As I have no exposure of field work, I would like to mention here my final year project of undergraduate study in telecommunication.

My final year project was related to mobile antennas titled as Internal Antenna Design for Mobile Phone Covering 2G and 3G Bands. Owing to the continuous advancements in communication technology, a number of standards have been developed for mobile communication. These standards are ever changing with improvements and alternatives. Multiband operations have become standard features of the latest mobile phones. Mobile phones have to be integrated with multiband antennas. A low size and low profile dielectric resonator broadband antenna is recommended to offer a compact antenna solution for wireless communication. In this very project, characteristics of the dielectric resonator antenna are analyzed and evaluated. Based on that study and examination, an antenna design is suggested for mobile phone devices. The operating frequency has been considered to operate in 2G and 3G bands for mobile communications. First we tried to work on PIFA design but due to its constraints it was not applicable. The limitations make it ineffective for the implementation on the printed circuit board. Due to various technical reasons, it is not possible to mount any other electronic component between the horizontal patch and the ground plane. Because if it is being done, then there may be alteration in the current distribution, and effective height of the shorting pin, which could affect the radiation features of the antenna. Therefore, all of the major components have to be placed outside the coverage of the horizontal patch. These all factors make PIFA cover a lot of space inside the mobile phone structure. The possible solution we came through was DRA. DRA is the abbreviation of dielectric resonator

antenna that has gained huge importance and popularity amongst the antenna designer in past a few years. There are various reasons for its popularity including zero conductor loss, compact size features, and high radiation efficiency. Moreover, it is prone to the surface-wave losses, which can cause considerable loss. However, the conventional DRAs have narrow bandwidth. To overcome this problem, several methods have been proposed in the literature such as implementation of multilayers of different dielectric materials by modifying the shapes of DR and introducing new feeding mechanisms. These results have shown that the impedance bandwidth can be increased to about 20% to 70% for return loss better than 10dB. We used ansoft HFSS v 9.0 for designing and simulations. We have designed many models in which we varied dimensions of patch, dielectric resonator, 50 micro -strip line and deflected ground plane and stub acting as monopole antenna. Higher the value of dielectric resonator lower is the resonance frequency. We use the value of 80 for dielectric resonator to achieve our desired results. Patch antenna was in form of crescent shape with varying radii of two circles. The reason behind this was implementing concept of dual band monopole antenna which is the longer part provides the longer current flowing path for the lower band frequency current to resonate, whereas the shorter one offers a shorter path for higher band frequency current to resonate.

When we achieved our desired results, next task was how to manufacture this antenna. The problem we suffer from was how to get dielectric material from market having value of 80 as dielectric constant. First option was ceramic material but omitted this because the reliability and durability of this material was very low. The second option was to use combination of two materials which were glass and glue having combined value of round about 80 as dielectric constant. We check this combination of material on software and simulation results show the same. After manufacturing we then tested our hardware on equipment such as network analyzer for VSWR and S11 parameters. The value of VSWR was below 1.5 over all bandwidth and S11 parameter value was below -10dB. Radiation pattern of antenna was checked by instrument named as watts2000. The radiation pattern was omnidirectional, all mobile antenna are omnidirectional in nature so that they can receive radiations from everywhere. Our antenna has a bandwidth of 6 GHz ranging from 0.6 GHz to 6.5 GHz.