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Longitudinal strain
Shear stress between
strip and concrete
hyperbolic shape
hyperbolic shape
17 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
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18 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
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19 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
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trigonometric shape
trigonometric shape
20 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
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21 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Bond behavior depends on
Elastic deformation
shear modulus of adhesive and concrete
thickness of adhesive plus a layer of concrete
Bond damage (Entfestigungsbereich, Verbundschdigung)
concrete quality
Additionally, the stiffness (E
l
t
l
)
of the strip influences also the
bond behaviour.
G
Fb
maximum slip
constant (~0.2 mm)
22 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Comparison with reinforcement
Internal steel reinforcement is surrounded
Deflection perpenticular to longitudinal direction is not possible
Normal (confinement) stresses due to interlocking and friction
the longer the anchor length, the higher the anchor force up to
yielding of the steel reinforcement
Externally applied strip is free on one side
Deflection perpenticular to longitudinal direction is possible
maximum anchorage force (anchorage resistance) with
corresponding length (active bond length)
23 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
t
2/3
l0 ct c
4
= f =0.4 f
3
g
l0 l0
g
t
s =
G
t
G
g
t
g
1
t
l0
= 4.5 MPa
CFRP strip
according to Ulaga:
t
2/3
s0 ctm ck
=2f =0.6 f
t
s0
= 5.8 MPa
t
s1
= 2.9 MPa
with f
ck
= 30MPa (f
c
= 38MPa), t
g
=1mm, G
g
=4GPa
s
l0
= 0.001 mm
Reinforcement
according to Sigrist and Marti:
(Skript Stahlbeton Marti 2009)
s
l1
0.225 mm
G
Fb
= 0.51 N/mm
t
2/3
s1 ctm ck
=f =0.3 f
24 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
t t
f
l0 f,mean
f,max
G
= =
s
t
l0
= t
f,max
= 4.1 MPa
CFRP strip
according to Czaderski
(Diss ETH No. 20504):
with f
ck
= 30MPa, d
max
=32mm
s
lo
= s
f,el
= 0.02 mm
s
l1
= s
f,max
= 0.2 mm
2/3 1/4
f ck max
G =0.018 f d [N/mm]
G
Fb
= G
f
= 0.41 N/mm
ctH
Fb
f
G =
8
2/3
ctH ctm ck
f f =0.3 f ~
CFRP strip
according to SIA 166
with
with f
ck
= 30MPa, d
max
=32mm
G
Fb
= 0.36 N/mm
t ~
2/3
l0 ctH ck
4
= f 0.4 f
3
t
l0
= t
f,max
= 3.9 MPa
2/3
Fb ck
G =0.0375 f [N/mm]
(f
ctH
should better be
tested on site)
25 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
t
l
t
f,mean
s
l1
s
l
Simplified bond shear stress-slip relation
26 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
F = 5 kN
E
f
=165 GPa, b
f
=50mm, t
f
=1.2 mm, t
f,mean
=2.25 MPa
parabolic shape of slip
27 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
F = 10 kN
E
f
=165 GPa, b
f
=50mm, t
f
=1.2 mm, t
f,mean
=2.25 MPa
parabolic shape of slip
28 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
F = 15 kN
E
f
=165 GPa, b
f
=50mm, t
f
=1.2 mm, t
f,mean
=2.25 MPa
parabolic shape of slip
29 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
F = 20 kN
E
f
=165 GPa, b
f
=50mm, t
f
=1.2 mm, t
f,mean
=2.25 MPa
parabolic shape of slip
30 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
( )
2
l
l
l l
x
s x =
Et 2
t
( )
l
l
l l
x = x
Et
t
c
( )
l f,mean
x = t t
b0,R
b0
f,mean l
F
l =
b t
( )
l b0 l1
s x=l =s
2
b0,R
l1
2
l l l f,max
F
s =
2Et b t
with and we get from Eq. (1) and (3):
(1)
(2)
(3)
and with
Fb l1 f,max
G =s t
we get
b0,R l Fb l l
F =b 2G Et
31 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Equations for maximum anchorage resistance
ctH
b0,R l Fb l l l l l l l l ctH
f
F =b 2 G E t =b 2 Et =0.5b Et f
8
SIA 166
fib Bulletin 14
ctm f f f b c 1 max fa,
f t E b k k c N =
ctm f f f b max k,
f t E b k 0.5 T =
TR55
1
400
b
1
b
b
2
1.06 k
f
f
b
>
+
=
please note: without safety factors!!
Italian Code
ctm ck b Fk Fk f f f fd
f f k . ; t E 2 b F = I I = 03 0
Take care to symbols. They depend on the reference. l in SIA: Lamelle, Gewebe or Gelege
see lecture of Prof. Motavalli, EBR flex. strength.
32 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Active bond length
(the length which is actively involved in the force transfer from the strip to the concrete)
b0,R l Fb l l
F =b 2 G E t
b0,R
b0
l f,mean
F
l
b t
~
Fb l l
Fb l l
b0
2
f,mean f,mean
2 G E t
G E t
l
t t
~
with
33 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Equations for active bond length
(minimum necessary length for maximum anchor resistance F
b0,R
)
SIA 166
fib Bulletin 14
TR55
please note: without safety factors!!
Italian Code
; ;
Fb l l l l
b0 l0 ctH b0
2
l0 ctH
G E t E t 4 3
l 2 f l
2 3 16 f
t t
t
t
= = =
ctm 2
f f
max b,
f c
t E
l
=
ctm
f f
max b,
f
t E
0.7 l
=
ctm
f f
e
f 2
t E
l
=
34 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Units in equations in SIA 166
Equations for maximum anchorage resistance and active bond length
Please note, that the units are not conform!
2
05
1
ctH
b0,R l Fb l l l l l l l l ctH
ctH
Fb
f
F b 2 G E t b 2 E t . b E t f
8
N
f
N
mm
G
mm
8
mm
= = =
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
ctH
l l
b0 ctH l0
2
l0
l l Fb
b0
f
t E
16
l f
t E G
2
2
l
= =
=
t
t
t
t 3
;
3
4
;
35 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Example
(
=
mm
N
8
f
G
ctH
Fb
| | MPa f
3
4
ctH l0
= t
18.9kN 1.2 165'000 0.36 2 50 t E G 2 b F
l l Fb l R b0,
= = =
315MPa
A
F
l
R b0,
R b0,
= = o
1.91
E
l
R b0,
R b0,
= =
o
c
Concrete C30/37
Sika CarboDur S512 tensile strength > 2800 MPa
tensile strain > 17
for concrete
C 20/25 to C 50/60
mm
N
0.36
8
2.9
G
Fb
= =
MPa 2
3
4
l0
9 . 3 9 . = = t
36 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
5
10
15
20
25
C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
a
c
t
i
v
e
b
o
n
d
l
e
n
g
t
h
l
b
0
[
m
m
]
A
n
c
h
o
r
a
g
e
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
F
b
0
[
k
N
]
37 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
l l Fb
b l
l l Fb l R b,
b b
t E G 2
l
sin t E G 2 b F
l l if
=
<
2 2
0
0
:
t
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
A
n
c
h
o
r
a
g
e
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
F
[
k
N
]
bond length l [mm]
C50/60
C45/55
C40/50
C35/45
C30/37
C25/30
C20/25
C16/20
C12/15
38 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Design philosopy of preventing end
anchorage failure
SIA166: anchorage in the uncracked zone
ACI:
If V
u
> 0.67 V
c
at strip end, then transverse reinforcement is necessary
(they give a design equation for U-wrap reinforcement A
f,anchor
)
or (instead of detailed analysis)
for simply supported beams: length l
df
after last crack
Elastic solutions for calculating shear and normal stresses at strip
end
39 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
End anchorage, normal stresses at strip end
40 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Shear and normal stresses at strip end
B4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 10 20 30 40
Distance fromplate end (mm)
S
h
e
a
r
s
t
r
e
s
s
(
M
P
a
)
Closed-formsolution
FEM2(nonlinear)
FEM2(linear)
FEM1
B4
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0 10 20 30 40
Distance from plate end (mm)
N
o
r
m
a
l
s
t
r
e
s
s
(
M
P
a
)
Closed-formsolution
FEM2(nonlinear)
FEM2(linear)
see:
Aram, M.R., C. Czaderski, and M. Motavalli, Debonding failure modes of flexural FRP-
strengthened RC beams. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2008. 39(5): pp. 826-841.
41 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Debonding failure modes
42 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Debonding at shear cracks and/or
discontinuities
Large shear force, single loads, small distance between load and
support
Discontinuities:
internal stress state
cross-section
reinforcement (joint, ..)
Large compression zone so that no premature concrete crushing
43 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Example
18.9kN 1.2 165'000 0.36 2 50 t E G 2 b F
l l Fb l R b0,
= = =
,
,
b0 R
l 0 R
l
F
315MPa
A
o = =
,
,
.
l 0 R
l 0 R
l
1 91
E
o
c = =
Concrete C30/37
Sika CarboDur S512 tensile strength > 2800 MPa
tensile strain > 17
According to SIA166,
the maximum allowed strain is 8!
??
44 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
simple lap shear test
beam
Strain
45 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Simple supported plate
46 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Length of beam / plate [m]
S
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
a
n
d
C
F
R
P
[
]
10kN/m
10kN/m
47 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Length of beam / plate [m]
S
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
a
n
d
C
F
R
P
[
]
10kN/m
20kN/m
10kN/m
20kN/m
48 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Length of beam / plate [m]
S
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
a
n
d
C
F
R
P
[
]
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
49 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Length of beam / plate [m]
S
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
a
n
d
C
F
R
P
[
]
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
26kN/m
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
26kN/m
50 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Length of beam / plate [m]
S
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
a
n
d
C
F
R
P
[
]
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
26kN/m
27kN/m
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
26kN/m
27kN/m
51 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Length of beam / plate [m]
S
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
a
n
d
C
F
R
P
[
]
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
26kN/m
27kN/m
30kN/m
10kN/m
20kN/m
25kN/m
26kN/m
27kN/m
30kN/m
52 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Length of beam / plate [m]
T
e
n
s
i
l
e
F
o
r
c
e
i
n
o
n
e
C
F
R
P
P
l
a
t
e
[
k
N
]
30kN/m
53 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Length of beam / plate [m]
T
e
n
s
i
l
e
F
o
r
c
e
C
H
A
N
G
E
i
n
o
n
e
C
F
R
P
p
l
a
t
e
[
N
/
m
m
'
]
30kN/m
54 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Maximum Tensile Force CHANGE
according to SIA 166
ck c lim l,
l lim l,
R
l
f 0.3 2.5 2.5
b
x
F
= =
=
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
t t
t
(t
c
from SIA 262)
Example
Concrete C30/37
Sika CarboDur S512
MPa 30 0.3 2.5 2.5
mm N b
x
F
c lim l,
l lim l,
R
l
1 . 4
/ 205
= = =
= =
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
t t
t
please note: without safety factors!!
55 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
S
h
e
a
r
s
t
r
e
s
s
t
l
,
l
i
m
[
M
P
a
]
56 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
F
o
r
c
e
C
h
a
n
g
e
A
F
l
0
/
A
x
[
N
/
m
m
]
57 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Shear stress limitations, other guidelines
3.7MPa 2.9 0.7 1.8 f 1.8 f
ctk cb
= = =
fib Bulletin 14 (approach 3)
TR55 Pa M 0.8
b
= t
fib Bulletin 14 (approach 2)
f
o A
(between cracks )
please note: without safety factors!!
cb b
f s t
58 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Debonding failure modes
59 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Debonding at flexural cracks
Less internal steel reinforcement cross-section, so that large strains
in EBR
Small shear load, large spans, continuous force development in the
span
Large compression zone so that no premature concrete crushing
60 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Maximum strain in the strip according to SIA 166
Local debonding due to compatibility problems between strip and
concrete at flexural cracks
8
d lim, l,
= c
supplier of the material
fu l l lim l, l l R l,
E A E A F c c s =
=
fu
c
design value!
(shall be used also for the
calculation in the exercise)
61 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Maximum strain in strip, other guidelines
8.5 6.5
lim , f
= c
fib Bulletin 14 (approach 1)
TR55
Italian Code
ACI
f f
ctm ck b
cr fdd
t E
f f k 06 . 0
k
= c
With k
cr
= 3.0
8
lim , f
= c
please note: without safety factors!!
fd
f f
0.41
n E t
'
c
f
c =
in SI units
(equation for DFM 2 and 3)
(equation for DFM 2 and 3)
62 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Swiss Pre-Code 166 Externally bonded
reinforcement
63 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Design philosophy
Ultimate limit state (ULS)
Serviceability (SLS)
Stresses
Deflections
(Crack width)
Accidential situation
Check of deformation capacity
64 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Ultimate limit state
d d
R E s
Design value of effects of action Design value of ultimate resistance
65 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Hazard Scenario (Gefhrdungsbild)
( )
d d ki 0i k1 Q1 k P k G d
a , X , Q , Q , P , G E E =
E
d
effects of actions (Auswirkungen)
E actions (Einwirkungen)
G
k
permanent actions
P
k
prestressing
Q
k1
leading action (Leiteinwirkung)
Q
ki
accompanying actions (Begleiteinwirkungen)
X
d
material properties
a
d
geometry
66 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Accidential design situation: Hazard Scenario failure of EBR
Vandalism
High temperature
Impact
Chemical exposure
Fire
( )
d d ki 2i d k k d
a , X , Q , A , P , G E E =
Failure of strip: A
d
=0 and reduced resistance of cross-section
A
d
: accidential load
67 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Accidential design situation: Hazard Scenario failure of EBR
You have to prove, that the structure does not fail in the case of a
failure of the EBR!
remaining safety factor >1.0
68 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Determination of action effects M and V
(Schnittkrfte)
Plastic rotation capacity is reduced!
Elastic determination of action effects if FRP are used, e.g. two span
beam
69 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Ultimate resistance
)
`
q
=
d
M
k
d
a ,
X
R R { }
d d lim, d
a , R R c =
X
k
= characteristic value of material property
Depending on failure in strengthening material or
bond failure:
q = conversion factor
M
= resistance factor
see Table 3 in SIA166
70 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Table 3 in SIA 166
Failure of EBR
Steel strip
M
= 1.05 q = 1.0
FRP strip
M
= 1.30 q = 0.8
FRP fabric
M
= 1.30 q = 0.8
Bond failure
in adhesiv
M
= 1.50 q = 0.8
in concrete
M
= 1.50 q: see SIA 262
in timber
M
, q: see SIA 265
in adhesiv
M
, q: see SIA 266
71 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Characteristic values
FRP:
c
l
o
l
f
fd
c
fud
E
f
1
specifications from seller company,
ask also for fraktile values
mixed fibers in strips can have
non-linear behavior
72 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Cross-section analysis
Bond factor according to SIA166: k
s
=0.7, k
l
=0.9
' ' c
c
= k
Compatibility with c
Equilibrium with c
73 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Equations for cross-section analysis
D Z =
c l
x h x
c c
=
c
c
c
s
c
l
h
x
Equilibrium:
Compatibility:
one equation with unknowns c
c
and x
s l
s s l l
s l
Z E A E A
c c
k k
= +
D =
next slides
d
c s
x d x
c c
=
c
e
0
=
2
c
E
c
0.003
Concrete in compression by Hognestad
F
c
= o
c
b x
c
F
c
x
c
o =
e
c
e
0
-
e
c
2
Se
0
2
e
c
< e
0
u.uuS > e
c
> e
0
x
u
o = 1 +
e
c
e
0
1 -
e
c
Se
0
-
e
0
2
Se
c
2
-
u.1S
u.uu4 - e
0
e
c
2
- e
0
-
u.u7S
u.uu4 - e
0
(
e
0
2
e
c
)
75 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
x
u
= [ x
c
[ =
1
S
-
e
c
12e
0
1 -
e
c
Se
0
[ = 1 -
e
c
3
- S.1e
0
e
c
2
- u.uu4e
0
2
+ u.u24e
c
2
e
c
(S.92Se
0
2
- 1u.2e
0
e
c
- u.9e
c
2
- u.u16e
0
+ u.u48e
c
)
e
c
< e
0
u.uuS > e
c
> e
0
Equations from:
An, W., H. Saadatmanesh, and M.R. Ehsani, RC beams strengthened with FRP plates. II: Analysis and parametric study.
Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE, 1991. 117(11): p. 3434-3455.
76 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Proposal
Make a table e.g. with Excel
c
c
x c
s1
c
s2
c
l
M F
0
0.00005
0.00010
0.00015
0.00340
0.00345
0.00350
with this table you have c
l
and can make the SIA verifications
77 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Deformation capacity
SIA 166 and 262:
For mainly bending load: compression zone x/d 0.35 what limits
reinforcement ratio
(If x/d > 0.35 but 0.5 then calculation of deformation capacity)
(on the basis of similar limitation, minimal values of strain in EBR and
reinforcement at ultimate are given in fibBulletin 14)
78 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
SLS and evenness
SIA 166: Serviceability (SLS)
Stresses in the internal reinforcement should not exceed 90% of yield
strength.
Deflections should be checked
Evenness of concrete surface
for 2 m measurement length (Messlatte): max. 5 mm tolerance
for 0.3 m measurement length (Messlatte): max. 1 mm tolerance
79 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Deflections
If the strains at top and bottom side along the beam is calculated,
the curvature can be obtained.
By two times integrating, the deflection can be calculated. (consider
also boundary condition: (L/2)=0)
h
bottom top
c c
_
+
=
}
=
L
dx
0
_
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
6 8
1
2
2
o
_
m m
L w
Simplified calculation for 4-point beam
(see e.g. Ulaga2003):
oL
_
m
= curvature between loads
L
}
=
L
dx w
0
]
30kN/m
87 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Calculation procedure for a four point beam
1. Calculation crackmoment M
cr
and yieldmoment M
y
with cross-section analysis (CSA)
- Strip strain at last crack and at the point of steel yielding
2. Assumption of a failure load P
ult
(larger as P
y
), then:
- with CSA calculation of the maximum strain in the strip
- calculation of the location of the last crack l
cr
and the location of M
y
(l
y
und Ax)
- with this Ac
l
and t
l
3. The three SIA verifications and assumption of a new failure load P
ult
etc.
l,strip
c
M
P
l
t
+
cr
M
cr
l
y
M
y
l
( )
M P
P
x A
ly
''
c
lcr
''
c
l,Load
''
c
l l
l
l
E A
x b
Ac
t
A
'' ''
l l ,Load ly
Ac c c =
88 ETH Lecture FibreComposite Materials in Structural Engineering, 7. November 2012
Summary of the three SIA 166 verifications
1. End strip debonding failure at the last crack
2. Debonding at strong strain increase in strip
3. Debonding at flexural cracks
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Length of beam / plate [m]
T
e
n
s
i
l
e
F
o
r
c
e
i
n
o
n
e
C
F
R
P
P
l
a
t
e
[
k
N
]
30kN/m
1
2
3
''
b b,R
F F s
l
''
l,lim,d
8 c c s =
l l
R
F F
x x
A A
A A
| | | |
s
| |
\ . \ .
88