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GENETICS OUTCOMES
Students should be able to describe how Mendels principles of segregation and independent assortment are a consequence of chromosome movement in meiosis. Core outcomes: Students should be able to: 1) Determine whether eukaryotic cells are haploid or diploid. 2) Differentiate among gene, allele and locus and illustrate each with an example. 3) Illustrate with simple diagrams how cells produce daughter cells during mitosis and how diploid cells produce haploid cells during meiosis, including tracing the location of alleles during the process. 4) Demonstrate (using simple diagrams or calculations) how sexual reproduction contributes to genetic variation and to differences between parents and offspring. 5) Illustrate with simple diagrams how crossing over results in different gene combinations. 6) Illustrate how dominant alleles provide sufficient gene function to confer a phenotype even when only one copy is present, and how this differs from codominance and incomplete dominance. 7) Calculate expected frequencies in monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. 8) Infer the mode of inheritance (e.g., number of genes, dominance, linkage, sex linkage), given data from experimental crosses. 9) Analyze data from a test cross to determine whether genes are linked. 10) Deduce from a pedigree whether a trait is autosomal or sex linked, dominant or recessive. Additional (i.e. noncore outcomes) a1) Describe genetic sex determination in animals and the consequences of having genes on the X chromosome. a2) Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle, how the cycle is regulated and how errors in regulation can lead to cancer. a3) Distinguish polyploidy from diploidy and explain the ramifications of polyploidy in meiosis. a4) Analyze data from a test cross to determine the recombination frequency of linked genes. a5) Calculate expected frequencies in multihybrid crosses. a6) Assess the role of the environment in gene expression. a7) Assess the positive and negative impact of personal genomics studies (e.g., allele identification kits).

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GENETICS 1: DNA AND THE CELL CYCLE By the end of this lecture you should be able to: Appreciate a classic experiment important in the early work in molecular genetics. Relate the structure of DNA to the way it replicates. Describe the events which occur during the cell cycle. Describe the events which occur during mitosis and cytokinesis. Relate changes that occur in the nucleus during mitosis to the overall process and purpose of cell division. Text Readings: Chapter 14 pp. 295-302, Chapter 11 pp. 222-227 Online quiz: Mitosis, must be completed before class starts. INTRODUCTION TO THE GENETICS SECTION

Molecular genetics:

Mendelian (transmission) genetics:

genotype

phenotype

What is a gene?

What is the genetic material?

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Early experiments e.g., Hershey-Chase Question:

Bacteriophage: Fig. 14.4

Hypothesis 1: Hypothesis 2:

Experiment:

Prediction: Hypothesis 1: Hypothesis 2: Results and conclusions:

Role of genetic material:

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1) How does DNA make an exact copy of itself? Structure of DNA: Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins.

Previously known:

How are the components arranged? Landmark paper: J.D. Watson and F.H.C. Crick. 1953. Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxynucleic Acids. Nature 171: 738. Single strand Double helix

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HOW IS DNA REPLICATED?

WHEN IS DNA REPLICATED?

CELL CYCLE

Figure 11.5

Interphase stages G1

G2

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DIVISION MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS

Mitosis video Blood lily http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6QSsKyuR90 Mitosis in whitefish blastula

Cytokinesis

Discussion Questions: 1. Your instructor thinks the Hershey-Chase experiment was a great moment in science. Why would she think so?