SN 47 Mea Glor L.

Tumambing Chapter 20: Review Questions

1A-PH

1. Some vascular plants produce seeds; others do not. Vascular plants that do not produce seeds are known as ________________________, whereas vascular plants that do produce seeds are known as ___________________. Are there any plants that produce seeds but which do not have vascular tissue? 2. What are some of the modifications necessary if an alga is to become evolutionarily adapted to living on land? Is a single modification sufficient, or are several necessary?

3. Why would it be necessary for an evolutionary line to develop stomata and guard cells before it developed an extremely impervious cuticle? Why must vascular tissues precede the evolution of roots and active apical meristem?

4. The following organisms are often called mosses, but they are not actually closely related to mosses at all. What groups of plants do they actually belong to? a. Spanish moss b. Club mosses c. Slimy, bright green mosses of ponds and slow-moving streams d. Reindeer mosses 5. What are the three groups of nonvascular plants? How would you determine whether and unknown specimen is a vascular plant?

6. The nonvascular plants of this chapter are believed to be true plants, just as ferns, conifers, and flowering plants are true plants; however, there are two tissues that the nonvascular plants do not have. Which two tissues? 7. If the leptoids of mosses were found to contain a protein whose gene has the same nucleotide sequence as the gene that codes for the P-protein, would that be significant evidence for either the homology or analogy of leptoids and phloem?

8. You will see sporophytes only if you examine mosses closely. They look like green or brown __________________ standing up on the green gametophyte, but sporophytes are (circle one: present almost all the time, only present at certain times of the year). 9. Do mosses have an alternation of isomorphic or heteromorphic generations? That is, can you easily tell a moss gametophyte from a moss sporophyte? When we look at leafy green moss plants, what are we seeingthe gametophyte or the sporophyte? In a flowering plant species, would the equivalent stage be the plant or the pollen grains and megagametophytes?

10. The leafy, green moss plants that are so familiar are gametophytes, haploid plants. This is very different from flowering plants and other seed plants. Does a leafy green moss plant grow from a spore or from a fertilized egg? Does the moss plant have both a paternal parent and a maternal parent?

11. Draw a single moss plant, similar to the one in Figure 20-10. Be certain to show the gametophyte and the sporophyte. Now draw one without the sporophyte, showing only the gametophyte. The sporophytes usually have only a very brief life, and after they shed their spores, the gametophytes let them die.

12. Draw and label the life cycle of a moss; be certain to show gametangia and sporangia. Which parts are haploid and which are diploid? Where and when does meiosis occur? Plasmogamy? Karyogamy?

13. In the majority of mosses, which lack hydroids and leptoids, water is conducted along the _________________ of the plant by ___________________ action. 14. The leafy, green moss plants, being gametophytes, have gametangia, structures that produce gametes. What is the name of the gametangium that produces egg cells? Can one single moss gametophyte bear both of these? Do some species have plants that produce only sperm cells? Other plants that produce only egg cells?

15. The sporophyte of a moss usually has a stalk called a ___________________ and a simple apical sporangium called a ______________________. 16. Many people often think of mosses as plants adapted to rainy areas, areas that are usually wet. Are any mosses adapted to deserts? Can some mosses lose much of their waterthe way a seed does before being plantedand still survive?

17. The liverwort Marchantia is one of the largest and most common. There is a good chance that you will find it if you search carefully in moist places (you may have to search many places). Is it a leafy liverwort or a thallose one? Describe its surface texture (see Figure 208). If you are very lucky, you may find it with archegoniophores and antheridiophores. What are these structures, and how would you recognize them if you saw them (what do they look like)?

18. Unlike Marchantia, some liverworts are as simple as a true plant can possibly get. Describe the body of Sphaerocarpos texanus. If you were shown one of these plants, how would you be certain it was not an alga (Hint: It would be almost impossible; there is only one way, not mentioned in the text. Algae tend to have only one chloroplast per cell; true plantsincluding S. texanusalways have many, except in the hornworts)? The point of this question is to have you think about how little difference there is between algae and some true plants.

19. What are some of the ways in which liverworts differ from mosses? How do hornworts differ from both? Do the three have similar life cycles?

20. What are the horns of hornworts? What do they produce? They have a meristem. Where is it located?

21. An important consideration in the evolution of any organism is gene flow. What are some of the mechanisms by which genes move through the habitat in nonvascular plants? In a dense, cool forest, how strong are wind currents? Could they carry spores very far? What would you guess might be the maximum distance sperms can swim? How far can a raindrop splash a sperm or a spore?