Training objectives

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Learn about the concepts of static route and dynamic route

Learn about the concepts and categories of routing protocols

Master the basic principles of RIP and IGRP

Master the configuration and verify of RIP and IGRP

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What a route is
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A route is the path information to guide IP packets to be transferred.

Destination network N

R1 ( N,R1,M )

Other networks

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Information in the routing table

Quidway#show ip route R o u t i n g Ta b l e s : Destination/Mask proto pref Metric Nexthop Interface 0.0.0.0/0 Static 60 0 120.0.0.2 Serial0 8.0.0.0/8 RIP 100 3 120.0.0.2 Serial0 9.0.0.0/8 OSPF 10 50 20.0.0.2 Ethernet0 9.1.0.0/16 R IP 100 4 120.0.0.2 Serial0 11.0.0.0/8 Static 60 0 120.0.0.2 Serial0
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Static route
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Configure a destination network accessed via a router with a static route

10.1.3.0

S0

Network
A
10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2

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Static Route Configuration

HUAWEI

Static route configuration command and configuration mode Quidway (config) # ip route ip-address { mask | mask-length } { interface-type interface-name | nexthop-address } [ preference value ] [ reject | blackhole ]

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Static route configuration example

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129.1.0.0/16

Quidway A
10.0.0.1

Quidway B
SO 10.0.0.2 EO

Configure on the router Quidway A: ip route 129.1.0.0 16 10.0.0.2

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Default route
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Public Network
Quidway A Quidway B

10.0.0.1 SO

SO 10.0.0.2

Network N

Configure on the router Quidway A ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2

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Adaptability to network topology change

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Obtain routing information dynamically by means of a dynamic routing protocol

NetworkN1

NetworkN2

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Autonomous system (AS)

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a set of routers managed by a unified institution and using the same routing strategy

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IGP&EGP
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Exterior route gateway protocols (EGP) Autonomous system(AS) 100 BGP Autonomous system (AS) 200

Interior gateway protocols (IGP) RIP IGRP OSPF IS-IS EIGRP

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Classes of Routing Protocols

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Distance vector algorithm

R IP IG R P E I G R P B G P

Link state algorithm

O S P F IS-IS

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Routing Metric Value

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Routing metric value: used to select the best route

NetworkN1
Number of hops Cost

B a n d w idth

Delay
Load Reliability
NetworkN2

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Route priority
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The route obtained from the protocol in the highest priority is first selected and added to a routing table in priority.
RIP OSPF IGRP

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Distance-vector routing protocol

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D istance-vector algorithmisbasedontheprincipleofvectoraddition

M=M1+M2
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Finding distance-vector routing

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The distance-vector routing protocol transfers routing information between adjacent routers
R1 Route table Destination network Next hop N1 R3 N2 R4 N3 R5

R1

Routeswitching

R2

R2 Route table Destination network Next hop N4 R6

R1 Route table Destination network Next hop N1 R3 N2 R4 N3 R5 N4 R2

R2 Route table Destination network Next hop N1 R1 N2 R1 N3 R1 N4 R6

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HUAWEI

Distance-vector routing loops

Invalid routing information is transferred between routers and will cause routing loops Routing loops will cause the problems such as cyclic route, slow convergence, route inconsistency, etc.

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Counting to Infinity
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Routing loops will result in the problem of counting to infinity

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Solution to routing loops problem

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Define a maximum routing metric to prevent infinite cycle Split horizon: routing information received from a port is disabled to send from this port Route holding: Route poisoning: identify a route unreachable with "Unreachable" Triggered updates: send immediately unreachable routing information Set hold-down timers:keep routing information within hold-down time
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Link state routing protocol

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Information interchange based on link state

1 2

Network topoloty which router R1 knows about

Network topoloty which router R2 knows about

When synchronization is achieved, R1 and R2 both know the topology of the whole network

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RIP protocol overview

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Hop count metric selects the path (number of routers it passes) Routes update every 30 seconds RIP protocol is applicable to small and medium-sized networks

R1
PC

R2
PC

R4

R3

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Initialization of a RIP routing table

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Initial a route table

Route table

net1

net2

Request

R1

R2

Response

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Update of a RIP routing table

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Dest GW Metric net1 R2 2 net2 R2 6

Response
net1 16

R1

R2
Cloud

Response
net2 net3 3 5

Rn

Route table after update by R1:

Dest net1 net2 net3

GW R2 Rn Rn

Metric 16 4 6

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RIP protocol configuration

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Starts the RIP routing protocol

router(config)#router rip

Enables the RIP network number router(config-router-rip)#network network_number

or

router(config-router-rip)#network all
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RIP protocol configuration

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S p e c ify th a t ru n in gR I PV 2o na nin terface

router(config-interface)#ip rip version 2 [ bcast | m cast ]

Enable or disable any RIP V2 route aggregation router(config-router-rip)#auto-sum m ary

router(config-router-rip)#no auto-sum m ary

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RIP protocol configuration

HUAWEI

S p e c ify th a t ru n in gR I PV 2o na nin terface

router(config-interface)#ip rip version 2 [ bcast | m cast ]

Enable or disable any RIP V2 route aggregation router(config-router-rip)#auto-sum m ary

router(config-router-rip)#no auto-sum m ary

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HUAWEI

Displaying the RIP protocol configuration information

Quidway# show ip rip RIP is turning on checkzero is on default-metric : 16 neighbor: 202.38.165.1 auto-summary is on preference : 100

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HUAWEI

Displaying the routing table information

Quidway#show ip route Routing Tables: Destination/Mask proto pref Metric Nexthop Interface 8.0.0.0/8 RIP 100 3 120.0.0.2 Serial0 9.0.0.0/8 RIP 100 5 20.0.0.2 Ethernet0 20.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 20.0.0.1 Ethernet0 20.0.0.1/8 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 LoopBack0 ......

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RIP protocol debugging

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Q u id w a y # d e b u giprippacket
R ippacketdebuggingison Q u id w a y # M O N R ip:receiveResponsefrom120.0.0.2 packet:vers1,cmdResponse,length24 dest 110.0.0.0,Metric1 R ip:sendfrom2 0 .0.0.1to255.255.255.255 packet:vers1,cmdResponse,length44 dest 110.0.0.0,Metric2 dest 120.0.0.0,Metric1 R ip:sendfrom120.0.0.1to255.255.255.255 packet:vers1,cmdResponse,length24 dest 20.0.0.0,Metric1 www.huawei.com

IGRP protocol overview

HUAWEI

Applicable to larger networks Quicker response to network topology changes Complex route metric
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Stable feature
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Triggered updates Hold-down timers

triggered updates

Split horizon Poison reverse

Router
holddown
split horizon

Router

Router

Router Router Router Router

Router

Poison reverse
Router

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IGRP integrated routing metric

HUAWEI

Delay Bandwidth Loading

Router

Reliability MTU

Desktop system

Router Router

Desktop system

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IGRP configuration
HUAWEI

Start IGRP
router(config)#router igrp

Enable IGRP network address router(config-router-rip)#network network_number or router(config-router-rip)#network all Configure current IGRP autonomous system numb
router(config-router-rip)#asystem a s _ n u m b e r Default: as- n u m b e r 1
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IGRP configuration example

HUAWEI

network 10.0.0.0
Router

network 129.102.0.0

Quidway(config)#router igrp Quidway(config-router-igrp)#asystem 10 Quidway(config-router-igrp)#network 10.0.0.0 Quidway(config-router-igrp)#network 129.102.0.0

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Redistributing other routing protocols

HUAWEI
SO S1

202.38.169.1

202.38.160.1

IGRP
Router

OSPF

Q u idway(config)#routerigrp Q u idway(config-router-igrp)#network202.38.169.0 Q u idway(config-router-igrp)#default-m e tric10001002501001500 Q u idway(config-router-igrp)#redistributeospf

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Monitoring and debugging IGRP protocol

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Display current configuration of IGRP protocol Quidway# show ip igrp

Display the debugging information of IGRP

Quidway#debug ip igrp packet

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Brief introduction to OSPF protocol

HUAWEI

Applicabletolarge-scalenetworks Fastconvergence Noroutingloops Supportsvariablelengthsubnetmask(VLSM) Supportsequivalentroute Supportsareadivision Provideshierarchicalroutingm a n a g e m e n t Supportsauthentication Supportsmulticast

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Basic configuration of OSPF

HUAWEI

Configure the Router ID of a router

Quidway(config)#router id router-id
Start the OSPF protocol

Quidway(config)#router ospf enable

Configure the OSPF area where an interface is located

Quidway(config-interface)#ip ospf enable area area-id

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Monitoring and maintenance of OSPF

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show ip ospf show ip ospf error show ip ospf interface show ip ospf neighbor
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Summary
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After completing this chapter, you should be able to the following tasks:
S e lecteitherastaticrouteordynam icroutetobeconfiguredbasedonnetwork c o n d ition s C o n figureastaticroute Describethebasicprinciplesofdistance-vectorroutingprotocol C o n fig u r eR I Pa n dI G R Pr o u t ingprotocols M o n itorandm a in tainroutingstatusbythecom m a n d ss h o wo rd e b u g

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