Mimo

MIMO Radar: Resolution, Performance, and Waveforms
Dan Bliss Keith Forsythe Glenn Fawcett MIT Lincoln Laboratory
This work was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government.
asap06Radar-1 Bliss/Forsythe/Fawcett
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Topics
MIMO radar introduction MIMO resolution improvement Waveform optimization for improved SINR Waveform optimization for angle estimation
Static MIMO Radar
Receive Antenna Array
Bearing
Transmit Antenna Array
Scatterers
Range
Simultaneously transmit different (but possibly correlated) signals from each antenna Use transmitted and received signals to produce virtual MIMO response Translate MIMO response to bearing-range image
MIMO versus Traditional Radar

Traditional Radar
Bearing Range Independent Signals Bearing Range Independent Signals Angle Error ASNR
Transmit Array Receive Array Transmit Array Receive Array
Illuminated Area
MIMO Radar
Illuminated Area
Multi-Beam MIMO Radar

Transmit Array Receive Array
Illuminated Area
MIMO Radar Channel

Transmit Array
-d d d 0 Received Signals Channel Matrices Transmitted Signals
Notional Model
Receive Array
-d
Array Responses
2d
x1 x2 x3 x2 x1
MIMO Virtual Array

-d -2d
d 0
Channel estimate provides estimate of MIMO virtual array Virtual array may over-represented elements
Convolution of real arrays produces produces virtual array Suggesting sparse arrays
MIMO Virtual Array Geometry
MIMO virtual array positions are convolution of traditional transmit and receive array element positions
Element Weighting On Regular Array Real Transmit Array Real Receive Array MIMO Virtual Array
Sparse real arrays can produce filled virtual array

Real Transmit Array Real Receive Array
MIMO Virtual Array
Topics
MIMO radar introduction APERTURE MIMO resolution improvement Waveform optimization for improved SINR Waveform optimization for angle estimation
MIMO Sidelobe Bounds

Relative Power (dB)
MIMO enables use of sparse arrays while maintaining sidelobe levels Difficult to compare arrays
Resolution vs. sidelobe tradeoff Optimization problem dependent
Beam Pattern
SIMO Filled Sparse
Use regular filled array for comparison Indirect bound Maximum virtual contiguous region
Real Filled Array Real Sparse Array
MIMO Bearing (filled beamwidths) MIMO Virtual Array *
Consider Only Contiguous Region

Monostatic MIMO Filled-Aperture

Contiguous Virtual MIMO Aperture (/2)
Mono-Static MIMO
Transmit & Receive Array
MIMO Aperture Bounds

Upper Bound
Lower Bound
Upper contiguous MIMO aperture bound
Number of Real Antennas
Lower contiguous MIMO aperture bound

Specific construction MIMO Aperture
Real Array
Contiguous Length: # Real Antennas:

Maximize
Distributed MIMO Virtual Filled Aperture

Distributed MIMO
Relative Power (dB)
Transmit Array Receive Array
Beam Pattern
Re ce ive
Transmit
MIMO
Virtual aperture limited by Achievable if transmit and receive locations are independent
Bearing (Filled Beamwidths) Real Transmit Array
Real Receive Array
MIMO Virtual Array

Topics
Basic MIMO Radar Processing

Transmit Antenna Array
Notional Model
Receive Antenna Array
Received Signals
Channel Matrices
Transmitted Signals
Independent TX Waveforms
TX #1
Scattering Field
Least Squared Estimator
Bearing
TX #2
TX #N
Convolve With Channel

Range
Receive Signal
SpaceTime Channel
Range x Transmit Ant.
MIMO Virtual Array
Space-Time Channel Est.

Receive Ant.
MIMO Response
Image
Bearing
Remap Remap
Remap To Virtual Array

Range
Matched Matched Filter Filter
Matched Filter
Range
Adaptive Waveform MIMO Radar

MIMO Processing
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Remap
FFT
Iterative approach Second pass use knowledge from first Modify transmitted waveforms
Optimized TX Waveforms
TX #1
TX #N
Select Select Pixels Pixels of of Interest Interest
Waveform Waveform Optimization Optimization
TX #2
Waveform Optimization
Options Maximize estimated channel power Maximize estimated target response
Space-Time Channel Estimate
Constrained Optimization
Received Signal
Solution (sort of)
Transmitted Signal
User-Defined Importance Weighted
Not Necessarily Achievable Due to Block Toeplitz Structure of

Performance Enhancement
bearing/Range Images
Scattering Field Random Waveform
8x8 MIMO Radar

Bearing
8R e An ceive ten nas
Range Optimized Waveform
Range Target Optimized Waveform
8T r An ansm i ten nas t
Bearing
Range
Range MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Relative Energy (dB)
Statistics
Target-to-Clutter Ratio Improvement
Channel Optimized
Effects of waveform optimization Target-to-clutter ratio improvement significant Subtle benefit of spacetime optimization is disappointing
Spat ial-on ly Spac e-tim e
CDF
Better
Target Optimized
Topics
Clutter-Free Single Target Waveform Optimization

Cramr-Rao-based optimization Optimal waveform uses difference beam only
Minimizes power on target
8 x 8 MIMO Radar Transmit & Receive Patterns

Receive Sum Pattern
target
Employ difference and other beams

Transmit independent sequences on each beam
Single Target
Transmit Antenna Array Receive Antenna Array
Transmit Difference Beam
Transmit Aperture = 6 x Receive Aperture

t Transmi Sum Beam
Accuracy of Angle Estimates

Comparison of Simulation and Bounds
Vary mixture of transmit power Transmit difference beam improves asymptotic performance Transmitting in all modes (full MIMO) improves finite performance
ML ML estimator agrees Su m -Bea at higher SNR mB Mix ou ture Bou nd nd Diffe renc e Bou -Beam nd
75% Sum Beam 25% Difference Beam

ASNR (dB)
Su m -Bea mB oun Mix d ture Bou nd Diffe renc e Bou -Beam nd
E st
ML im a te
ML Su m ML estimator agrees -Bea at even higher SNR mB oun Mix d ture Bou nd Diffe renc e Bou -Beam nd
10% Sum Beam 90% Difference Beam

ASNR (dB)
7% Each Ortho Beam 50% Difference Beam

ASNR (dB) MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Summary
Introduced new MIMO radar concepts Demonstrated up to order N improvement in MIMO virtual array aperture Improved MIMO radar target SINR using waveform optimization techniques Reduced angle-estimation error using MIMO waveform optimization technique
MIMO Radar Degrees of Freedom

Dimension of space: Dimension of subspace depends upon transmit and receive array geometry
Tradition Array Processing n Degrees Of Freedom
Adaptive Receiver
Assuming
Adaptive Transmit And Receive 2 n Degrees Of Freedom

Adaptive Receiver & Transmitter
Mono-Static MIMO n(n+1)/2 Degrees Of Freedom

Transmit & Receive Independent Waveforms
Distributed MIMO n2 Degrees Of Freedom

Transmit Independent Waveforms Receive Waveforms
Statistics
Target Power Improvement

Channel Optimized
Target-to-Clutter Ratio Improvement

Channel Optimized
spa ti a l
CDF
CDF
Target Optimized
spa ti a l
Target Optimized MIT Lincoln Laboratory

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MIMO Radar: Resolution, Performance, and Waveforms

Dan Bliss Keith Forsythe Glenn Fawcett MIT Lincoln Laboratory

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Static MIMO Radar

Receive Antenna Array

Transmit Antenna Array

MIMO versus Traditional Radar

Transmit Array Receive Array Transmit Array Receive Array

Multi-Beam MIMO Radar

Transmit Array Receive Array

MIMO Radar Channel

MIMO Virtual Array

MIMO Virtual Array Geometry

Sparse real arrays can produce filled virtual array

MIMO Virtual Array

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

MIMO Sidelobe Bounds

MIMO Bearing (filled beamwidths) MIMO Virtual Array *

Consider Only Contiguous Region

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Monostatic MIMO Filled-Aperture

MIMO Aperture Bounds

Upper contiguous MIMO aperture bound

Number of Real Antennas

Lower contiguous MIMO aperture bound

Contiguous Length: # Real Antennas:

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Distributed MIMO Virtual Filled Aperture

Bearing (Filled Beamwidths) Real Transmit Array

Real Receive Array

MIMO Virtual Array

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Basic MIMO Radar Processing

Receive Antenna Array

Least Squared Estimator

Convolve With Channel

MIMO Virtual Array

Space-Time Channel Est.

Remap To Virtual Array

Matched Matched Filter Filter

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Adaptive Waveform MIMO Radar

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Select Select Pixels Pixels of of Interest Interest

Waveform Waveform Optimization Optimization

Not Necessarily Achievable Due to Block Toeplitz Structure of

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

8x8 MIMO Radar

8R e An ceive ten nas

Range Optimized Waveform

Range Target Optimized Waveform

8T r An ansm i ten nas t

Range MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Relative Energy (dB)

Spat ial-on ly Spac e-tim e

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Clutter-Free Single Target Waveform Optimization

8 x 8 MIMO Radar Transmit & Receive Patterns

Employ difference and other beams

Transmit Aperture = 6 x Receive Aperture