COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

DOCUMENT TITLE: DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS FOR TANKS

DOCUMENT NUMBER: QMS-CV-CI-05

01 00 00-94 REV.

July 2006 Sep2003 8/98 DATE

A.Zakeri M.Najimi B.Shakeri PREPARED

F.Tohidkhah, M.Jamshidi H.R.Ossareh M.Haeri CHECKED

A.palizban B.Haghighi S.Rezaei APPROVED

Ghafarizadeh N.Eftekhar

AUTHORIZED

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COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks TABLE OF CONTENTS

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0

SCOPE REFERENCES RESPONSIBILITES SOIL INVESTIGATION TYPICAL FOUNDATION TYPES GENERAL DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATION LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATION CONCRETE RING WALL DESIGN ATTACHMENTS

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COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks 1

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

SCOPE This procedure provides important considerations for the design of foundations for aboveground steel oil storage tanks with flat bottoms. Recommendations are offered to outline good practice and to point out some precautions that should be considered in the design and construction of storage tank foundations. The type of storage tanks normally encountered in industrial plants has cylindrical shells, essentially flat bottoms, and either cone roofs or floating roofs. The tank size may range from 3.0m (ten feet) diameter to a diameter in excess of 60.0m (200feet). Tank heights normally range from 4.80m (6 feet) to 16.80m (56 feet), but may even exceed this figure. Due to the wide variety of surface, subsurface, and climatic conditions, it is difficult to pin point one design procedure for all storage tank foundations. Each case should be analyzed individually and a foundation should be designed to meet those individual requirements. This procedure is to be used for the design of surface ring foundations of cylindrical steel storage tanks, commonly used in oil, gas, petrochemical and industrial plants for storage of liquid materials. It does not cover the design of ring foundations supported by piles. This procedure shall only be used by design structural engineers involved in design of these foundations. REFERENCES For preparation of this procedure, the following codes of standards and reference books have been used : 1) American Concrete Institute, ACI-318, Edition 1989. 2) Planning and Budget Organization, Bureau of Technical Research and Regulations, Publication No. 123. Regulations and criteria for analysis and design of ground water storage tanks, Edition 1993. 3) Structural Engineering Handbook (section 23. Steel Tanks) by : Edwin H. Gaylord, Jr., & charles N. Gaylord. Fourth Edition 2002. 4) Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, API Standard 650, Tenth eddition, Novamber1998 5) Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage, American Water Works Association, 1998 RESPONSIBILITIES Civil manager shall update or reissue this procedure if it is necessary. Civil manager shall check if the procedure to be observed in design engineering of the projects. SOIL INVESTIGATION: 4.1 At any tank site the subsurface conditions must be known to soil bearing capacity and settlement that will be expreinced. The subgrade must be capable of supporting the load of the tank and its contents. The total settlement must not strain conecting piping or produce gauging inaccuracies, and the settlement shall be within a point at which the tank bottom is below the surrounding ground surface.

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COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks 4.2

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

A soil investigation shall be provided by the purchaser to determine the following: 1. The presence or absence of rock, old excavation, or fill. 2. Whether the site is suitable for the structure to be built thereon. 3. The classification of soil strata after appropriate sampling. 4. The type of foundation that will be required at the site. 5. The elevation of groundwater and whether dewatering is required. 6. The bearing capacity of the soil and depth at which footings must be founded. 7. Whether piling will be required for support of foundations and the length of such piling. 8. The elevations of the existing grade and other topographical features that may affect the foundation design or construction. 9. The homogeneity and compressibility of the soils across the tank site so that the possibility of total and differential settlement of the structure may be evaluated. 4.3 When actual experience with similar tanks and foundations at particular site is not available, the following ranges for factors of safety should be considered for use in the foundation design criteria for determining the allowable soil bearing pressures. (The owner or geothecnical engineer responsible for the project may use factors of safety outsides these ranges.) a. From 2.0 to 3.0 against ultimate bearing failure for normal operating conditions. b. From 1.5 to 2.25 against ultimate bearing failure during hydrostatic testing. c. From 1.5 to 2.25 against ultimate bearing failure for operating conditions plus the maximum effect of wind or seismic loads. 4.4 If the subgrade is inadequate to carry the load of the filled tank without excessive settlement, shallow or superficial construction under the tank bottom will not improve the support conditions. One or more of the following general methods should be considered to improve the support conditions: a. Removing the objectionable material and replacing it with suitable, compacted material. b. Compacting the soft material with short piles. c. Compacting the soft material by preloading the area with an overburden of soil. Strip or sand drains may be used in conjunction with this method. d. Stabilizing the soft material by chemical methods or injection of cement grout. e. Transferring the load to a more stable material underneath the subgrade by driving piles or constructing foundation piers. This involves constructing a reinforced concrete slab on the piles to distribute the load of the tank bottom. f. Constructing a slab foundation that will distribute the load over a sufficiently large area of the soft material so that the load intensity will be within allowable limits and excessive settlement will not occur. g. Improving soil properties by vibro-compaction, vibro-replacement, or deep dynamic compaction. h. Slow and controlled filling of the tank during hydrostatic testing. When this method is used, the integrity of the tank may be compromised by excessive settlements of the shell or bottom. For this reason, the settlements of the tank shall be closely monitors. In the event

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COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

of settlements beyond established ranges, the test may have to be stopped and the tank relabeled. TYPICAL FOUNDATION TYPES 5.1 All flat-bottom tanks shall be supported on a ringwall, footing, concrete slab, or structurally compacted granular berm, with or without concrete or steel retainer rings, as specified by the purchaser. Excavation, soil preparation, and compaction shall conform to accepted engineering practice for the bearing pressures predicted; refer also to Sec. 6.9. Site grading around the tank shall provide for positive drainage away from the tank. Following notation shall be considered in tank foundation design: 5.1.1 Tanks that require anchor bolts shall be supported on a ringwall or a concrete slab. 5.1.2 Where environmental concerns exist regarding the use of an oiled sand cushion, the purchaser shall specify either clean crushed rock, clean sand, or asphaltic road mix. 5.1.3 The resistivity of the sand before adding oil or hydrated lime should be greater than 3,000 ohm-cm when saturated with distilled or deionized water. 5.1.4 The addition of hydrated lime to clean sand can be used to enhance corrosion resistance. The pH of the hydrated lime/sand mix should be a minimum of 10.5. When the underside of the tank bottom surface is painted, compatibility of the paint with the lime shall be checked with the paint supplier. 5.1.5 The chloride content of the underbottom material shall be less than 100 ppm. The sulfate content shall be less than 200 ppm. 5.1.6 Cathodic protection systems are available for underbottom corrosion protection. 5.2 Type 1:Earth-Mound Tank Foundations (Tank Pads): In the absence of any obligations from others (purchaser or related desciplines), when an engineering evaluation of subsurface conditions that is based on experience and/or exploratory work has shown that the subgrade has adequate bearing capacity and that settlements will be acceptable, satisfactory foundations may be constructed from earth materials. Tank pads comprise well compacted oiled sand pads, rock fill, and granular or sandy silty clay mounds, to support vertical steel storage tanks of low height to diameter ratio. Mounds should normally be built sufficiently high to allow for possible settlements of the tanks. They should be surfaced with a bitumen-sand mix to protect the underside of the bottom plates from ground water, unless an alternative open texture coarse granular surface is specified. Earth-mound foundations may range from 150 mm thick pads of selected fill where ground is firm, to larger mounds of earth, oiled sand, hard-core, ballast, rock fill, etc., Fig. A-1 shows a typical earth mound tank foundation. For more details refer to Clause A-3 of BS 2654: 1989.

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COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

5.3

Type 2: Tanks supported on concrete slabs. a. For small tanks when the soil bearing loads must be distributed over an area larger than the tank area or when it is specified by the owner, a reinforced concrete slab shall be used. Piles beneath the slab may be required for proper tank support. Concrete slabs also may be used when the soil cannot bear the stress under tanks or when piles are used to improve soil bearing. In this case the top of the concrete raft shall be covered with a layer of sand-bitumen mixture of at least 50mm to allow movement of tank bottom and to prevent corrosion. The structural design of the slab, whether on grade or on piles, shall properly account for all loads imposed upon the slab by the tank. The reinforcement requirements and the design details of construction shall be in accordance with ACI 318. b. The tank shell shall be supported with grout or alternately fiber joint filler if the foundation under the shell meets the tolerances of Sec. 6.13. When grouted, a 1in. (25mm) minimum space between the tank bottom and the top of the concrete shall be filled with either a nonshrink grout or a 1:1.5 cementsand grout at the constructors option unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. The grout shall fill the entire space beneath the tank from the outside edge of the tank bottom to the sand cushion. In no case shall the width of grout placed under the tank bottom be less than 6 in. (152 mm). The top of the foundation shall be thoroughly saturated with water before grout is placed. Type 3:Tanks within ringwalls: a. Large tanks, tanks with heavy or tall shells and/or self-supported roofs impose a substantial load on the foundation under the shell. This is particularly important with

5.4

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COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

regard to shell distortion in floating-roof tanks. When there is some doubt whether a foundation will be able to carry the shell load directly, a concrete ringwall foundation should be used. (See Fig. A-2). The cushion base shall consist of a minimum of 6-in. (152-mm) cushion of clean sand or fine crushed stone saturated with heavy-base petroleum oil unless precluded by environmental requirements. The top of the sand within the ringwall should slope uniformly upward from the top of the wall to the center of the tank. The inside of the ringwall shall be a minimum of 3/4in. (19mm) outside the bottom plates of the tank. Adequate provisions for drainage inside the ringwall shall be made. For high-pressure tanks, it may be necessary to prevent uplift of the shell due to the combined effects of vapor pressure and wind movement by means of an anchorage around the shell built into a suitable concrete ring or raft.

Foundation With Concrete Ringwall (typical) Fig. A-2 Where the foundation design incorporates a ring beam, care should be taken to ensure that the relative settlement characteristics of the ring wall and the infill are not such as to result in excessive differential settlement local to the inner wall of the ring beam.

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COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

Consideration may need to be given to the provision of a hinged transition slab in this area. A minimum thickness of 50 mm of bitumen-sand should be maintained over the concrete. For more details on design procedure and construction consideration for these foundations see sec 8. b. For smaller tanks, foundations can consist of compacted crushed stone, screenings, fine gravel, clean sand, or similar material placed directly on virgin soil. Any unstable material must be removed, and any replacement material must be thoroughly compacted. For crushed stone or gravel ringwalls, careful selection of design details is necessary to ensure satisfactory performance. The type of foundation suggested is shown in Figure A-3. Significant details include the following: 1. The 0.9m (3ft) shoulder and berm shall be protected form erosion by being constructed of crushed stone or covered with a permanent paving material. 2. Care shall be taken during construction to prepare and maintain a smooth, level surface for the tank bottom plates. 3. The tank grade shall be constructed to provide adequate drainage a way from the tank foundation. 4. The tank foundation must be ture to the specified plane within the tolerances specified in 6.13.

Foundation With Crushed Stone Ringwall (typical) Fig. A-3 5.5 Other types of foundations for storage tanks Where poor sub-soil conditions necessitate the use of a reinforced concrete raft and piled foundation, the raft should be designed in accordance with normal reinforced concrete practice (see IPS-C-CE-200) and surfaced with a reduced thickness of bitumen-sand mix as described in A.5.1. The pile system should be designed in accordance with requirements of IPS-E-CE-130 6 General Design and Construction Consideration The design of the concrete foundations, the specifications for the cement and aggregate, and the mixing and placing of the concrete shall be in accordance with ACI 318, except

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COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

as modified in this section and the following subsections. Concrete work shall conform to all requirements of ACI 301, except as modified by agreement between purchaser and constructor. 6.1 Soil Bearing: In selecting the proper type of foundation, the bearing capacity of soil is the primary factor. Foundations on sandy soil shall be checked by using the weight of water, since settlement under this condition occurs very rapidly and should be essentially completed after the water test (i. e. First loading). Foundations on clay soils shall be checked by using the weight of the commodity (i. e. , long term loading ) because clay settles more evenly and slowly due to consolidation. In some instances, it is advisable to use the water test to consolidate clay layers by slowly filling the tank and waiting for settlement to occur. 6.2 Height above ground: The top of concrete foundations shall be a minimum of 600mm above the finished grade, unless specified otherwise by the purchaser. 6.3 Foundation depth: The minimum depth of foundations shall be determined from the extreme frost penetration depth. Foundation depth shall be increased in localities where soil or other factors are favorable to deep frost penetration and may be reduced for piers resting on rock. Uplift or soil-bearing requirements may dictate greater depths. Minimum depth shall be 600mm. 6.4 Pile foundations: If a pile-supported foundation is required, the purchaser shall specify the pile type and depth below existing grade to be used for bidding and design capacities for live and dead loads, including the weight of all soil above the footing, and for live and dead loads combined with wind or seismic loads, or both. 6.5 The effect of buoyancy shall be considered when specified by the purchaser. 6.6 The foundation shall be graded to slope uniformly upward to the center of the tank. A slope of 1cm. vertical to 12cm horizontal is suggested as a minimum. 6.7 Placing concrete: The riser and column pier concrete shall each be placed monolithically, without any interruption of sufficient duration to permit partial setting of the concrete. If it is necessary to place pier concrete in more than one day, a sufficient number of dowels shall be used to transmit all specified loads across the cold joint. 6.8 Finish. The top portions of piers to a level of 150mm below the proposed ground level shall be finished to a smooth form finish in compliance with ACI 301. Any small holes may be troweled with mortar as soon as possible after the forms are removed. 6.9 Backfill: For reservoirs with ringwall foundations, all topsoil, organic material, and undesirable material within the ringwall shall be removed and replaced with a controlled, load-bearing backfill. The natural soils and load-bearing backfill within the ringwall

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COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

shall be capable of supporting the tank bottom without general settlement or localized settlement causing breakdown of the tank bottom adjacent to the ringwall. 6.9.1 Material and compaction. Load-bearing backfill shall be suitable non- frozen material, placed and compacted in uniform horizontal lifts to the degree of compaction required by the foundation design. The water load and ringwall height shall be considered in determining the required degree of compaction. 6.9.2 Pipe cover. Pipe cover shall be provided in accordance with local conditions dicisions. 6.10 The constructor shall furnish foundation plans based on the type of foundation foundation depth, and design soil-bearing pressure specified by the purchaser. The earth around the foundation shall be regraded sufficiently to permit efficient work during tank erection and to prevent ponding of water in the foundation area. Appendix I of API650 provides recommendations on construction tank and foundation systems for detection of leaks through the bottoms of stroge tanks. 6.11 Settlement As a general rule, the tank center will settle substantially more than the tank edge because of variation in stress distribution. After settlements due to hydrostatic testing, and a number of years of operational service, the remaining minimum elevation of the tank pad measured at the position of the tank wall shall be 0.60m above the highest floor level of the bounded area. During hydrostatic testing of the tank, 30 to 70% of the total settlement will take place already and the remaining settlements will take place mainly during the first few years when the tank is in operation. For more details see appendix B of API653. 6.12 Hydrostatic testing The water test pressure is an integral part of the foundation design and should be agreed with a soil mechanics establishment. All tank tests will be carried out to provide adequate measured load/settlement records. The first tank in a new area will be the most critical and subsequent testing arrangements on other tanks should be adjusted in the light of the first test results where the tanks are on similar sub-soil conditions. For more detailed information refer to Clause A.5 of BS 2654: 1989. 6.13 Tolerances on concrete foundations: Ringwalls and slabs after grouting or before placing the cane-fiber joint filler shall be level within 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) in any 30-ft (9.1-m) circumference under the shell. The levelness on the circumference shall not vary by more than 1/4 in. (6 mm) from an established plane. The tolerance on poured concrete before grouting shall be 1 in. (25 mm).

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COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks 7 LOADS:

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

7.1 Vertical Load: Storage tank foundations shall be designed to support the tank weight plus the weight of stored product or water whichever is greater. Water load shall be considered as live load as defined by ACI 318. The appropriate factors for all live loads shall be used in the foundation design. 7.2 Horizontal Load: Stability of tank must be checked against overturning by wind or seismic forces. 7.2.1 Wind governs when the tank is empty, and seismic overturning when the tank is full. 7.2.2 Wind load and Seismic load shall be specified by related descipline or by purchaser. 7.2.3 Flat-bottom tanks may be anchored or unanchored to resist lateral loading. 7.2.3.1 Anchored tanks could be susceptible to tearing of the shell if anchorage is not properly designed. Care must be taken to ensure that anchor bolt attachments are stronger than the anchor bolt. Experience shows that properly designed anchored tanks retain greater reserve strength to seismic overload than unanchored tanks. Anchorage shall be designed such that anchor bolts yield before the shell attachment fails. See Sec. 3.8.2 of reference no. 5 for anchor bolt chair design reference. Overturning anchorage consists of anchor bolts embedded in the ringwall or concrete mat and connected to the lower part of the tank shell by anchor-bolt chairs.

The required area of steel for anchor bolts shall be calculated from the formula below: AS = (4M/Nb Db - W/Nb ) 1/fs

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COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks Where : As = Area of one anchor bolt. Db = Diameter of anchor bolts circle.

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

fs = Allowable steel stress of anchor bolts in units consistent with As and W. M = Overturning moment in units consistent with Db . Nb = Number of anchor bolts in circle. W = Weight of tank + liquid. 7.2.3.2 Seismic (or wind) resistance of an unanchored tank is related to the height to diameter ratio of the structure. For details see sec 13.3 of the reference no.5. 7.3 Load combinations: When there is no other recommendation, following load combinations are considered for design of foundation for tanks. The soil pressure should be controlled and foundation should be designed considering following load combinations: LOAD COMBINATION TABLE FOR STRESS ON SOIL EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT ON STRUCTURE LOADS OPERATION TEST LOADS LOADS LOAD CASE DEAD LIVE Rain QUAKE WIND THERM. OPER. QUAKE WIND
LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD TEST LOAD WIND LOAD

TEST LOAD

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2

DL 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.75

LL 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.38 0.38

SL 1.00 0.75 0.38 0.75 0.75 0.75 -

EQL 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 -

WL 0.75 0.75 0.38 1.00 0.75 0.25 0.25

T 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00 0.75 -

OPL 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 1.00 -

EQL 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.75 -

WL TL 0.75 0.75 0.38 1.00 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.00

or

WL 0.25 0.25

OPERATION LOAD

3 1.00 0.38

EQL= EQ(UBC) / 1.4 EQL = ( EQLx) or ( EQLy) or

0.3EQLx)

( EQLx

0.3EQLy)

( EQLy

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SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

LOAD COMBINATION TABLE FOR FOUNDATION REINFORCEMENT EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT ON STRUCTURE LOADS OPERATION TEST LOADS LOADS LOAD CASE DEAD LIVE RAin QUAKE WIND THERM. OPER. QUAKE WIND
LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD LOAD TEST LOAD WIND LOAD

TEST LOAD

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2

DL 1.40 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 0.90 1.32 1.00 1.05 1.40 1.05 1.05

LL 1.70 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.10 1.28 0.64 0.64 -

SL 1.70 1.28 0.67 1.28 0.77 -

EQL 1.40 1.54 1.54 -

WL 1.28 1.28 0.67 1.30 0.71 0.55

T 1.20 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.05 1.40 -

OPL 1.40 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 0.90 1.32 1.00 1.05 1.40 -

EQL 1.40 1.54 1.54 -

WL TL 1.28 1.28 0.67 1.30 1.05 1.05 0.95

WL 0.71 0.55

OPERATION LOAD

3 0.95

8 CONCRETE RINGWALL DESIGN The dimension sizing and checking of stresses shall be performed as follow: 8.1 Sizing 8.1.1 When a concrete ringwall is designed, it shall be proportioned so that allowable soil bearing is not exceeded. The ringwall shall not be less than 300mm (12in.) thick. The centerline diameter of the ringwall should equal the nominal diameter of the tank: however, the ringwall centerline may vary if required to facilitate the placement of anchor bolts or to satisfy soil bearing limits for seismic loads or excessive uplift forces. The depth of the wall will depend on local conditions, but the depth must be sufficient to place the bottom of the ringwall below the anticipated frost penetration and within the specified bearing strata. As a minimum, the bottom of the ringwall, if founded on soil, shall be located 0.6, (2 ft) below the lowest adjacent finish grade. Tank foundations must be constructed within the tolerances specified in 6.13. Recesses shall be provided in the wall for flush type cleanouts, draw off sumps, and any other appurtenances that require recesses.

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SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

8.1.2 The thickness of the ringwall is determined by considering the bearing pressure. In order to minimize differential settlement, the bearing pressure under the ringwall must be equal to the pressure under the main portion of the tank. Soil pressure under main portion of tank (ton/m2) is : Po = qH + sh Soil pressure under ringwall is : Po = W/t + qH/2 + ch Where : t = Width of ringwall (m.). q = Unit weight of tank fluid (ton/m3). H = Height of tank liquid (m.). s = Unit weight of backfill inside ringwall (ton/m3). c = Unit weight of concrete (ton/m3). h = Height of ringwall (m.). W = Weight of tank shell per meter circumference, for tanks with floating roof or weight of tank shell plus load from tank roof on shell for fixed roof tanks, per meter of circumference (ton/m). Solving soil pressure equations for t and changing units : t = 200 W/ (qH-2h (c - s ) ) ( cm.) Minimum t = 30 cm. 8.1.3 The soil beneath the ring shall be able to tollerate the combined stress due to lateral and vertical loads. To compute this stress, the moment (causing by lateral loads) is divided to modulus section of ring circle and added to uniform stress of vertical loads. 8.2 Stresses and Reinforcing: 8.2.1 A ringwall should be reinforced against temperature changes and shrinkage and reinforced to resist the lateral pressure of the confined fill with its surcharge from product loads. ACI 318 is recommended for design stress values, material specifications, and rebars development and cover. The following items concerning a ringwall shall be considered: a. The ringwall shall be reinforced to resist the direct hoop tension resulting from the lateral earth pressure on the ringwalls inside face. Unless substantiated by proper geotechnical analysis, the lateral earth pressure shall be assumed to be at least 50% of the vertical pressure due to fluid and soil weight. If a granular backfill is used, a lateral earth pressure coefficient of 30% may be used. b. The ringwall shall be reinforced to resist the bending moment resulting from the uniform moment load. The uniform moment load shall account for the eccentricities of the applied shell and pressure loads relative to the centroid of the resulting soil pressure. The pressure load is due to the fluid pressure on the horizontal projection of the ringwall inside the shell. c. The ringwall shall be reinforced to resist the bending and torsion moments resulting from lateral, wind, or seismic loads applied eccentrically to it. A rational analysis, which includes the effect of the foundation stuffiness, shall be used to determine these moments and soil pressure distributions.

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SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

d. The total hoop steel area required to resist the loads noted above should not be less than the area required for temperature changes and shrinkage. The hoop steel area required for temperature changes and shrinkage is 0.0025 times the vertical cross-sectional area of the ringwall or the minimum reinforcement for walls called for in ACI318, Chapter 14. e. For ringwalls, the vertical steel area required for temperature changes and shrinkage is 0.0015 times the horizontal cross-sectional area of the ringwall or the minimum reinforcement for walls called for in ACI 318, Chapter 14. Additional vertical steel may be required for uplift or tensional resistance. If the ring foundation is wider than its depth, the design shall consider its behavior as an annular slab with flexure in the radial direction. Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement shall meet the ACI 318 provisions for slabs. (See ACI318, Chapter 7.) f. When the ringwall width exceeds 450mm, using a footing beneath the wall should be considered while the ring width may be constant (equivalent to 450mm or width that is mandatory by other parameters such as bolt size) . Footings may also be useful for resistance to uplift forces. g. Structural backfill within and adjacent to concrete ringwalls and around items such as vaults, under tank piping, and sumps requires close field control to maintain settlement tolerances. Backfill should be granular material compacted to the density and compacting as specified in the foundation construction specifications. For other backfill materials, sufficient tests shall be conducted to verify that the material has adequate strength and will undergo minimal settlement. h. An oiled sand cushion or alternative material at least 3 in. (76 mm) thick shall be provided above the earthen interior under the tank bottom. A 1in. (25-mm) minimum space between the tank bottom and the top of the ringwall shall be grouted full with either a non-shrink grout or 1:1.5 cement-sand grout at the constructors option unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. The grout shall fill the entire space beneath the tank from the outside edge of the tank bottom to the sand cushion. In no case shall the width of grout placed under the tank bottom be less than 6 in. (152 mm). The top of the foundation shall be thoroughly cleaned and saturated with water before grout is placed. In lieu of grout under the shell, the shell may be supported on 1/2-in. (13-mm) thick cane-fiber joint filler meeting the requirements of ASTM D1751 if the foundation under the shell meets the tolerances of Sec. 6.13. 8.2.2 From a section through the ringwall it is seen that the net horizontal force is: F = (1/2) k0 s h2 + k0 qH h

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SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

Rearranging terms: F = k0 h [qH + (1/2) s h] Where: F = Radial outward force on rignwall (ton/m). K0 = Earth pressure coefficient in rest case. K0 = 1-sin() = Angle of internal friction of soil. Note : If is unknown at the time design is initiated, Ka should be taken as 0. 30. The horizontal force F causes a hoop tension in the ringwall. T = (1/2) FD Tu = 1.7 T Where: T = Axial tension in ring (ton). T u = ultimate axial tension in ring (ton). D = Nominal tank diameter (m.). The horizontal reinforcing shall be sized to take all of the tension : As = T/fs using working stress design. As = TU / fy using ultimate strength design . ( = 0.90) The allowable steel stress may not be increased for test conditions unless dictated by job specifications. Minimum horizontal reinforcing shall be 0.0025 times the ringwall cross-sectional area. The vertical steel area required for temperature changes and shrinkage is 0.0015 times the horizontal cross-sectional area of ringwall. The tensile stress in concrete shall be checked using the following formula when extremely corrosive conditions exists: fct = (CEs As + T) / (Ac + n As) Where :

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SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

AS = Total area of reinforcement AC = Total area of concrete section fct = Tensile stress in concrete. C = Coefficient of shrinkage (normally taken as 0.0003). Es = Modules of elasticity of reinforcing steel. n = Modular ratio of steel to concrete (Es / Ec) Allowable tensile stress values for concrete vary from 10% to 15% of f c. However, concrete tensile stress in excess of the allowable may be permitted depending on the job criteria. All circumferential tension steel shall be continuous with splices staggered. All splices shall be in accordance with ACI-318, edition 1989. 8.3 OVERTURNING MOMENTS DUE TO LATERAL LOADS The foundation shall be checked against overturning moment and sliding forces. The safety factors shall be specified from project specifications. It recommends that the safety factor against overturning should not be less than 2.0 for normal conditions and 1.5 for others. Safety factor for sliding should not be less than 1.5. Wind and earthquake forces shall be considered as follow: 8.3.1 Wind Load Wind load shall be calculated according to the following formula : Pw = q ACI Where : Pw = Wind force. q = Wind pressure (is a function of wind design velocity and height of the tank) A = projected area of tank at direction of wind. C = Shape factor, and equals to 0.60 for cylinders. I = Importance factor (usually taken as 1.00) Overturning moment due to wind load (Mw) shall be calculated according to the formula below: Mw = Pw H/2 Where H is the total height of the tank. (It shall be noted that Mw = Pw H/2 may be modified as q varies due to height effects) 8.3.2 Earthquake Loads For calculation of earthquake loads, ref. (2) shall be used. The complete method is described hereinafter, but for using the charts, figures and tables, the reader should refer to the original document.

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COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks 8.3.2.1 Equivalent static lateral loads

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

Mb = Overturning moment at base of the tank and shall be calculated from the formula below : Mb = Pr hr + Pw hw + P1 h1 +P2 h2 Where : Pr = Lateral load due to the vibration of tank roof. Pw = Lateral load due to the vibration of tank shell. P1 = Resultant of all forces due to the vibration of the solid mass, which act at height h1 from base of the tank. P2 = Resultant of all forces due to the vibration of the oscillating mass acting at height h2 from base of the tank. Pr = (A (2) I/R) Wr Pw = (A (2) I/R) Ww P1 = (A (2) I/R) W1 P2 = (ABI/R) W2 ABI 0.375 ( R ) D dmax = ABI 1 Kd ( ) R Where : A = Basic design acceleration depending on earthquake zone. I = Importance factor which shall be take as 1.20. R = Coefficient for tank and liquid vibrating behaviour and shall be taken as 3 for tanks. Wr = Weight of tank roof + 20% of live load.

Ww = Weight of tank wall. W1 = Weight of the solid mass, and obtained from figure (3-4) in ref. (2). W2 = Weight of the oscillating mass and obtained from figure (3-4) in ref. (2). W = Total weight of the liquid. h = Total height of water (liquid) D = Diameter of tank. h1 = Height of point of application of P1, and obtained from figure (3-5) in ref. (2) h2 = Height of point of application of P2, and obtained from figure (3-5) in ref. (2). B = Coefficient of response of the first mode of vibrating mass, and is calculated from the equation below : B = 2 (To/T)2/3 < 2 Note that there is no lower limit for B (unlike the buildings). T = Period of first mode of vibrating mass which is equal to : T = 1.81 Kt h Kt = Stiffness of vibrating mass and shall be obtained from figure (3-6) in ref. (2).

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COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

To = Period of vibration of soil, and obtained from table (3-1) in ref. (2). Kd = A coefficient which shall be obtained from figure (3-7) in ref. (2). dmax = Increase in the height of water (liquid ) due to the water wave. hr = Total height of the tank. hW = Height of the center of gravity of tank shell (wall). For values of A, the following has been determined in ref. (2) chapter (2) :
Value of A Description Zone

0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20

Notes :

With very high risk With high risk With moderate risk With low risk

4 3 2 1

1. The maximum height between the tank roof and the water (liquid) level shall not exceed dmax., otherwise a pressure under the roof of the tank will be generated. 2. When earthquake analysis of the tank is performed by the Mechanical Engineering Department, its results will have precedence over the above- mentioned procedure. 3. For calculation of roof earthquake load, Wr shall be taken as weight of roof plus 20% of roof live load (snow load). 8.3.2.2 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE Tank characteristics : Diameter Total height of liquid Liquid specific gravity Total shell weight Total liquid weight Total tank weight Total roof weight (include. snow) Period (sec.) Liq. Accel. (m/Sec2) Liq. Displace. (m)

= 25.91 m = 12.2 m = 0.884 = 68.2 ton = 5676 ton = 5790 ton = 45.8 ton = 5.494 = 0.658 = 0.503

PAGE 20 OF 20

COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

Liq. Slosh (m) Frequency (rad./Sec.) Total overturning moment (at base of tank) Shear value (at base of tank)

= 0.602 = 0.576 = 4966 ton -m = 946 ton

Soil data : = 2 kg/cm2, s= 1.80 ton/m3 (s)allow = 3000 kg/cm2 fs =1800 For ringwall : fc = 200 kg/cm2 kg/cm2 fy Note : Earthquake analysis is provided by Mechanical Engineering Dept.
Solution : Hydo-test condition : Try 1.60 m high ringwall : PT = qw H + s h

Assume s = 1.80 ton/m3 and (s )allow. = 2.0 kg/cm2 PT = (1.0)(12.2) + 1.80 1.60 = 15.08 ton/m2 < 20 ton/m2 OK. Calculate ringwall thickness : Wsh = 68.2 ton D = 25.91 m W = Wsh/D = 68.20/ 25.91 = 0.84 ton/m 200 W t= (cm) (see part (3) ) For operating condition qH 2h( c s ) 200 0.84 t= = 18.95 cm (0.884 1)(12.2) 2(160 . )(2.40 180 . ) Use t = 50 cm (For practical reasons) Calculate hoop tension : F = Ka h [qwH + (1/2) s h] (see part 3-2) F = (0.33)(1.60)[(1.00)(12.2) + (1/2)(1.80) (1.60)] = 7.20 ton/m T = (1/2) FD Hoop tension T = (1/2)(7.20)(25.91) = 93.28 ton As =T/fs Assume fy = 3000 kg/cm2 fs = 1800 kg/cm2 & fc = 200 kg/cm2 As = 93.28/1.80 = 51.82 cm2 (total reinforcement required ) Required reinforcement at each face = As

PAGE 21 OF 21

COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

As = AS/2 = 51.82/2 = 25.91 cm2 As = Ab 145/S Smax = 145 Ab / As Try 18 Ab = 1.82 /4 = 2.54 cm2 Smax = 145(2.54)/25.91 = 14.21 cm c/c O.K. Use 11 18 each face As = 11 2.54 = 27.94 cm2 > 25.91 O.K. Use total 22 18 (As)tot. = 55.88 cm2 > 51.82 O.K. Check max. Tension in concrete : As ) (see part 3-2) fct = ( CEs As + T) / (Ac +n (0.0003)(2.1 10 6 )(55.88) + 93.28 10 3 f ct = = 15 kg / cm 2 160 50 + 9 (55.88)
(fct)allow. = 0.10 fc = 0.10 200 = 20 kg/cm2 > 15 O.K. Check for anchor bolts requirement : As = (4M/Nb Db -W/Nb ) 1/fs M = 4966 ton-m V = 946 ton As fs = T = 4M / Nb D b - W/Nb = 1/ N b (4M/Db - W) Where : W = Weight of tank +liquid content. T = 1/Nb (4 4966/25.91 - 5790) = 1/Nb (767-5790) < 0 No tension in anchor bolts. Calculate earth pressure under ringwall : Section modulus of soil Ss = D3 t/4/Dm D = 25.91m Dm= 25.91 + 0.50 = 26.41m Ss = 25.9130.5/4/26.41 = 258m3 Total moment at base of ringwall : Mt = M + v.h = 4966 + 946 1.60 = 6480 ton-m Max. Soil pressure due to earthquake : se = Mt/Ss = 6480/258 = 25.1 ton/m2 Calculate excessive pressure due to liquid slosh : sl = qc dmax/2 dmax =0.602 m (From earthquake analysis) qc = 0.884 1.00 = 0.884 ton/m3 sl = 0.884 0.602/2 = 0.27 ton/m2 Total soil pressure st = so+ se + sl so = qc H + s h = 0.884 12.20 + 1.80 1.60 so = 13.66 ton/m2 (at operating condition ) st = 13.66 + 25.1 + 0.27 = 39.1 ton/m2 = 3.91 kg/cm2 st = 3.91 kg/cm2 < 2.0 1.33=2.66 NOT O.K. Ringwall is not satisfactory so footing shall be used under the ring: If the width of footing is considered as 1.2m then: Ss = 25.9131.2 /4/26.91 = 609m3 And Max. Soil pressure due to earthquake:

PAGE 22 OF 22

COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

se = Mt/Ss = 6480/609 = 10.64ton/m2 st = 13.66 + 10.64+ 0.27 = 24.6 ton/m2 = 2.46kg/cm2 st = 2.46 kg/cm2 < 2.0 1.33=2.66 O.K. Ringwall with footing is satisfactory
Note : When tension in anchor bolts exists, conservatively assume that the maximum load carried by one anchor bolt in tension is resisted by area between anchor bolts in compression zone and then calculate maximum soil pressure due to earthquake.

PAGE 23 OF 23

COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

PAGE 24 OF 24

COMPANY WORK INSTRUCTION

SUBJECT: Design Of Foundations For Tanks

DOC. NO.: QMS-CV-CI-05 REV. NO.: 01

Table 3-1: Values of T0 Soil type Type I Type II Type III Type IV

T0 .3 .4 .5 .7

9 ATTACHMENTS 1. Computer programme for ring wall design: ringwall.xls This programme is based on linear analysis and empirical formulas. 2. Computer programme to convert static load to safe software. maketanksafe.exe 3. Typical drawing for earth mounded tank pad foundation