitude goes positive, the carrier frequency __. 18. As the modulating signal amplitude goes negative, the carrier frequency __. 19. It refers to a time separation between two sine waves of the same frequency. 20. In PM, the greater the amplitude of the modulating signal, the greater the __. 21. In PM, as the modulating signal goes positive, the amount of phase lag __ with the amplitude of the modulating signal.

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22. In the scenario of the previous question, what happens to the carrier output? 23. The delay mentioned in the previous question __ with the amplitude of the modulating signal. 24. In PM, when the modulating signal goes negative, the phase shift becomes __. 25. Since FM is produced by PM, PM is often referred to as __. 26. FM is only produced as long as the phase shift is being __. 27. In PM, during increases or decreases in amplitude, a __ will be produced. 28. In PM, during constant amplitude positive and negative peaks, what takes place? 29. In PM, during constant amplitude positive and negative peaks, what is the output? 30. What type of modulation illustrates that frequency variations take place only if the modulating signal amplitude is varying. 31. The maximum frequency deviation produced occurs during the time that the modulating is __. 32. The maximum rate of change of modulating voltage occurs exactly at the __. 33. In FM, the maximum deviation occurs at __. 34. In PM, the maximum amount of leading or lagging phase shift occurs at __. 35. In PM, frequency deviation at the output depends upon __. 36. In PM, the faster the modulating signal voltage varies, the greater the __ produced. 37. The frequency deviation produced in PM __ with the frequency of the modulating signal. 38. In PM, higher modulating voltages produce __ phase shift. 39. In PM, greater phase shift produces __ frequency deviation. 40. In PM, higher modulating frequencies produce a __ rate of change of the modulating voltage. 41. In PM, a faster rate of change of the modulating signal, the __ the frequency deviation. 42. In PM, the __ is proportional to both the modulating frequency and amplitude. 43. In FM, frequency deviation is proportional is proportional only to the __ regardless of its frequency. 44. In FM, crystal oscillators (can/cannot) be frequency-modulated over a very wide range.

it is delayed increases leading indirect FM varied varying frequency no frequency change the carrier frequency which has been shifted in phase Phase Modulation changing at its most rapid rate zero crossing points the peak positive and negative amplitude of the modulating signal the peak amplitudes of the modulating signal the rate of change of the modulating signal frequency deviation increases greater greater faster greater carrier frequency deviation amplitude of the modulating signal cannot

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45. Between FM and PM, most angle modulation is what? 46. True or False. Most phase modulators are simpler to implement than frequency modulators. 47. In PM, the carrier __ is varied in proportion to the amplitude of the modulating signal. 48. A varying phase shift produces a __. 49. A phase modulator produces a frequency deviation only when the modulating signal is __. 50. In PM, the frequency deviation is proportional to both the modulating signal __ and __. 51. When the modulating signal amplitude crosses zero, the phase shift and frequency deviation in a phase modulator are __. 52. A phase modulator may use a low-pass filter to offset the effect of increasing carrier frequency deviation for increasing modulating __. 53. True or False. Any Modulation process produces sidebands. 54. In FM and PM, a theoretically __ number of pairs of upper and lower sidebands are generated. 55. Can a special narrowband FM signal whose bandwidth is only slightly wider than that of an AM signal can be generated? 56. Sidebands are spaced from the carrier fc and from one another by a frequency equal to what? 57. If each sideband is assumed to be a sine wave with a given frequency and amplitude, and all these sine waves were added together, then the __ would be created. 58. The number of sidebands produced, their amplitude and their spacing depend upon the __ and __. 59. Should the sideband amplitudes vary with frequency deviation and modulating frequency? 60. The number of significant sidebands and their amplitudes are dependent upon the amount of __ and __. 61. It is the ratio of the frequency deviation to the modulation frequency. 62. In standard FM broadcasting, the maximum permitted frequency deviation is __. 63. In standard FM broadcasting, what is the maximum modulating frequency? 64. Whenever the maximum allowable frequency deviation and the maximum modulating frequency are used in computing the modulation index, it is known as what? 65. Knowing the modulation index, one can compute what? 66. Any sideband whose amplitude is less than __ of the unmodulated carrier is considered significant.

PM true phase shift frequency shift or variation changing or varying amplitude, frequency at maximum frequency true infinite yes modulating frequency, fm FM signal producing them frequency deviation, modulating frequency yes frequency deviation, modulating frequency modulation index, m 75 kHz 15 kHz deviation ratio the number and amplitudes of the significant sidebands 1 percent

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67. The FM produced by a phase modulator is known as __. 68. Computing the number and amplitudes of the significant sidebands is done through a complex mathematical process known as what? 69. The higher the modulation index, the __ the bandwidth of the FM signal. 70. It is an alternative way to calculate the bandwidth of an FM signal. 71. Does overmodulation and distortion occur in FM? 72. What happens when the modulating signal amplitude increase? 73. What happens when the modulation index increases? 74. What is the maximum deviation permitted for audio in broadcast TV? 75. What is the maximum modulating frequency permitted for audio in broadcast TV? 76. What is the maximum permitted deviation in a standard two-way mobile radio communications using FM? 77. What is the upper modulating frequency in a standard two-way mobile radio communications using FM? 78. The maximum deviation permitted can be used in ratio with the actual carrier deviation to produce what? 79. FM percent modulation must be less than __ percent. 80. True or False. An FM signal produces more sidebands than an AM signal. 81. The bandwidth of an FM signal is proportional to the __. 82. The maximum frequency deviation of an FM signal is 10 kHz. The maximum modulating frequency is 3.33 kHz. The deviation ratio is __. 83. In an FM signal, the modulating frequency is a 1.5 kHz sine wave. The carrier frequency is 1000 kHz. The frequencies of the third significant sidebands are __ and __ kHz. 84. The amplitudes of the sidebands in an FM signal are dependent upon a mathematical process known as __. 85. An FM signal has a deviation ratio of 3. The maximum modulating signal is 5 kHz. The bandwidth of the signal is __ kHz. 86. If the maximum allowed deviation is 5 kHz but the actual deviation is 3.75 kHz, the percentage of modulation is __ percent. 87. A negative sign on the carrier and sideband amplitudes in the Bessel Function Table means __. 88. True or False. The carrier in an FM signal can never drop to zero amplitude. 89. Why does the Carson's Rule give a narrower bandwidth?

Indirect FM the Bessel functions wider Carsons Rule no it increases the frequency deviation it produces more significant sidebands and wider bandwidth 25 kHz 15 kHz 5 kHz 2.5 kHz FM percent modulation 100 true modulation index 3 995.5 and 1004.5 Bessel functions 60 75 phase inversion or 180 false it is because it considers less number of sidebands

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90. What happens when the frequency deviation increases? 91. True or False. FM is considered to be superior to AM. 92. What are the advantages of FM over AM?

it increases the modulation index true 1. better noise immunity 2. rejection of interfering signals because of "capture effect" 3. better transmitter efficiency 1. Excessive use of spectrum space 2. more complex and costly circuits superior noise immunity noise FM Capture Effect pre-emphasis 75 microseconds 2122 Hz cutoff frequency 6 dB per octave yes de-emphasis de-emphasis reduces narrowband FM (NBFM) noise amplitude limiter or clipper capture effect

93. What are the disadvantages of FM over AM? 94. What is the primary benefit of FM over AM? 95. It is essentially amplitude variations. 96. Which type of modulation has the benefit of having the interfering signals on the same frequency be effectively rejected? 97. It is a phenomenon when two or more FM signals occur simultaneously on the same frequency and one signal is more than twice the amplitude of the other, the stronger signal will totally eliminate the weaker. 98. It is a technique used to help offset high frequency noise interference. 99. What is the time constant of pre-emphasis circuits? 100. What is the cutoff frequency of pre-emphasis circuits? 101. In pre-emphasis circuits, above what frequency will signals be linearly enhanced? 102. In pre-emphasis circuits, the output amplitude increases with frequency at a rate of what? 103. Can a simple high-pass filter be considered a pre-emphasis circuit? 104. It is a simple low-pass filter with a time constant of 75 microseconds. 105. It features a cutoff of 2122 Hz and causes signals above this frequency to be attenuated at a rate of 6 dB per octave. 106. Reducing the modulation index __ the noise immunity of the FM signal. 107. In commercial two-way FM radio systems, there is a deviation ratio of 1.67 This is sometimes called as __. 108. The main advantage of FM over AM is its immunity from __. 109. Noise is primarily a variation in __. 110. FM receivers reject noise because of built-in __ circuits. 111. The __ in an FM receiver causes a stronger signal to dominate a weaker signal on the same frequency.

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112. Typically FM transmitters are more efficient than AM transmitters because they use class __ amplifiers. 113. The biggest disadvantage of FM is its excessive use of __. 114. True or False. An AM circuit is usually more complex and expensive than an FM circuit. 115. Noise primarily interferes with __ modulating frequencies. 116. The method used to offset the effect of noise in FM transmissions by boosting high frequencies is known as __. 117. To boost high frequencies, this circuit is used. 118. To correct for the high frequency boost, this circuit is used at the receiver. 119. The time constant of a pre-emphasis circuit is __. 120. In an FM receiver, frequencies above __ Hz are attenuated 6 dB per octave. 121. What is the type of modulation when information signal varies the frequency of the carrier? 122. It is the amount of frequency change from the carrier center frequency. 123. In FM, the deviation is __ to the amplitude of the modulating signal. 124. During FM, the carrier amplitude remains __. 125. In PM, the __ of the carrier is varied by the amplitude of the modulating signal. 126. True or False. PM produces FM. 127. It does not occur at the output of a phase modulator unless the modulating signal amplitude varies. 128. The amount of __ produced by a phase modulator increases with the modulating frequency. 129. True or False. To produce true FM from a PM signal, the amplitude of the modulating signal must be decreased with frequency so that frequency deviation does not change with modulating frequency.

C spectrum space false high pre-emphasis high pass filter de-emphasis 75 microseconds 2122 FM frequency deviation proportional constant phase shift true frequency deviation frequency deviation true

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