International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2249-6793

International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Life Sciences 1(2): September-October 2011

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL PHARMACY AND LIFE SCIENCES

Pharmaceutical Sciences Received: 29-09-2011; Accepted: 02-10-2011 NEPHROPROTECTIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS - A REVIEW
Ramya Pydi*, I.Rajalakshmi, S Indumathy, S Kavimani Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences (Govt. of Puducherry Institution), Indira Nagar, Gorimedu, Puducherry 605006, India.

Review Article!!!

ABSTRACT
Keywords:

Nephrotoxicity, Nephroprotective, Medicinal plants and Drugs For Correspondence:

Ramya Pydi Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences, Puducherry, India E-mail: ramyapydi21@gmail.com

Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common kidney problems and occurs when body is exposed to a drug or toxin. A number of therapeutic agents can adversely affect the kidney resulting in acute renal failure, chronic interstitial nephritis and nephritic syndrome because increasing number of potent therapeutic drugs like aminoglycoside antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents and NSAIDS. Nephroprotective agents are the substances which possess protective activity against nephrotoxicity. Medicinal plants have curative properties due to the presence of various complex chemical substances. The present review is about the some of the medicinal plants possessing nephroprotective activity.

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INTRODUCTION Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common kidney problems and occurs when body is exposed to a drug or toxin. When kidney damage occurs, body unable to rid of excess urine and wastes from the body and blood electrolytes (such as potassium and magnesium) will all become elevated. A number of therapeutic agents can adversely affect the kidney resulting in acute renal failure, chronic interstitial nephritis and nephritic syndrome because increasing number of potent therapeutic drugs like aminoglycoside antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents and NSAIDS have been added to the therapeutic arsenal in recent years. Exposure to chemical reagents like ethylene glycol, carbon tetra chloride, sodium oxalate and heavy metals like lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium also induces nephrotoxicity. Prompt recognition of disease and cessation of responsible drug are usually the only necessary therapy1, 2, 3. Nephroprotective agents are the substances which possess protective activity against nephrotoxicity. Medicinal plants have curative properties due to the presence of various complex chemical substances. Ancient literature has prescribed various herbs for the cure of kidney disease4. Co-administration of various medicinal plants possessing nephroprotective activity along with different nephrotoxic agents may attenuate its toxicity. The following are some of the medicinal plants review possessing nephroprotective activity.

Plants containing protective activity against Gentamicin induced Nephrotoxicity

S.No Name of the Plant 1 Aegle marmelos5

Family Rutaceae

Parts Used Leaves

Chemical Constituents Aegeline, Agelinine, Rutin, Sterol, -sitosterol, Mamesinine, Phlobatannins, Umbelliferone, Volatile oils. -D-glucoside, Lupeol, Tannins, and Flavanoids, Quercetin

Aerva lanata4

Amaranthaceae

Whole

Botulin,-sitosterol,

Amyrin,

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Plant

Hentriacontane, Stigmasterol, Propionic acid,

Campesterol, Kaempferol, -carboline-I, hexyl

Aervoside and Aervolanine. 3 Cassia auriculata4 Fabaceae Root Tannins, Di-(2-ethyl) phthalate, Alkaloids, Resins, Ca2+ and Phosphorous. 4 Crataeva nurvula
4

Capparidaceae

Fruit

Kaemferol-3-O-a-D-glucoside, Quercitin-3-O-a-D-glucoside, Flavanoids, Glucosinolates, Steroids, Lupeol and Tannins.

Emblica officinalis4

Euphorbiaaceae

Fruit

Vitamin-C, Carotene, Nicotinic acid, Riboflavin, D-glucose, Dfructose, Myoinositol, a Pectin with D-galacturonic acid, DLDacid, acid, arabinosyl, rhamnosyl, Mucic and D-xylosyl, G-glycosyl, Phyllambic Fatty

manosyl, D-galactosyl, Embicol, Phellembin, 3-O-gallated Oleanolic acid. 6 Glycyrrhiza glabra4 Fabaceae Rhizome Glycyrrhizin, Glyciyrrhizic acid, Glycosides, Sucrose, 7 HygrophilaspinosaT Acanthaceae Whole Essential oil. -sitosterol, Lupeol, Minerals like Steroids, Resin, Glucose, and Starch

Leucodelphinidine,

Procyanidin, Prodelphindin,

Tannins, Ellagic acid, Lupeol and

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Anders6 8 KalanchoepinnataPars7 Crassulaceae

Plant Leaf

Na, K, Ca, P and Poluphenols Alkanes, Tricontane, Alpha & Beta Acid, Oxalate. Amyrin, Quercetin, Beta-Sitosterol, Kaempferol, Fumaric acid, Mallic acid, Citric Calcium Sulphate and Calcium

MorindacitrifoliaL (Noni)8

Rubiaceae

Fruit

Americanol A, 3,31-bis dimethyl pinoresinol, Americanin A, Americanoic acid A, Morindolin and Isoprincepin.

10

Nigella sativa4

Ranunculaceae

Whole plant

Alanine, acid, Aspargine, Carvone, Glutamic Linolenic Tannins.

L-Spinasterol, Amino Aspartic Cystine, acid, acid, Linoleic

Arabic acid, acid, acid,

Arginine,

Cholesterol, Melanthin,

Myristic acid, Oleic acid and 11 Ocimum sanctum4 Lamiaceae Leaf Eugenol, Eugenol methyl ether, Carvacrol, Caryophyllene, Ursolic acid, Apigenin, Luteolin, Ascorbic acid, Tannins. 12 Orthosiphon stamineus9 13 Rhazya stricta4 Apocynaceae Laminaceae Whole plant Leaf Flavanoids, Phenols, Carbohydrates, Steroids, Tannins, Glycosides, Terpins and Saponins 1-carbomethoxy--carboline, Condyloacarpine and Vincanicine. Carotene, Alkaloids, and Glycosides, Saponins

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14

Solanum nigrum4

Solanaceae

Whole plant

Alkaloids, Leutein, Glucose, solasodine, Solamargine,

Reducing Lycopene, Fructose,

sugars, Steroids, Vitamin-c, Caffeic-

Glycosides, saponins,

Tamatidenol, Solasomine,

Trigogenine, Pottasium, Sulphur, Calcium and Phosphorous. 15 Strychnos potatorum

10

Loganiaceae

Seed

Flavanoids, Phenols, Alkaloids, Steroids, Harmine, Glycosides, and Lignins.

Saponins, Tannins, Harman, Gitogenin,

16

Tribulus sativus4

Zygophyllaceae

Fruit

Alkaloids, (Diosgenin, Chlorogenin Flavanoids,

Saponins, Steroidal Sapogenins and Ruscogenin), Kaemferol, oil, Resin,

Tribuloside, Fixed

Essential oil and Nitrates. 17 Withania somnifera4 Solanaceae Root Alkaloids Glycosides, Essential oils. (Somniferon), Amino Oils, acids, Withaniol,

Withaminon, Wasamin, Sugars,

Hexatriacontane, Phyto sterol and

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Plants containing protective activity against Cisplatin induced Nephrotoxicity

S.No 1

Name of the Plant Aerva javanica11

Family Amaranthaceae

Parts Used Fresh Roots

Chemical Constituents Isoquercetin, 5 methylmellein, 2-

hydroxy-3-O--primeveroside naphthalene-1,4-dione, Apigenin7-Oglucoronide and Kaempferol

Aerva lanata4

Amaranthaceae

Whole plant

Botulin, Stigmasterol, Propionic

-sitosterol, Kaempferol, acid,

Amyrin, Campesterol, Starch, -carboline-I,

Hentriacontane,

Aervoside, Aervolanine. 3 Cassia auriculata4 Fabaceae Root Tannins, Di-(2-ethyl) hexyl phthalate, Alkaloids, Phosphorous. 4 Carica papaya
12

Resins, Phenols, Sterols,

Ca2+

and

Caricaceae

Seed

Flavanoids, Protien, Carbohydrates,

Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Tannins,

Steroids,

Glycosides, Terpins and Saponins. 5 6 CeratoniasiliqueL13 Cucurbita pepo12 Fabaceae Cucurbitaceae Pods Leaves Seed Flavanoids, Protien, Carbohydrates, Phenols, Sterols, Steroids, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Tannins, and

Glycosides, Terpins and Saponins. 7 Mimosaceae Root Fixed oils, Steroids, Flavonoids,

Dichrostachyscinera

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Wight & Arn14

Phenolic compounds, n-octacosanol,sitosterol, -amyrin acetate, Friedelan 3-one, Friedelan 3-ol, Friedlen and amyrin.

8 9

FicusreligiosaL15 Kigelia africana16

Moraceae Bignoniaceae

Latex Matured Fruits

Flavonoids, Amino acids and Tannins. Iridoids, Flavonoids, Naphthoquinones, Terpenes, Tannins,

Steroids, Saponins and Caffeic acid. 10 LepidiumsativumL17 Brassicaceae Seed Volatile essential aromatic oils, Fatty oils, Carbohydrate, Protein, Fatty acid, Vitamin B-carotene, Riboflavine, Niacin, Ascorbic acid, Flavanoids, Glycosides and Isothiocynates. 11 Panax ginseng4 Araliacae Root Saponin, Ginsenosides(Dammarol), Panaxosides(Oleanolic Chikusetsusaponin. 12 Pedalium Linn18 murex Pedaliaceae Dried fruits Flavanoids, Triterpenoids, Flavones, Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, acid) and glycosides,

Glycosides, and Saponins. 13 14 PicrorhizakurroaRo yle19 Pongamia pinnata4 Scrophulariacea e Papilionaceae Flowers Pongamol, oil(Karanjin). 15 Salviae radix4 Lamiaceae Whole Plant Salvianolic acid A-G, Rosmarinic acid, Lithospermic acid, Isoferulic acid, Tanshinone I, IIA, IIB, Protien, Alkaloids, Tannins, Sugar, Resin and Fatty Rhizome Probably due to Tannins.

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Cryptotanshinone Isotanshinones 16 Vernonia cinerea20 Compositae Aerial Parts I-II,IIB Hydroxytanshinones IIA.

V-VI, and

Triterpenoids like -amyrin, -amyrin and lupeol.

Plants containing protective activity against Acetaminophen induced Nephrotoxicity

S.No 1

Name of the Plant Acorus calamus21

Family Araceae

Parts Used Aerial Parts

Chemical Constituents Monoterpene, Sesquiterpene, Phenyl propanoid, Flavonoid, Quinone and basarone. Flavonoids, Triterpenoids, Carbohydrates, Glycoproteins. Alkaloids, Lipids, Proteins Nerolidol, Steroids, Lignins, and Protein,

Boerhaavia diffusa22

Nyctaginaceae

Root

Caranarium schweinfurthii
23

Burseraceae

Stem Bark

Octylacetate, and Stearic acid.

Starch, Cellulose, K, Ca, Oleic acid Aerial parts Varidiflorene, Isoparvifuran, Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, Myoinositol, 4-C-methyl-, 1, 2, 3 , 5Cyclohexanetetrol and Propane. Pterocarpin, 6H-

ClitoriaternateaLin Papilionaceae
24

Benzofuro[3,2-c][1]

benzopyran,

DioscoreaalataL25

Dioscoreaceae

Whole Plant

Dioscorine,

Starch,

Vitamin-B,

Calcium Oxalate, Protien and Iron.

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Harunganamadaga scariensis(L)26

Hypericaceae

Fresh Root

Feruginin, Harunganin, Harunganelol A, B, Friebelan 3-one and Betlinic acid. Flavonoids, Phenolic acid and sterols.

IndigoferabarberiL
27

Fabaceace

Whole plant

Monochoria vaginalis
28

Pontederiaceae

Aerial Parts

n-hexadecanoic acetate-1-butanol, propane,

acid,

3-methylZ,Z,Z-1,4,6,9-

1,1,3-triethoxy-

nonadecatetraene, undecanoic acid, 3trifluoroacetoxy pentadecane and 4ethyl-5-octyl-2,2-bis (trifluoromethyl) - cis-1,3-dioxalone 9 Pimpinella tirupatiensis29 Apiaceae Whole plant Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Flavones, Volatile oils, -Bisaboline, -3-Carene, Cis-Carveol, Enemol, -Carveol and Methylgeranate. 10 ZingiberzerumbelS mith30 Zingiberaceae Rhizome Zerumbone, Afzelin, Diacetylafzelin, derivatives flavonol. of kaemferol and 3-

Plants containing protective activity against Doxorubicin induced Nephrotoxicity

S.No 1

Name of the Plant ZingiberOfficinalero scoe

31

Family Zingeberaceae

Parts Used Rhizome

Chemical Constituents Volatile Paradol. oil, Gingerol, Shogaol,

Resins, Starch, Fibres, Capsaicin and

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Plants containing protective activity against Ethylene glycol induced Nephrotoxicity

S.No 1

Name of the Plant

Family

Parts Used Root

Chemical Constituents Purpurin, Sucrose, Manjistin, Resin, Triterpenes, Garancin, Glucose, Lucidine,

RubiacordifoliaLinn.32 Rubiaceae

Purpuroxanthin,

Anthroquinine, Fattyacids and Gum. 2 Vitisvenefera L.4 Vitaceae Seed Gallocatechin, Abscisic acid, Acetic acid, A-Hemicellulose, Alanine, Viniferin, acid, tocoferol, acid, Biotin, linolenicacid, Anthocyanin, Ascorbic Aspartic Chlorogenic acid, Cinnamic acid, Dcatechin and Ergosterol.

Plants containing protective activity against Cadmium induced Nephrotoxicity

S.No 1

Name of the Plant Curcuma longa33

Family Zingeberaceae

Parts Used Rhizome

Chemical Constituents Curcumin, Termeric oil, Terpenoids, Curcumen(Terpene), Albumnoids. Starch and

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Plants containing protective activity against Chromium induced Nephrotoxicity

S.No 1

Name of the Plant Curcuma longa33

Family Zingeberaceae

Parts Used Rhizome

Chemical Constituents Curcumin, Termeric oil, Terpenoids, Curcumen(Terpene), Albumnoids. Starch and

Plants containing protective activity against Carbon tetra Chloride induced Nephrotoxicity S.No 1 Name of the Plant BrideliaretusaSpren g34 Family Euphorbiaceae Parts Used Bark Bisabolane, Sesquiterpenes includes (E-4-1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-hexynyl benzoic acid), (E-4-1,5-dimethy-3oxo-1,4-hexadienyl benzoic acid), (E4-1,5-dimethy-3-oxo-4-hexynyl benzoic acid), -IsoChaminic acid, R-41,5,dimethyl 3 oxo hexyl benzoic acid (or) Arpodomapuic acid, 5 Allyl 1,2,3 trimethoxy benzene (or) Elemicin and +Sesamin. Chemical Constituents

Plants containing protective activity against Silver chloride induced Nephrotoxicity

S.No 1

Name of the Plant

4

Family Polypodiaceae

Parts Used Whole plant

Chemical Constituents Arsenic, Ca2+, Cu2+, Glucose, Iron, Mg, Mn, Hg, Naringin, K+, Na+, Starch and Zinc.

Drynaria fortune

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Plants containing protective activity against Mercuric chloride induced Nephrotoxicity

S.No 1

Name of the Plant Eruca sativa35

Family Crassulaceae

Parts Used Seeds

Chemical Constituents Flavanoids

Plants containing protective activity against Fluoride induced Nephrotoxicity

S.No 1

Name of the Plant Moringa oleifera36

Family Moringaceae

Parts Used Seeds

Chemical Constituents Vitamin A, Nicotinic acid, Ascorbic acid, Vitamin B, Fatty acid, Glucose, Sucrose, Citric acid, Malic acid, Succinic acid, Fumaric acid and Oxalic acid.

Tamirindus indica36

Caesalpinaceae

Fruit Pulp

Polysaccharides, Balsamine, Catechin, Nasturtium, acid, Tamarin, Phosphatidic choline, Inositol, Phosphatidic Serine,

Ethanollamine,

Alkaloid, Citric acid, Tartaric acid and Pottasiumbitartrate.

Plants containing protective activity against Ferric nitrilo tri acetate induced Nephrotoxicity

S.No 1

Name of the Plant PunicagranatumL37

Family Puniaceae

Parts Used Fruit peel

Chemical Constituents Ellagic acid, Ellagitannins and gallic acid.

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Plants containing protective activity against N-nitroso dimethyl amine induced Nephrotoxicity S.No 1 Name of the Plant Family Euphorbiaceae Part Used Leaves Chemical Constituents Saponins, Flavonoids and Tannins.

Euphorbia neriifolia38

Plants containing protective activity against Alloxan induced Nephrotoxicity

S.No 1

Name of the Plant

39

Family Verbanaceae

Parts Used Bark

Chemical Constituents Lapachol, Dehydro--lapachone,

Tectona grandis

Methyl quinizarin and Squalene.

Plants containing protective activity against Streptozotocin induced Nephrotoxicity

S.No 1

Name of the Plant Ginkgo biloba40

Family Ginkgoaceae

Parts Used Whole plant

Chemical Constituents Flavonoids, Bilobalide, Gingkolide A, Gingkolide B and Gingkolide CandBiflanoide.

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